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迈向对抗数字资本主义的 数字左翼国际: 算法时代的数字左翼
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一、数字资本主义：其演变与统治形式
1. 当今的数字资本主义：世界正在见证数字化与人工智能发展前所未有的加速，与此同时，其核心工具和资源的所有权却集中在少数几家垄断资本主义公司手中，背后有大国的支持。数字资本主义的统治已从经济和劳动力市场延伸至战争、镇压以及意识的塑造。
2. 数字革命与阶级矛盾：数字革命为人类进步开辟了前所未有的前景，从将人们从繁重劳动中解放出来、缩短工作时间，到加快科学研究、扩大获取知识和教育的机会，再到消除贫困和疾病。然而，资本对其工具和成果的控制限制了这些可能性，加深了阶级不平等，资本主义垄断企业和大国则攫取了技术进步收益中的最大份额。
3. 人工智能、平台和数字应用并非中立：算法、人工智能系统和数字平台都不是中立的。它们在资本主义生产关系之中被开发、获得资助并接受管理，其设计、数据和优先事项反映的是拥有并控制它们的那些人的利益。因此，根本问题依然是：谁拥有这项技术？谁在引导它？它为谁的利益服务？又是如何运作的？
4. 意识的塑造与自愿的数字奴役：算法和人工智能正日益按照拥有平台的资本主义公司以及大国的利益来塑造意识、观点和社会行为。各种形式的自愿的数字奴役正在蔓延，削弱独立的人类思考、将数据和人类行为变成利润、监控与控制之来源的风险也在随之增长。
5. 镇压、杀戮与数字法西斯主义：数字监控与控制工具以及军事瞄准系统，使新的杀戮、破坏、镇压和限制自由的形式成为可能。部分极右翼势力与技术垄断企业的合流，赋予了它们扩大对社会的监控、虚假信息传播和控制的危险能力，从而加剧了数字法西斯主义的风险。
二、数字左翼及其更新与替代方案的基础
6. 数字左翼：数字左翼汲取社会主义遗产及其多样的思想与斗争经验，其中首要的是马克思主义，它是理解生产关系、阶级斗争和剥削机制的一种鲜活的分析方法；数字左翼力求在数字革命的背景下发展这一遗产。正如马克思和恩格斯曾用他们那个时代的工具分析当时的资本主义，今天的左翼也肩负着运用这一方法分析数字资本主义及其新的剥削形式的任务。为了对抗一个在各个领域不断自我更新的资本主义，左翼自身同样需要更新，而数字左翼正是一种从思想、组织和实践上发展左翼的取向，它与左翼现有的各个流派相辅相成。
7. 思想与组织的更新：思想更新从现实出发走向理论，并在历史背景中批判地审视过去和现存的社会主义经验。组织更新包括完善决策机制、扩大党员的参与、加强女性和青年在领导层中的存在，以及向更具集体性、横向性和灵活性的组织形式迈进。
8. 数字斗争与实地工作相结合：数字斗争是实地工作和基层群众组织的补充，为加强实地工作、扩大其影响开辟了新的可能。左翼的力量在于将网络上的沟通与团结转化为切实的集体行动，服务于男女体力劳动者和脑力劳动者以及广大群众的斗争。
9. 左翼自主及其五大支柱：左翼自主的概念建立在五个相互关联、相辅相成的支柱之上：政治自主、组织自主、财务自主、媒体自主和数字自主。数字支柱要求发展左翼独立的技术和数字能力，并逐步使其摆脱对大型资本主义平台和公司的依赖。
10. 数字社会主义与社会正义：技术为民主规划、资源的集体管理以及更公平地分配财富与知识提供了新的可能，这就要求捍卫男女劳动者的权利并缩短工作时间。通往数字社会主义的道路，建立在区分最终目标与当下可行步骤的基础之上：最终目标是以包括数字生产资料在内的一切生产资料社会所有制为基础的社会主义变革，当下可行的步骤则使我们向这一目标靠近。
三、数字左翼国际：必要性、原则与目标
11. 数字左翼国际的必要性：面对跨国的数字资本主义，各自为战的左翼力量难以对抗那些拥有数据、平台、数字基础设施和人工智能系统，并利用它们加深剥削与控制的大型技术垄断企业。因此，有必要建立一个数字左翼国际，以加强左翼力量之间的合作与团结，并在全球层面协调它们的共同斗争。
12. 多元、自主与自愿合作：建设数字左翼国际，以尊重多元性和各组织的自主性、寻求共同点、发展参与式的灵活协调与合作形式为基础。它是一个相互补充、共同行动的框架，有别于中央集权的世界政党模式，其运作机制将根据经验和需要以民主的方式不断发展。
13. 国际主义团结与有组织的集体行动：数字左翼国际这一构想的基础，是将左翼力量之间的团结从立场和声明的层面推进到有组织的实际合作，以支持工人运动、女权运动、人权运动和民主运动的斗争，对抗战争、镇压、种族主义和数字法西斯主义，并将数字工作与社会斗争和基层斗争联系起来。
14. 知识与技术作为接受民主监督的公共产品：关于人工智能和数字技术的发展与使用的决策，应当摆脱资本主义公司和大国的垄断，途径是扩大民主参与和社会监督，保障透明度与问责制，并让男女劳动者和用户参与那些影响其生活的决策。扩大知识的自由获取，支持开源软件和公共数字基础设施，是加强数字正义和数字权利的关键一步。
15. 更广泛的社会主义斗争中的数字左翼国际：数字左翼国际是反对数字资本主义的斗争策略之一，它与政治、工会、社会和思想领域中争取社会主义变革的斗争相互补充。如今，数字空间已成为阶级斗争和意识控制的主要舞台之一，数字左翼国际也随之成为国际主义工作中最重要的维度。因此，它的建设可以成为在其他领域更新国际主义工作的起点。
