Who Decides?

Copyright

Dedication

Preface

1. The question beneath the question
2. How the book is built
3. Who this book is for, and how to use it
4. A note on mātauranga Māori, and on the people who shaped this book
5. A note on how this book was written
6. Where this book parts company with the standard text
7. A closing word

Foundations: A Short Grounding in Ethics

1. 1. What ethics is, and is not
2. 2. The major Western traditions
3. 3. Power: the question beneath the question
4. 4. Ethics from te ao Māori
5. 5. Why competent people do harm: the behavioural lens
6. 6. How the pieces fit, and how to read this book
7. References
8. The Individual Inside the System

Chapter 1: The Ethical Question Is a Power Question

1. 1. The tension we will not resolve
2. 2. From “what should I do?” to “who decides?”
3. 3. The home case: a market that two firms own
4. 4. Whakapapa: the relationships a price erases
5. 5. The luck we mistake for judgement
6. 6. Who is counted? The moral circle
7. 7. The same shape, larger
8. 8. Where this leaves us
9. Provocations for discussion
10. The companion simulation: The Luck Audit
11. Further reading, and where OpenStax falls short
12. References

Chapter 2: Frameworks That Pull Apart

1. 1. A decision made eighteen thousand kilometres away
2. 2. When the frameworks genuinely conflict
3. 3. Whose worldview is the measure?
4. 4. Dunedin: a city that tried to buy its factory back
5. 5. Mana and manaakitanga: the dignity that will not be netted out
6. 6. How the ethics faded
7. 7. The same logic, everywhere
8. 8. Where this leaves us
9. Provocations for discussion
10. The companion simulation: Behind the Veil
11. Further reading, and where OpenStax falls short
12. References

Chapter 3: The Unpriceable

1. 1. A river that is a person
2. 2. The machine that makes things comparable
3. 3. Taking the river off the scale
4. 4. Mauri, tapu, and the limit of the scale
5. 5. What pricing the unpriceable actually produces
6. 6. The same collision, elsewhere
7. 7. The price of refusing to price
8. 8. The individual inside the system
9. 9. Where this leaves us
10. Provocations for discussion
11. The companion simulation: The Veil of Commensuration
12. Further reading, and where OpenStax falls short
13. References

Chapter 4: Why Competent People Walk Into Harm

1. 1. A platform on a fine morning
2. 2. The bad-apple theory and why it fails
3. 3. Cave Creek in detail: a catalogue of the ordinary
4. 4. The mechanisms: how good people drift into catastrophe
5. 5. Whanaungatanga: holding responsibility that the individual frame drops
6. 6. The individual inside the system, one last time
7. 7. Where this leaves us, and where Part 1 ends
8. Provocations for discussion
9. The companion simulation: The Margin
10. Further reading, and where OpenStax falls short
11. References
12. The Organisation and the Market

Chapter 5: The Performance of Virtue

1. 1. The company that was getting out of the petrol business
2. 2. What corporate social responsibility is, and where it came from
3. 3. The indistinguishability problem
4. 4. The power underneath the friendliness
5. 5. Greenwashing as a rational equilibrium
6. 6. Z Energy, examined
7. 7. The pattern, at home and abroad
8. 8. Who audits the audit?
9. 9. The behavioural engine: moral licensing
10. 10. Manaakitanga: care that cannot be performed, mana that cannot be claimed
11. 11. The individual inside the system
12. 12. Where this leaves us
13. Provocations for discussion
14. The companion simulation: The Reputation Budget
15. Further reading, and where OpenStax falls short
16. References

Chapter 6: The Shadow Ledger

1. 1. The milk and the water
2. 2. What an externality is, and why markets manufacture them
3. 3. The shadow ledger and the power in the columns
4. 4. Canterbury, examined
5. 5. Why we cannot see the harm we cause
6. 6. Internalising the cost, and the politics of who pays
7. 7. Te Mana o te Wai: putting the water first
8. 8. The same shape, elsewhere
9. 9. The individual inside the system
10. 10. Where this leaves us
11. Provocations for discussion
12. The companion simulation: The Externality Engine
13. Further reading, and where OpenStax falls short
14. References

Chapter 7: The Autopsy

1. 1. Nineteen November 2010
2. 2. The hindsight trap
3. 3. How to perform an autopsy
4. 4. Pike River, examined
5. 5. The accountability that vanished
6. 6. The whakapapa of accountability
7. 7. The same shape, abroad
8. 8. The individual inside the system, and the autopsy you are about to write
9. 9. Where this leaves us
10. Provocations for discussion
11. The companion simulation: The Live Autopsy
12. Further reading, and where OpenStax falls short
13. References

Chapter 8: The Squeeze

1. 1. The home case, seen whole
2. 2. Market power on both sides
3. 3. The duopoly, examined
4. 4. When efficiency and exploitation wear the same face
5. 5. Countervailing power, built and dismantled
6. 6. Why the weak cannot simply organise
7. 7. System justification: why the squeezed defend the squeeze
8. 8. Utu: the balance that the squeeze breaks
9. 9. The same shape, at scale
10. 10. The individual inside the system
11. 11. Where this leaves us
12. Provocations for discussion
13. The companion simulation: The Duopoly
14. Further reading, and where OpenStax falls short
15. References

