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0x0A, 0x0D

Exploring End-Of-Line Characters in Computer Systems.

This book is 10% completeLast updated on 2026-08-02

Why does my

terminal output

look strange?

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About

About

About the Book

This book discusses the end-of-line characters used in computer systems. Carriage return and line feed are ideas that extend back to mechanical typewriters, both pertaining to physical actions used to move the paper under the type bar. They persisted into electronic typewriters, teleprinters, and computer VDU terminals. Symbols were added to the character set for carriage return, linefeed, along with a generic new line control code.

There are other control characters such as form feed, backspace, back tab, and back delete. Some of these are analogous to typewriters, others are exclusive to printers.

In today's modern computers, there are conflicting standards as to how carriage return and line feed are interpreted. The non-standard interpretation leads to confusion at times. This book is here to help you figure it all out.

Author

About the Author

Contents

Table of Contents

Introduction

  1. My Misadventures

Anatomy of a Typewriter

References

Telegraphy

  1. Notes to incorporate in text
  2. References

Enter or Return?

  1. Return
  2. Enter
  3. Context is Key
  4. References
  5. Notes

New Line Versus Paragraph

Appendices

  1. A Few Words About Leanpub
  2. Shameless Plugs

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