四、从构想到实践：前提条件、实践提案与五年展望
16. 相互关联的前提条件与本地建设：数字左翼国际建立在相互补充的物质、组织和思想前提之上，其中任何一项受挫都会削弱其他各项。在每个国家实现左翼的数字化发展，是建设数字左翼国际的基础之一：国际是一个从其节点的力量中汲取力量的网络，每一个在本地建设自身能力的组织，都为它增添了一个活跃的节点。
17. 独立的资金来源与数字财富分配的公正：附带条件的资金意味着附带条件的方向。因此，国际的资金应依靠参与组织的会费以及群众性和合作性的筹资，并保障对资源的透明管理和民主监督。争取对大型技术公司征收累进税、重新分配数字革命收益的斗争，仍然是数字正义总体诉求的一部分。
18. 数字意识、教育、技能与立法斗争：为国际奠定社会基础和技术基础，需要一种具有阶级觉悟的数字意识，使党员和群众从被动使用技术转向理解技术的运作方式并参与对技术的引导。这还需要一个独立的教育体系，需要将分散在各国的技术人才汇聚成联合工作团队，并开展保护权利的法律和立法斗争，同时建设进步的替代方案。
19. 实际起步与民主的网络结构：国际可以从一次面向尽可能广泛参与的线上全体会议起步，以商定共同的优先事项和初步的协调机制。它将依托通过民主、透明的机制运作的地方、区域和全球网络，同时在每个组织内部开展数字审计，以确定其对垄断平台的依赖程度，并制定逐步摆脱这种依赖的切实计划。
20. 韧性、协调与数字团结的工具：实践提案包括：建立在开放协议之上的去中心化协调网络；规定针对镇压、封锁和数字攻击的快速响应机制的数字团结议定书；独立而透明的国际主义基金；保护参与者及其数据的技术人才网络；以及现有进步倡议的地图，以避免重复劳动。
21. 技术与知识的替代方案及渐进发展：提案还包括：专门的技术实验室；特别关注全球南方语言的开放式多语种教育平台；人工智能委员会；数字合作社；以及与自由软件社区的伙伴关系。工作可以从开发和改造现有工具起步，然后根据现有能力，在民主管理和监督之下，逐步走向建设社交网络、搜索和人工智能领域的进步替代方案。
22. 数字权利与正义以及后续跟进机制：提案还延伸至：在地方和国际法院提起诉讼并起草示范法律的法律与人权网络；起草《数字权利与正义世界宣言》；反对在战争、杀戮和镇压中使用人工智能的国际主义运动；性别正义计划；同时设立一个以工作坊形式运作的定期数字论坛，以及独立的监测与评估单位。
23. 第一年和第二年，建设本地基础与区域扩展：第一年以本地工作为主，参与组织开始保障其通信和数据的安全，评估自身的数字依赖程度，同时启动协调网络、基金、人才网络和定期论坛。第二年，工作重心转向区域层面：教育平台和法律网络相继启动，联合实验室开发用于安全通信的实验性工具，若干组织在完善内部机制方面取得进展。
24. 第三年和第四年，检验团结与建设共同的替代方案：第三年，数字团结议定书可能在对抗镇压、封锁和数字攻击的过程中接受实际检验，首批数字合作社取得切实成果，反对军事化和镇压性使用人工智能的运动进一步扩大。第四年，一个汇集教育、搜索和通信的共享数字生态系统有望形成，法律和立法斗争初见成效，进步社交网络和搜索平台的实验版本也将推出。
25. 第五年与群众意识变革的前景：第五年可能会提出《数字权利与正义世界宣言》草案，在社会监督下开发进步的、合作性的开源人工智能模型，加强女性在技术建设中的参与，并将国际主义合作扩展到工人和群众斗争、气候以及反战行动等领域。然而，最深远的影响很可能体现在群众意识的转变上：人们开始理解技术的阶级本质，并自觉参与建设其集体的、民主的替代方案。这一图景仍是一个开放讨论的愿景，它能否实现，取决于集体意志和力量对比。
Author
About the Author
Rezgar Akrawi
Writer and Researcher
An independent leftist and the theorist of the concept of "the Digital Left," which he has developed for more than a quarter of a century and first presented under the name "the Electronic Left," the term in common use at the time. This approach rests on a central thesis: that the digital revolution is a structural transformation in the nature of power and the mechanisms by which it is produced, and that confronting capitalism in its digital phase requires intellectual, organizational and technical renewal in the very structure of the Left, and the building of a cross-border Digital Left International.
