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Thinking with LLM, the right way

Strengthening critical thinking with generative AI — without being used by it

"The AI confirmed X for me" used as proof of X. Outputs that sound brilliant but don't hold up to a severe re-reading. A three-page "AI policy" that nobody reads. Sound familiar? Thinking with LLMs, the Right Way is the system of critical thinking applied to LLMs: the Thinking-With Triangle (Intent / Adversary / Editor), the four meta-decisions of governance, the Socratic and adversarial practices for investigating and verifying. Not prompt engineering: the method for not letting yourself be mirrored.

This book is a translation into English of Pensare con gli LLM, The Right Way which was originally written in Italian

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About

About

About the Book

Have you ever closed a session with an LLM convinced that your argument was more solid than before — without a single piece of evidence having changed?

AI-assisted outputs that sound brilliant but, by the end of the day, leave you feeling you have thought less, not more. Documents that are longer, less read, never challenged. Decisions signed off in a hurry — and overturned just as fast in the months that follow. A three-page "AI policy" that nobody remembers reading and that is already obsolete. If this sounds familiar, this book is for you.

Thinking with LLMs, the Right Way is not yet another prompt-engineering manual. It is a manual of critical governance for thinking with LLMs — a system of critical thinking applied to the daily use of generative AI, fuelled by years of classroom practice with teams from every sector — to stop slipping into confirmation mode and start using generative AI as a tool for augmenting thinking, not replacing it.

What you'll find inside:

  • The Thinking-With Triangle (Intent / Adversary / Editor): three vertices always active, one rule — when one collapses, you're not using the LLM, the LLM is using you
  • The 2×2 matrix clocks/clouds × truth/confirmation: a diagnostic map to work out in 30 seconds whether the session you're about to open is the right case for an LLM
  • Four Socratic patterns (Elenchus, Maieutic, Aporia, Dialectic) for investigating a badly posed problem, and Chain-of-Verification with the deductive/inductive/abductive triad for verifying an output before signing it — calibrated to the cost of the error, not the type of task
  • Four explicit meta-decisions (What to delegate · How to verify · Who is responsible · Abandonment threshold) for team governance — not a document, an operational pact
  • Three drifts to recognise — mirror, inertia, agenticity — with their recovery patterns

Francesco Fullone, author of the the Right Way series (KPI, OKR, Sustainable IT, Business Innovation, Business Design, Theory of Change), founder of Daruma Consulting and a trainer at Bologna Business School, H-Farm, Bi-Rex and Talent Garden, condenses years of practice with LLMs into 8 chapters (plus an introduction) that will take you from the frustration of "I used AI but came out no better at my job" to the posture of the professional who signs every output in their own voice.

This book is for you if:

  • You're tired of AI-assisted outputs that don't hold up to a severe re-reading
  • You want to understand the difference between thinking-with and delegating-to an LLM
  • You have to design your team's AI policy — and don't know where to start beyond generic bans
  • You're looking for a method, not yet another tutorial on the prompt of the moment
  • You work with an LLM every day and notice that, after six months, you're more productive and less capable

Includes:

  • 8 inline teaching figures (the Triangle, the 2×2 matrix, the paradox of the augmented brain, the three drifts, the Socratic-adversarial quadrant, the tilted mirror, the four Socratic patterns, false/real onboarding) with descriptive captions
  • Appendix C — Operational roadmap for the first four weeks
  • Appendix D — Fillable materials (the Four Explicit Decisions of the role template, a complete Socratic session with an example, an LLM onboarding checklist for the team)
  • The open-source adversarial-verify skill for Claude Code (MIT licence): the book's method crystallised into an executable workflow, with an independent release cycle
  • A reasoned bibliography with 49 sources indexed for cross-reference — critical philosophy, cognition and decision-making, AI applied to work, adversarial engineering


Corporate workshops — available separately

The book teaches the method; the corporate workshop Thinking with LLMs, the Right Way transfers it into the classroom. Available in three formats — 2h cultural taster, 4h core (recommended), 6h deep — it includes a facilitator guide, a student workbook, six A2/A3 operational canvases, four illustrated table instructions, classroom simulations.

