Software Architecture
Software Architecture
visual lecture notes
About the Book
These are the revised and illustrated notes of the Software Architecture lecture of the Master in Software and Data Engineering held at the Software Institute at USI Lugano, Switzerland during the Spring of 2020.
The book includes the script for these lectures:
- Introduction
- Quality Attributes
- Definitions
- Modeling Software Architecture
- Modularity and Components
- Reusability and Interfaces
- Composability and Connectors
- Compatibility and Coupling
- Deployability, Portability and Containers
- Scalability
- Availability and Services
- Flexibility and Microservices
About the Author
Table of Contents
- Introduction
- De Architectura
- The Art and Science of Building
- Foundation
- Platforms
- Closed
- Open
- Interfaces
- Forces
- When do you need an architect?
- How Large?
- Software Architecture
- Lecture Context
- Why Software Architecture?
- Hiding Complexity
- Abstraction
- Communication
- Representation
- Visualization
- Quality
- Change
- Evolution
- De Architectura
- Quality Attributes
- Quality
- Functional, Extra-Functional Qualities
- Internal vs. External
- Static vs. Dynamic
- Meta-Qualities
- Quality Attributes
- Design Qualities
- Feasibility
- Affordability
- Slack
- Time to Market
- Modularity
- Reusability
- Design Consistency
- Simplicity
- Complexity
- Clarity
- Stability
- Composability
- Deployability
- Feasibility
- Normal Operation Qualities
- Performance
- Scalability
- Capacity
- Usability
- Ease of Support
- Serviceability
- Visibility
- Dependability Qualities
- Reliability
- Availability
- Security Qualities
- Defensibility, Survivability
- Privacy
- Change Qualities
- Flexibility
- Configurability
- Customizability
- Resilience, Adaptability
- Extensibility, Modifiability
- Elasticity
- Compatibility
- Portability
- Interoperability
- Ease of Integration
- Long Term Qualities
- Durability
- Maintainability
- Types of Maintenance
- Sustainability
- Quality
- Definitions
- Who is a software architect?
- Functional Organization
- Cross-Functional Organization
- Facilitate Communication
- Software Engineering Lead
- Technology Expert
- Risk Management
- Architect Tribes
- Software Architecture and the Software Development Lifecycle
- Bridge the Gap
- Think Outside the Box
- Evolutionary Model
- Agile Unified Process
- System Lifecycle
- Defining Software Architecture
- Architecture vs. Code
- Architecture vs. Technology
- Architecture vs. Design
- Basic Definition
- Design Decisions
- Design Process
- Design Decisions
- Decision Making Phases
- Decision Trees
- Design Outcome
- Modeling Architecture
- Can this skeleton fly?
- Prescriptive vs. Descriptive Architecture
- Green Field Development
- Brown Field Development
- Architectural Degradation
- Causes of Architectural Drift
- From Drift to Erosion
- Entropy
- Architecture or Code First?
- Architecture Hoisting
- Presumptive vs. Reference
- Solution vs. Product
- M-Architecture vs. T-Architecture
- The \$10000 boolean flag
- Art or Science?
- Science or Art?
- References
- Who is a software architect?
- Modeling
- Capturing the Architecture
- What is modeling?
- Abstraction and Interpretation
- Solving Problems with Models
- Question first, Model second
- Scope of the Model
- What is modeling?
- What is a view?
- How many views?
- Multiple Views
- View Consistency
- Domain and Design Models
- Modeling = Learning
- Domain Model
- Example Domain Model
- Design Model
- Example Design Model (Interfaces)
- Example Design Model (Implementation)
- Some Modeling Notations
- Use Case Scenarios
- Example Music Player Scenarios
- Feature Models
- Feature Model Example
- Feature Model Constraints
- Constrained Feature Model Example
- Feature Configuration
- Use Case Scenarios
- From C4 to C5
- System Context View
- System Context View Example
- Containers View
- Container View Example
- Example Containers
- Components View
- Components View Example
- C4
- Classes View
- C5
- Connectors View
- Connectors View Example
- System Context View
- 4+1
- Logical View
- Logical View Notation
- Example Logical View
- Process View
- Example Process View
- Development View
- Example Development View
- Physical View
- Example Deployment View
- Logical View
- Content is more important than representation
- Model Quality
- Accuracy vs. Precision
- Model Quality - Advice
- Model-Driven Architecture
- References
- Capturing the Architecture
- Modularity and Components
- What is a Software Component?