Chapter 9: The Neutral Machine

1. 1. The most seductive claim in modern business
2. 2. The myth of the neutral algorithm
3. 3. The case: predicting which babies will be abused
4. 4. How the machine hides the people in it
5. 5. Whose data, whose machine: Māori data sovereignty
6. 6. The same shape, abroad
7. 7. Using AI adversarially
8. 8. Where this leaves us
9. Provocations for discussion
10. The companion simulation: The Model Decides
11. Further reading
12. References
13. The Workplace

Chapter 10: What We Owe Each Other at Work

1. 1. The most ordinary power relationship
2. 2. The firm as a private government
3. 3. What the firm owes: the wage and the conditions
4. 4. The right to organise: how the weak rebalance power
5. 5. Mana, manaakitanga, and the dignity of work
6. 6. The panopticon at work: surveillance and the manufacture of distrust
7. 7. The same shape, magnified
8. 8. Where this leaves us
9. Provocations for discussion
10. The companion simulations: Theory X and First Mover
11. Further reading, and where OpenStax falls short
12. References

Chapter 11: What Gets Counted

1. 1. Eight is great
2. 2. The metric is not a window
3. 3. Where the metric points, the effort goes
4. 4. The internal goods of a practice
5. 5. What the number cannot see
6. 6. Aotearoa: the fund that reshaped the university
7. 7. The metric that could not see: a limit case
8. 8. Numbers, trust, and power
9. 9. The same shape, everywhere
10. 10. Where this leaves us
11. Provocations for discussion
12. The companion simulation: Audit Theatre
13. Further reading, and where OpenStax falls short
14. References

Chapter 12: Loyalty and Conscience

1. 1. The two things you owe
2. 2. What loyalty is, and where it stops
3. 3. The everyday version: financial integrity and conflicts of interest
4. 4. Aotearoa: the whistleblowers the Ministry punished
5. 5. The whistleblower’s dilemma, and the power to name it
6. 6. The law as a floor, and why it is not enough
7. 7. Why people stay silent: the manufactured silence
8. 8. Tika, pono, and to whom loyalty is owed
9. 9. The same story, elsewhere
10. 10. Where this leaves us
11. Provocations for discussion
12. The companion simulation: Silence Cascade
13. Further reading, and where OpenStax falls short
14. References

Chapter 13: The Future of Work

1. 1. The recurring fear, and the better question
2. 2. The aggregate goes up; who gets it?
3. 3. This time: the machine that thinks
4. 4. The platform and the vanishing employee
5. 5. Aotearoa: the court that looked behind the label
6. 6. Who captures the gains?
7. 7. Kaitiakitanga, mana, and who owns the future
8. 8. The same story, elsewhere
9. 9. Where this leaves us
10. Provocations for discussion
11. The companion simulation: The Matthew Engine
12. Further reading, and where OpenStax falls short
13. References
14. The System, the Commons, and Sovereignty

Chapter 14: The Commons and the Voiceless

1. 1. The table and the empty chairs
2. 2. The tragedy of the commons
3. 3. Ostrom’s correction, and the politics of enclosure
4. 4. Two New Zealand answers
5. 5. Should the river have standing?
6. 6. Why the future and the voiceless are systematically underweighted
7. 7. Kaitiakitanga: the river as relative, not resource
8. 8. The same shape, at the largest scale
9. 9. The individual inside the system
10. 10. Where this leaves us
11. Provocations for discussion
12. The companion simulation: Commons with a Voice
13. Further reading, and where OpenStax falls short
14. References

Chapter 15: No Right Answer

1. 1. The fixed budget
2. 2. Tragic choices
3. 3. Pharmac examined
4. 4. The QALY and what it commensurates
5. 5. The identifiable victim and the rule of rescue
6. 6. Equal treatment, or equity: a tension with no resolution
7. 7. Mana tangata: whose worth is counted
8. 8. The same choice, everywhere
9. 9. How to choose when there is no right answer
10. 10. The individual inside the system
11. 11. Where this leaves us: the thesis
12. Provocations for discussion
13. The companion simulation: No Right Answer
14. Further reading, and where OpenStax falls short
15. References

Chapter 16: The Long Now

1. 1. The longest latency
2. 2. The asymmetry of the future, and what we owe it
3. 3. Why the future fades, and the buck passes
4. 4. Wakatū: an obligation across two centuries
5. 5. Whakapapa and kaitiakitanga: holding the generations together
6. 6. The individual, across the generations
7. Provocations for discussion
8. The companion simulation: The Long Now
9. Further reading
10. References

Chapter 17: Sovereignty and Te Tiriti

1. 1. The deepest version of the question
2. 2. What was signed in 1840
3. 3. Procedure as power
4. 4. Ihumātao, examined
5. 5. Tino rangatiratanga and what it might require
6. 6. The behavioural maintenance of the frame
7. 7. The same question, elsewhere
8. 8. The capstone: where the whole course arrives
9. 9. The individual inside the system, finally
10. 10. Where this leaves us, and where the course ends
11. Provocations for discussion
12. The companion simulations: The Consent and The Offer
13. Further reading, and where OpenStax falls short
14. References

Afterword: The Work That Remains

Glossary

1. A note on macrons and pronunciation
2. Te ao Māori: frameworks and terms
3. The ethical traditions and key concepts

The Analytical Toolkit

1. 1. Power-voice mapping
2. 2. Whakapapa mapping
3. 3. Framework triangulation and tension mapping
4. 4. Stakeholder-harm cascade tracing
5. 5. Behavioural-failure diagnosis
6. 6. Commensuration audit
7. 7. The moral-luck and counterfactual test
8. A worked application
9. How the toolkit feeds the assessments
10. Quick reference
11. References