To bring it into your organisation: contact me via DarumaHQ.it

Book contents under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 licence · adversarial-verify skill under MIT licence.

Author

About the Author

Francesco Fullone

My name is Francesco Fullone. I do things, I see people, I create situations. In all these cases I try to understand why I'm doing it, what objectives I'm setting myself, and how to check that they really make sense. This book is a concrete example of that approach.

In my professional life I describe myself as a business and sustainability designer. I help companies of every size to clarify their value propositions, organise themselves better, and translate abstract strategies into everyday practices. I do this as a consultant, mentor and sometimes as an investor, with a preference for projects that have a positive impact on the environment or on society.

I have founded several companies — including Apropos, which has organised tech conferences and events in Italy and abroad; Digitiamo, dedicated to NLP and AI products; and Aura, which works on agritech technologies. In the past I led Ideato for more than ten years, helping to make it a point of reference for software development in Italy.

Since 2002 I have been president of GrUSP, a non-profit association that promotes good practices in web development. If you have been to an international conference on web technologies in Italy, we have probably already met: on stage, behind the scenes, or simply at the coffee break.

In short, I do things. But above all I try to learn from the process and to share what it teaches.

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Translations

Languages

Contents

Table of Contents

Dedication

Chapter 0: Thinking, Still — Why Another Book on AI

  1. Have you ever had the feeling that you think less when you use LLMs?
  2. What you’ll find here (and what you won’t)
  3. A preliminary disclosure
  4. 0.1 The paradox of the augmented brain
  5. 0.2 Why another book on AI
  6. 0.3 Who this book speaks to
  7. 0.4 How the book is structured
  8. 0.5 How this book was made
  9. 0.6 How this book will age
  10. Checkpoint
  11. Synthesis
  12. Socratic Question

Part I: UNDERSTAND — When and Why to Use an LLM

Chapter 1: Clocks, Clouds and LLMs

  1. 1.1 Popper’s taxonomy
  2. 1.2 An orthogonal dimension: are you looking for truth or for confirmation?
  3. 1.3 What we mean by ‘LLM’
  4. 1.4 The four configurations of thinking with an LLM
  5. 1.5 Evaluation apparatus: three questions before opening the session
  6. 1.6 The reverse bias: using it for everything
  7. 1.7 Cases — The four configurations in practice
  8. 1.8 Mini-questionnaire — Six prompts, three questions
  9. Checkpoint
  10. Synthesis
  11. Socratic Question

Chapter 2: The Thinking-With Triangle

  1. 2.1 What ‘thinking with’ means
  2. 2.2 The three vertices
  3. 2.3 The rule of the triangle
  4. 2.4 The threshold: the Triangle’s centre of gravity
  5. 2.5 The four-decision pact in practice
  6. 2.6 Exercise — Configure your Triangle
  7. Checkpoint
  8. Synthesis
  9. Socratic Question

Part II: PRACTISE — Risk, inquiry, verification

Chapter 3: Mirror Thoughts

  1. 3.1 What mirror thoughts are
  2. 3.2 Why it happens — the systemic causes
  3. 3.3 Three symptoms in the team
  4. 3.4 Mirrors and attentional predation
  5. 3.5 Three tactical countermeasures
  6. 3.6 The mirror in oneself
  7. 3.7 Protecting the seminal decision from the mirror
  8. 3.8 Mini-questionnaire — Six sentences, two columns
  9. Checkpoint
  10. Synthesis
  11. Socratic Question

Chapter 4: Socratic Practice

  1. 4.1 What the Socratic method is
  2. 4.2 Why the Socratic method applies better to LLMs
  3. 4.3 Four Socratic patterns with an LLM
  4. 4.4 A note before closing: what the Socratic does not do
  5. 4.5 An example: a complete Socratic session
  6. 4.6 Exercise — a complete Socratic session
  7. Checkpoint
  8. Synthesis
  9. Socratic Question