- Hardware Component
- Software Component
- Examples: Application-specific Components
- Examples: Infrastructure Components
- Black Box
- Recursive Components
- Clustering Components
- Design vs. Run-time
- Distributed Components
- Component Lifecycle Decisions
- Externally Sourced Components
- Discovery
- Selection
- Integration
- Test
- Release
- Deploy
- Stateful Components
- Migration
- Backup and Recovery
- Properties of Components
- Externally Sourced Components
- Component Roles
- Stateless vs. Stateful
- Stateless vs. Stateful Code
- Stateless vs. Stateful Operations
- Components vs. Objects
- Component Technology
- Component Frameworks
- Component Frameworks Demo Videos
- Where to find components?
- Buy vs. Build
- How much does it cost?
- References
- What is a Software Component?
- Reusability and Interfaces
- Interfaces
- Component Interface
- Provided Interface
- Provided Interfacesand Component Roles
- Required Interface
- Explicit Interfaces Principle
- Component Interface
- Information Hiding
- Effective Encapsulation
- Example
- Effective Encapsulation
- Describing Interfaces
- Principle of Least Surprise
- Easy to use?
- Interface Description Languages
- Java/RMI
- C/RPC
- RAML
- OpenAPI/Swagger
- Working With IDL
- API Documentation Demo Videos
- What is an API?
- Is it really API?
- Many Applications
- Developers, Developers, Developers
- Where to find APIs?
- Operating Systems
- Programming Languages
- Hardware Access
- User Interfaces
- Databases
- Web Services
- API Design
- Where is the API?
- API Design: Where to start?
- Who to please?
- Reusable Interfaces
- Usability vs. Reusability
- Easy to reuse?
- Performance vs. Reusability
- Small Interfaces Principle
- How many clients can these APIs satisfy?
- Uniform Access Principle
- Few Interfaces Principle
- Clear Interfaces Principle
- Let's create a new Window
- Expressive? No: Stringly Typed
- Consistent?
- Primitive Operations
- Design Advice
- References
- Interfaces
- Composability and Connectors
- Software Connectors
- Connector: enabler of composition
- Software Connector
- Components vs. Connectors
- Connectors are Abstractions
- Connector Roles and Runtime Qualities
- Connectors and Transparency
- Connector Cardinality
- Connectors and Distribution
- Connectors and Availability
- Software Connector Examples
- RPC: Remote Procedure Call
- File Transfer
- Shared Database
- Message Bus
- Stream
- Linkage
- Shared Memory
- Disruptor
- Tuple Space
- Web
- Blockchain
- References
- Software Connectors
- Compatibility and Coupling
- Compatibility
- Compatible Interfaces
- There's an app adapter for that!
- Adapter
- Wrapper
- Mismatch Example
- Partial Wrappers
- Types of Interface Mismatches
- Synchronous vs. Asynchronous Interfaces
- Half-Sync/Half-Async
- Sync to Async Adapter
- Half-Async/Half-Sync
- Async to Sync Adapter
- How many Adapters?
- Scaling Adapters with N Interfaces
- Composing Adapters
- One or Two Adapters?
- Reusable Adapters and Performance
- How Standards Proliferate
- On Standards
- Standard Software Interfaces
- Representation Formats
- Operations
- Protocols
- Addressing
- Interface Description
- Coupling
- Understanding Coupling
- Coupling Facets
- Session Coupling Examples
- Binding Times
- Be liberal in what you accept, and conservative in what you send.
- Water or Gas Pipe?
- References
- Compatibility
- Deployability, Portability and Containers
- The Age of Continuity
- Deployability Metrics
- Release
- Release Frequency
- Speed vs. Quality
- Software Production Pipeline
- High Quality at High Speed
- Types of Testing
- Types of Release
- Gradual Phase-In
- Essential Continuous Engineering Practices
- Tools
- Build Pipeline Demo Videos
- Container Orchestration Demo Videos
- Virtualization and Containers
- Virtualization
- Lightweight Virtualization with Containers
- VM vs. Container
- Containers inside VMs
- Images and Snapshots
- Virtual Machine Migration
- Inverted Hypervisor
- Virtual Hardware = Software
- References
- The Age of Continuity
- Scalability
- Will it scale?
- Scalability and Workload
- Scalability and Workload: Centralized
- How to scale?
- Scalability and Resources: Decentralized
- Scalability and Resources
- Centralized or Decentralized?