Coordinator of the Center for Studies and Research on Marxism and the Left, and founder and general coordinator of the Modern Discussion Foundation (Al-Hiwar Al-Mutamaddin), one of the most prominent and widely read leftist and progressive platforms in the Arab world.
Born: 1966, Aqrah, Iraq.
Political Activity
Active since the 1980s in several leftist parties and organizations, from the Iraqi Communist Party to the Communist Current Organization and the Worker-communist Party of Iraq, until 2000, he contributed to shaping visions for developing leftist work and strengthening coordination among its forces. He also worked within the ranks of the Danish Red-Green Alliance (Enhedslisten) between 2006 and 2010.
He believes that moving beyond traditional disagreements and focusing on common ground is a condition for any leftist revival, and calls for the founding of a unified, democratic, multi-platform leftist framework, with organizational mechanisms based on collective leadership and management and horizontal structure, and grounded in modern scientific and technological foundations and in the development of knowledge and rights.
Human Rights
A human rights activist, he was among the first contributors to the founding of the "Union of the Unemployed" in Iraq in 1992, and a member of the Iraqi Human Rights Association in Denmark between 1998 and 2000.
An advocate of the abolition of the death penalty, he is one of the founders of the "Right to Life" center, which campaigns against it in the Arab world. He has also worked on issues of gender equality and women's rights, and has taken part in numerous international conferences and meetings in these fields.
Books and Writings
Author of the book "The Most Prominent Intellectual and Organizational Foundations of the Electronic Left," in which he set out the beginnings of the intellectual and organizational framework of this current, from defining the place of digital space in the class struggle to the forms of organization and work it proposes to the forces of the Left.
In March 2025 he published the book "Capitalist Artificial Intelligence: Challenges for the Left and Possible Alternatives: Technology in the Service of Capital or a Tool for Liberation?", made freely available without copyright restrictions, and it has been translated into thirty-two other languages.
The book sparked a wide debate that extended to dozens of countries, and researchers and academics from the Arab world, Kurdistan, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Canada, the United States and elsewhere wrote about it, while its ideas were taken up in works published in other languages. This new book brings together his latest texts alongside that debate, with all the support and criticism it contained.
Publishing and Media
He has published dozens of intellectual and political articles and studies in leftist and progressive newspapers, magazines and websites.
His books and articles have been translated and published in dozens of languages, including Spanish, Portuguese, French, German, Italian, Greek, Turkish, Danish, Russian, Chinese, Hindi, Norwegian, Persian and others, and have appeared in leftist and progressive outlets in dozens of countries, from India and Brazil to Malaysia, Chile, Sri Lanka and South Africa. He has also contributed to translation and editing, and has written studies in his fields of specialization.
Technology and Digital Transformation
A specialist in information technology, he has contributed over more than a quarter of a century to building and supporting dozens of websites, platforms and digital applications for leftist and progressive organizations, human rights organizations and feminist organizations, with the aim of putting digital tools at the service of leftist and progressive thought.
Education and Academic Specialization
Bachelor's degree in Industrial Management from the University of Mosul (1989), and a Higher Diploma in Computer Science from Copenhagen International College (2000), in addition to numerous specialized courses in the internet, programming and information technology.
He works as an expert in developing e-government systems, and has long experience in implementing digital transformation projects in Denmark.
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