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From Capone to Cray: Where Computers Really Came From

Where did modern computing really come from?  

Not from garages in California, but from bootleggers, codebreakers, and Cold War air‑defense engineers.

This book reveals a lineage that almost no computing history traces:  

Prohibition‑era encrypted radio → Elizebeth & William Friedman → OP‑20‑G → MIT Whirlwind → SAGE → Engineering Research Associates → Control Data → Seymour Cray.

From Capone’s smugglers to Cray’s supercomputers, the story of U.S. large‑scale computing is a straight line, just one that has been forgotten.

Combining deep historical research with firsthand experience from the CRAY‑1 era, this book shows how cryptology, radar, and national‑security urgency created the machines that defined modern computing.

If you think you know the origins of the computer revolution, this book will change your mind.

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About

About

About the Book

I discovered the birth of modern computing has a surprising origin: radio. That is not well known because facts remained classified for a long time. Modern computing systems emerged from interconnected problems of crime, law enforcement, intelligence, and national defense during the twentieth century.


Beginning with Prohibition‑era smuggling and early cryptanalysis, we follow institutional and technical developments through World War II, Cold War air defense, and the rise of large‑scale commercial computing. This narrative is grounded in documented events, organizations, and machines, with occasional personal recollection used for historical context.


The book is written as retrospective nonfiction and can be read as a series of connected historical episodes rather than as a technical or instructional work.

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About the Author

Edward W. Barnard

No Time to Be Beginners

What was it like to stand in the breach, with nobody else to take the decisions, and do-overs are too late? Margaret Hamilton, the first programmer hired for the Apollo project at MIT, explained:

Because software was a mystery, a black box, upper management gave us total freedom and trust. We had to find a way and we did. Looking back, we were the luckiest people in the world; there was no choice but to be pioneers; no time to be beginners.

During the Cold War when it was "nobody but us," our decisions and solutions were shaped by constraints. At Cray Research constraints and barriers pointed us to the best point of leverage. To remain the best in the world, we had no other option. But before considering leverage, we carefully identified and proved relevant capabilities. Those capabilities showed us what solutions might be plausible. We also found that if it wasn't fun, it probably was not worth doing.

This forced way of working, where responsibility could not be abstracted away, has been mostly lost to time.

My Role as Custodian of Lost Skills

I am bringing you those skills because they were never passed to the next generation. I created a primary source document showing what it was like: Nobody but Us: A History of Cray Research's Software and the Building of the World's Fastest Supercomputer. But I wrote a second primary source, reproducing the Cray Research skills for you right now, in 2026. The Wizard's Lens: Learn to Think Like AI is an apprenticeship drawing you in to experience, not merely read about, how we continuously "achieved the impossible" at Cray Research.

Those Cray Research skills did not begin with software, or even hardware. They began outdoors. Experiential education, with real risks and real consequences, has also been abstracted away. That is where judgement is formed. For this I wrote Surviving Spring Break on the Mountain: The Power of Experiential Education.

Pure Entertainment

If it isn't fun, it probably isn't worth doing. I continued practicing the most important debugging skill I know: spotting patterns and connections that others miss. I wrote Unexpected Histories to show you shifted perspectives, purely for entertainment, but showing real history that matters today. In each case, once you see it, you cannot "un-see" it.

Эдвард Барнард

Не было времени быть новичками

Каково это — стоять на передовой, когда некому принимать решения за тебя, а исправить ошибки уже слишком поздно? Маргарет Гамильтон, первый программист, принятый на работу в проект «Аполлон» в MIT, объяснила:

> Поскольку программное обеспечение было загадкой, чёрным ящиком, высшее руководство дало нам полную свободу и доверие. Нам нужно было найти путь, и мы его нашли. Оглядываясь назад, мы были самыми счастливыми людьми в мире: у нас не было выбора, кроме как быть первопроходцами; не было времени быть новичками.

Во времена холодной войны, когда «кроме нас — некому», наши решения формировались ограничениями. В Cray Research ограничения и барьеры указывали нам на лучшую точку приложения усилий. Чтобы оставаться лучшими в мире, у нас не было другого выбора. Но прежде чем искать рычаги влияния, мы тщательно определяли и доказывали применимые возможности. Эти возможности показывали нам, какие решения могут быть осуществимы. Мы также поняли: если это не приносит удовольствия — вероятно, это не стоит делать.

Этот вынужденный способ работы, при котором ответственность нельзя было переложить на других, почти утрачен со временем.

Моя роль как хранителя утраченных навыков

Я передаю вам эти навыки, потому что они так и не были переданы следующему поколению. Я создал первоисточник, показывающий, как это было: Nobody but Us: A History of Cray Research's Software and the Building of the World's Fastest Supercomputer («Только мы: История программного обеспечения Крей Рисёрч и создание самого быстрого суперкомпьютера в мире»). Но я написал и второй первоисточник, воспроизводящий навыки Cray Research «Крей Рисёрч» для вас прямо сейчас, в 2026 году. The Wizard's Lens: Learn to Think Like AI («Линза волшебника: Научитесь думать как ИИ») — это ученичество, которое погружает вас в опыт, а не просто рассказывает о том, как мы постоянно «достигали невозможного» в Cray Research.

Эти навыки Cray Research начинались не с программного обеспечения и даже не с аппаратного. Они начинались на природе. Обучение через опыт, с реальными рисками и реальными последствиями, тоже было абстрагировано. Именно там формируется суждение. Об этом я написал Surviving Spring Break on the Mountain: The Power of Experiential Education («Выжить на весенних каникулах в горах: Сила обучения через опыт»).

Чистое развлечение

Если это не приносит удовольствия — вероятно, это не стоит делать. Я продолжал практиковать самый важный навык отладки, который знаю: замечать закономерности и связи, которые другие упускают. Я написал Unexpected Histories («Неожиданные истории»), чтобы показать вам смещённые перспективы — чисто для развлечения, но демонстрирующие реальную историю, которая важна сегодня. В каждом случае, однажды увидев это, вы уже не сможете это «развидеть».

Leanpub Podcast

Episode 317

An Interview with Edward W. Barnard

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