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This book discusses the end-of-line characters used in computer systems. Carriage return and line feed are ideas that extend back to mechanical typewriters, both pertaining to physical actions used to move the paper under the type bar. They persisted into electronic typewriters, teleprinters, and computer VDU terminals. Symbols were added to the character set for carriage return, linefeed, along with a generic new line control code.

There are other control characters such as form feed, backspace, back tab, and back delete. Some of these are analogous to typewriters, others are exclusive to printers.

In today's modern computers, there are conflicting standards as to how carriage return and line feed are interpreted. The non-standard interpretation leads to confusion at times. This book is here to help you figure it all out.

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Kick off your book project, get started with GhostAI, get better at marketing, or spend the day doing all three! Free live workshops on Zoom. Saturday, June 27, 2026.

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