- Scalability at Scale
- Scale Up or Scale Out?
- Scaling Dimensions
- Scalability Patterns
- Directory
- Dependency Injection
- Directory vs. Dependency Injection
- Scatter/Gather
- Master/Worker
- Master Responsibilities
- Worker Responsibilities
- Load Balancing
- Variants
- Sharding
- Computing the Shard Key
- Looking up the Shard Key
- References
- Will it scale?
- Availability and Services
- Components vs. Services
- Business model: how to sell
- Design decisions
- Technology: how to use
- Availability
- Availability Questions
- Monitoring Availability
- Which kind of monitor?
- Availability Incidents
- Downtime Impact
- Contain Failure Impact
- Retry
- Circuit Breaker
- Canary Call
- Redundancy
- State Replication
- Which kind of replication?
- CAP Theorem
- CAP Theorem Proof
- Eventual Consistency
- Event Sourcing
- References
- State Replication
- Components vs. Services
- Flexibility and Microservices
- API Evolution
- Only one chance...
- API Evolution
- API Compatibility
- Semantic Versioning
- Changes and the Build Pipeline
- Version Identifier
- Two in Production
- API Sunrise and Sunset
- To break or not to break
- Who should keep it compatible?
- Layers
- Layering Examples
- Data on the Inside, Data on the Outside
- Tolerant Reader
- Which kind of reader?
- Extensibility
- Extensibility and Plugins
- Microservices
- Monolith vs. Microservices
- Will this component always terminate?
- Will this service run forever?
- Will this microservice continuously change?
- DevOps
- DevOps Requirements
- Feature Toggles
- How small is a Microservice?
- Continuous Evolution
- Hexagon Model
- Decomposition
- Independent DevOps Lifecycle
- Isolated Microservices
- Splitting the Monolith
- Microservice Best Practices
- Bezos's Mandate (2002)
- Evans's Bounded Context (2004)
- Bob Martin's Single Responsibility Principle (2003)
- UNIX Philosophy (1978)
- Separation of Concerns (1974)
- Parnas's Criteria (1971)
- Conway's Law (1968)
- Vogels's Lesson (2006)
- References
- API Evolution
Other books by this author
Authors have earned$9,883,643writing, publishing and selling on Leanpub, earning 80% royalties while saving up to 25 million pounds of CO2 and up to 46,000 trees.
Learn more about writing on Leanpub
The Leanpub 45-day 100% Happiness Guarantee
Within 45 days of purchase you can get a 100% refund on any Leanpub purchase, in two clicks.
See full terms
Free Updates. DRM Free.
If you buy a Leanpub book, you get free updates for as long as the author updates the book! Many authors use Leanpub to publish their books in-progress, while they are writing them. All readers get free updates, regardless of when they bought the book or how much they paid (including free).
Most Leanpub books are available in PDF (for computers), EPUB (for phones and tablets) and MOBI (for Kindle). The formats that a book includes are shown at the top right corner of this page.
Finally, Leanpub books don't have any DRM copy-protection nonsense, so you can easily read them on any supported device.
Learn more about Leanpub's ebook formats and where to read them
Top Books
- #1
C++ Best Practices
Jason TurnerLevel up your C++, get the tools working for you, eliminate common problems, and move on to more exciting things!
- #2
OpenIntro Statistics
David Diez, Christopher Barr, Mine Cetinkaya-Rundel, and OpenIntroA complete foundation for Statistics, also serving as a foundation for Data Science.
Leanpub revenue supports OpenIntro (US-based nonprofit) so we can provide free desk copies to teachers interested in using OpenIntro Statistics in the classroom and expand the project to support free textbooks in other subjects.
More resources: openintro.org.
- #3
Functional Design and Architecture
Alexander GraninSoftware Design in Functional Programming, Design Patterns and Practices, Methodologies and Application Architectures. How to build real software in Haskell with less efforts and low risks. The first complete source of knowledge.
- #4
R Programming for Data Science
Roger D. PengThis book brings the fundamentals of R programming to you, using the same material developed as part of the industry-leading Johns Hopkins Data Science Specialization. The skills taught in this book will lay the foundation for you to begin your journey learning data science. Printed copies of this book are available through Lulu.
- #5
C++20
Rainer GrimmC++20 is the next big C++ standard after C++11. As C++11 did it, C++20 changes the way we program modern C++. This change is, in particular, due to the big four of C++20: ranges, coroutines, concepts, and modules.