Chapter 5: Adversarial Practice

  1. 5.1 From tactical countermeasure to method of practice
  2. 5.2 Chain-of-Verification
  3. 5.3 The triad — deductive, inductive, abductive
  4. 5.4 Socratic and adversarial — when the one, when the other
  5. 5.5 The five questions over time
  6. 5.6 For those who practise alone
  7. 5.7 For team practice
  8. 5.8 The operational skill, in brief
  9. 5.9 Exercise — Guided adversarial check
  10. Checkpoint
  11. Synthesis
  12. Socratic Question

Part III: ADOPT — From individual practice to the team

Chapter 6: The Three Drifts of Thinking-With

  1. 6.1 Why the posture slips
  2. 6.2 Mirror drift
  3. 6.3 Inertia drift
  4. 6.4 Agenticity drift
  5. 6.5 The common signal: the right tiredness
  6. 6.6 Cognitive debt: what the drifts leave behind
  7. 6.7 Mini-questionnaire — Three end-of-session questions
  8. Checkpoint
  9. Synthesis
  10. Socratic Question

Chapter 7: Cultivating Thinking, Not the Tool

  1. 7.1 The false onboarding
  2. 7.2 The four-decision pact at organisational scale
  3. 7.3 Real onboarding — the posture before the tool
  4. 7.4 LLM onboarding checklist for the team
  5. 7.5 Mollick as an honest counterpoint
  6. 7.6 Onboarding to the posture module
  7. 7.7 Exercise — The onboarding checklist
  8. Checkpoint
  9. Synthesis
  10. Socratic Question

Chapter 8: Not Being Used

  1. 8.1 Adoption signals — leading, sentinel, lagging
  2. 8.2 AI fatigue as an indicator of adoption without ownership
  3. 8.3 Algorithm aversion — the opposite failure
  4. 8.4 Organisational cynicism towards change
  5. 8.5 Vibe coding and agents — two temptations to contain
  6. 8.6 The right to recalibrate, stop, not adopt
  7. Checkpoint
  8. Synthesis
  9. Socratic Question

Appendices

Appendix A — Glossary

Appendix B — Reasoned bibliography

  1. Philosophical frame and critical theory
  2. AI applied to work and organisations
  3. AI adoption in the market 2024–2026
  4. Technical methodology
  5. Complementary volumes of the ‘the Right Way’ series
  6. My blog (fullo.net)
  7. Substack Sustainable ITC (sustainableitc.substack.com)
  8. Related reading (not cited inline)

Appendix C — Roadmap for the first four weeks

  1. An honest note up front — this appendix as an operational tl;dr
  2. Methodological preamble
  3. Week 1 — Triage
  4. Week 2 — The Triangle slip of paper
  5. Week 3 — Mirror-busting and the three-prompt rule
  6. Week 4 — The drift diary
  7. What you have installed in four weeks (recap)
  8. After the four weeks
  9. A final note

Appendix D — Fillable materials (examples + templates)

  1. D.1 — The four explicit decisions of the role
  2. D.2 — A complete Socratic session
  3. D.3 — LLM onboarding checklist for the team
  4. A note on the materials

Appendix E — Adversarial check of this book

  1. E.1 — Objection accepted and corrected in two stages: ‘mirror’ was a categorial mismatch, and ‘LLM’ was treated as a pure object
  2. E.2 — Objection accepted as a limit: Socratic + adversarial cover only the critical space
  3. E.3 — Objection accepted as a limit: two of the book’s central taxonomies are not exhaustive
  4. E.4 — Objection not accepted: the book was co-produced, therefore it does not count
  5. E.5 — Objection accepted + corrected in the same act: App. E was rhetorical more than substantial
  6. E.6 — Objection returned by an impersonated interlocutor: writing about dialogue is already a betrayal of dialogue
  7. E.7 — Objection accepted and corrected: inter-chapter coherence as a gap of the manual that describes methods
  8. Methodological note

COLOPHON

Acknowledgements

The author

Other books by this author

Other books by this author

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