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Organisational Dysfunctions

Open Systems Theory Explains

This book is 80% completeLast updated on 2026-07-03

Most organisations are trying to fix the wrong things. This book names the dysfunctions they keep running into and explains, through Open Systems Theory, why they keep coming back.

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About

About

About the Book

Most organisations are trying to fix the wrong things.

Agile and digital transformations rarely deliver what they promise, not because the people lack commitment, but because the structural change never happens. The standups become status reports. The retrospectives produce lists nobody acts on. The strategy dissolves somewhere between the boardroom and the team.

This book is written for developers and architects who have felt the friction without having the language for it, for team leads and agile coaches who have watched transformation programmes produce the opposite of what they promised, and for managers and executives who have invested in change and wondered why so little of it stuck.

Although the context in this book is software development, the structural patterns described here extend beyond software organisations to any group working toward a shared purpose.

Each entry sets up a situation you will probably recognise, then explains what is actually causing it through the lens of Open Systems Theory, a body of research that has been answering these questions since the 1960s. The forewords are written by Merrelyn Emery, co-developer of Open Systems Theory, and Alexandra Stokes, author of Empowered Agile Transformation and founder of ReBoot Co.

This is not a book about what to do differently. It is a book about being able to see what is actually there. Diagnosis before treatment. Most organisations skip the first step.

*For anyone who has ever sat in a meeting and known exactly why it was failing, but not had the language for it.*

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Author

About the Author

Trond Hjorteland

Trond is an IT architect and sociotechnical systems practitioner at Capra Consulting, where he helps organisations design themselves for a turbulent world. Grounded in open systems theory and sociotechnical systems research, he bridges domain-driven design, event-driven architecture, and human-centred organisation design. His mantra: better organisations emerge from collaborative sensemaking and design.

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Contents

Table of Contents

Foreword by Merrelyn Emery

Foreword by Alexandra Stokes

Preface

  1. What the Structure Does
  2. What the coal miners discovered
  3. The two design principles
  4. Modern forms of laissez-faire: the third state
  5. Why structure beats culture
  6. The six psychological requirements

In the Room

  1. The room that went quiet
  2. The phones came out
  3. The pair that runs everything
  4. The agenda that sabotaged itself
  5. The output nobody owned
  6. HiPPOs and dungeon masters
  7. Tyranny of the majority
  8. The corridor conversation

In the Team

  1. The daily status report
  2. Passing the buck
  3. The powerless retrospective
  4. Forming–storming–norming–performing
  5. The hero culture
  6. The servant who still decides
  7. Working alone together
  8. Out of sight, out of sync
  9. The agile terrarium
  10. The collaboration that isn’t
  11. The product owner trap
  12. Analysis paralysis
  13. The decision that went nowhere
  14. Permanent urgency
  15. Rearranging the furniture

In the Department

  1. You are empowered now
  2. Psychological safety as a patch
  3. DORA, the wrong way round
  4. Team Topologies, the wrong way round
  5. Involvement theatre
  6. Better leaders is the answer
  7. Change agents of the status quo
  8. The external verdict
  9. The frozen middle
  10. It’s a communication problem
  11. Them and us
  12. Fixing people
  13. The error factory
  14. Burned by design
  15. Designed to undermine
  16. The pilot trap
  17. Fixing the process
  18. Local optimisations

In the Organisation

  1. OKRs imposed from above
  2. Budgets are bureaucracy
  3. The performance review
  4. The learning organisation that doesn’t learn
  5. The short-termism machine
  6. The strategy that did not survive contact with reality
  7. The leadership team that isn’t
  8. Quiet quitting
  9. The Sunday email
  10. It’s just a job
  11. The project in product clothing
  12. Pay and reward
  13. Career paths
  14. The agile scaling trap
  15. Intermezzo: Objections
  16. Self-management doesn’t scale
  17. Nobody actually does this
  18. All teams need a manager
  19. This is fifty-year-old theory
  20. This sounds like communism
  21. IT is different
  22. Agile works fine, why do we need OST?
  23. Developers just want to code
  24. We’ve already transformed
  25. What the Open System Does
  26. Where the world is now
  27. Active and passive adaptation

Beyond the Walls

  1. Built for yesterday
  2. Deploying AI into a broken system
  3. The customer we never met
  4. The AI we cannot talk about
  5. The market we think we shape
  6. Outsourcing the future
  7. People resist change
  8. Doing the wrong thing right
  9. The Way Out

The Two-Stage Model for Structural Change

  1. The Search Conference
  2. The Participative Design Workshop

Epilogue: The Diagnosis

Glossary

Acknowledgements

About the Author

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