From Evidence Acquisition to Advanced Analysis
Introduction: The Digital Crime Scene
- Why This Book Exists
- How to Use This Book
- What You Will Need
- Tool Version Matrix
- Managing Tool Version Drift
- A Note on Ethics and Legality
- The Road Ahead
- Running Case Studies
Chapter 1: Foundations of Digital Forensics
- What Is Digital Forensics (and What It Is Not)
- The Four Pillars: Identification, Preservation, Analysis, Presentation
- A Brief History: From Enron to Modern Cybercrime
- The Investigator’s Mindset: Scientific Method Meets Detective Work
- Legal Foundations and Admissibility Standards
- Summary
Chapter 2: Evidence Handling and Chain of Custody
- Identifying Digital Evidence: Sources, Types, and Prioritization
- The Chain of Custody Framework
- The Evidence Acquisition Workflow
- Write Blockers: Hardware and Software Solutions
- Forensic Imaging: Bit-by-Bit Copies and Image Formats
- Hashing and Integrity Verification (MD5, SHA-1, SHA-256, BKA)
- Troubleshooting and Performance: Imaging Challenges
- Chain of Custody Field Checklist
- Summary
Chapter 3: File Systems and Operating System Artifacts
- NTFS Internals: MFT, USN Journal, $LogFile, and Alternate Data Streams
- ext4 Forensics: Inodes, Journals, and Extents
- APFS and HFS+: macOS File System Artifacts
- Deleted Files, Slack Space, and Unallocated Space Recovery
- Sleuth Kit and Autopsy: Command-Line File System Analysis
- Cross-Platform Artifact Comparison Matrix
- Summary
Chapter 4: Windows Forensic Artifacts
- Registry Hive Analysis: SAM, SOFTWARE, SYSTEM, and NTUSER.DAT
- Prefetch, ShimCache, Amcache, and ShellBags
- Event Log Forensics: EVTX Parsing and Key Event IDs
- LNK Files, Jump Lists, and Recent File Artifacts
- Windows Memory Artifacts and Dump Analysis Preparation
- Summary
Chapter 5: Linux and macOS Forensic Artifacts
- Shell History, Bash RC Files, and Cron Artifacts
- Package Manager Logs: APT, YUM, DNF, and Homebrew
- System Logs: syslog, journalctl, and auth.log Analysis
- macOS-Specific Artifacts: LaunchDaemons, Spotlight, and Time Machine
- Container and VM Forensics Considerations
- Summary
Chapter 6: Memory Forensics
- The Volatility Framework: Installation and Profile Management
- Process Tree Analysis and Hollowing Detection
- Network Connection Extraction from Memory
- Malware Artifact Discovery: Strings, DLLs, and Code Injection
- Rekall, MemProcFS, and Commercial Alternatives
- Troubleshooting and Performance: Volatility 3 Common Issues
- Summary
- Memory Acquisition Field Checklist
Chapter 7: Mobile Device Forensics
- Acquisition Methods: Physical, Logical, File System, and Cloud
- Open-Source iOS Extraction: libimobiledevice Sequential Workflow
- iOS Forensics: SQLite Databases, Keychain, and Backup Parsing
- Android Forensics: ADB, DDMS, and App Data Extraction
- Cellebrite UFED and Commercial Tool Ecosystems
- WhatsApp, Signal, and Encrypted Messaging Analysis
- Mobile Forensics Field Checklist
- Summary
Chapter 8: Network Forensics
- Packet Capture Fundamentals: tcpdump, Wireshark, and tshark
- Zeek (Bro) for Network Forensic Analysis
- Reconstructing Sessions: HTTP, DNS, SMTP, and TLS
- Network Timeline Reconstruction
- KAPE and Velociraptor for Remote Collection
- Summary
Chapter 9: Cloud and Email Forensics
- Cloud Forensics Challenges: Ephemeral Infrastructure and Shared Responsibility
- AWS, Azure, and GCP Artifact Collection
- Automated Cloud Log Ingestion and Analysis
- Email Header Analysis and Message Reconstruction
- Exchange, Gmail, and IMAP/POP3 Forensic Techniques
- Cloud Logging and SIEM Integration
- Summary
Chapter 10: Browser Artifacts and Application Forensics
- Chrome, Firefox, and Edge Artifact Analysis
- Browser History, Cookies, Cache, and IndexedDB
- Flash, Java, and Plugin Artifacts
- Office Document Metadata and Hidden Content
- Application-Specific Forensics: Discord, Slack, Teams
- Summary
Chapter 11: Malware Investigation and Incident Response
- Incident Response Frameworks: NIST, SANS, and ISO 27035
- Static Analysis: YARA Rules, Strings, and PE Header Examination
- Dynamic Analysis: Sandboxing and Network Monitoring
- Memory-Based Malware Detection Techniques
- Threat Hunting with Sigma Rules and Velociraptor
- Summary
- Incident Response Triage Checklist
Chapter 12: Timeline Reconstruction and Log Analysis
- Plaso (log2timeline) and SuperTimeline Construction
- MACB Times and File System Timestamps
- Multi-Source Correlation Techniques
- Bulk Extractor for Keyword and Pattern Extraction
- Automated Timeline Generation and Visualization
- Troubleshooting and Performance: Plaso at Scale
- Summary
Chapter 13: Anti-Forensics and Countermeasures
- Data Hiding Techniques: Steganography, Hidden Partitions, and Timestomping
- Wiping and Destruction Tools: DBAN, shred, and sdelete
- Anti-Forensics Detection Strategies
- Rootkits, Bootkits, and Firmware-Level Attacks
- Living-off-the-Land Binary (LOTL) Investigations
- Summary
Chapter 14: Forensic Reporting, Legal Issues, and Emerging Trends
- Writing Defensible Forensic Reports
- Annotated Sample Forensic Report
- Expert Testimony and Cross-Examination Preparation
- Privacy Laws, GDPR, and International Jurisdiction
- AI-Assisted Investigations: Machine Learning in Forensics
- AI Admissibility: Current Legal Standards and Validation Requirements
- The Future: Quantum Computing, IoT, and Next-Generation Challenges
- Summary