- #6
I am a Software Engineer and I am in Charge
Alexis Monville and Michael DoyleI am a Software Engineer and I am in Charge is a real-world, practical book that helps you increase your impact and satisfaction at work no matter who you work with.
In the book, we will follow Sandrine, a fictional character who learns to think in a new way enabling her to take a different course of action.
- #7
Atomic Kotlin
Bruce Eckel and Svetlana IsakovaFor both beginning and experienced programmers! From the author of the multi-award-winning Thinking in C++ and Thinking in Java together with a member of the Kotlin language team comes a book that breaks the concepts into small, easy-to-digest "atoms," along with exercises supported by hints and solutions directly inside IntelliJ IDEA!
- #8
Invest In Digital Health - The Medical Futurist's Guide
Dr. Bertalan MeskoArtificial Intelligence and Digital Health are booming. In this book, we explain why now it's a good time to invest in Digital Health and give recommendations on where to invest by looking at the top 24 technological trends we find the most promising.
- #9
The Hundred-Page Machine Learning Book
Andriy BurkovEverything you really need to know in Machine Learning in a hundred pages.
- #10
Mastering STM32
Carmine NovielloWith more than 600 microcontrollers, STM32 is probably the most complete ARM Cortex-M platform on the market. This book aims to be the first guide around that introduces the reader to this exciting MCU portfolio from ST Microelectronics and its official CubeHAL.
Top Bundles
- #1
Software Architecture for Developers: Volumes 1 & 2 - Technical leadership and communication
2 Books
"Software Architecture for Developers" is a practical and pragmatic guide to modern, lightweight software architecture, specifically aimed at developers. You'll learn:The essence of software architecture.Why the software architecture role should include coding, coaching and collaboration.The things that you really need to think about before... - #2
CCIE Service Provider Ultimate Study Bundle
2 Books
Piotr Jablonski, Lukasz Bromirski, and Nick Russo have joined forces to deliver the only CCIE Service Provider training resource you'll ever need. This bundle contains a detailed and challenging collection of workbook labs, plus an extensively detailed technical reference guide. All of us have earned the CCIE Service Provider certification... - #3
The Future of Digital Health
6 Books
We put together the most popular books from The Medical Futurist to provide a clear picture about the major trends shaping the future of medicine and healthcare. Digital health technologies, artificial intelligence, the future of 20 medical specialties, big pharma, data privacy and how technology giants such as Amazon or Google want to conquer... - #4
Cisco CCNA 200-301 Complet
4 Books
Ce lot comprend les quatre volumes du guide préparation à l'examen de certification Cisco CCNA 200-301. - #5
CCDE Practical Studies (All labs)
3 Books
CCDE lab - #6
"The C++ Standard Library" and "Concurrency with Modern C++"
2 Books
Get my books "The C++ Standard Library" and "Concurrency with Modern C++" in a bundle. The first book gives you the details you should know about the C++ standard library; the second one dives deeper into concurrency with modern C++. In sum, you get more than 600 pages full of modern C++ and about 250 source files presenting the standard library... - #7
Modern Management Made Easy
3 Books
Read all three Modern Management Made Easy books. Learn to manage yourself, lead and serve others, and lead the organization. - #8
Linux Administration Complet
4 Books
Ce lot comprend les quatre volumes du Guide Linux Administration :Linux Administration, Volume 1, Administration fondamentale : Guide pratique de préparation aux examens de certification LPIC 1, Linux Essentials, RHCSA et LFCS. Administration fondamentale. Introduction à Linux. Le Shell. Traitement du texte. Arborescence de fichiers. Sécurité... - #9
Programming with Ease
3 Books
Alle drei Bände der Serie Programming with Ease in einem Paket. Darin findest du alles, was ich dir zu den wichtigsten Phasen der Softwareentwicklung im Hinblick auf Clean Code Development für langfristig hohe Produktivität sagen kann.Im Band Slicing findest du die Anforderungsanalyse im Rahmen eines iterativ-inkrementellen Vorgehensmodells aus... - #10
Vagrant Ansible
2 Books
Unveil the power of Ansible and Vagrant with this bundle at a special price. You'll have everything you need to get started with Vagrant - learn the basics and how to create your virtual development environments, using Ansible as provisioner! About Vagrant Cookbook Vagrant Cookbook is a complete guide to get started with Vagrant and create your...
