8. A Summary of previous chapters

Newton’s Secret

Newton’s own discovery hidden in the Principia unravels the Newtonian world.

What is force?

Force is Newton’s label for the parts of orbit rule discovered by Kepler, that is, 1/RR and R/TT:

\textup{Kepler's Rule} = 1/RR = R/TT = \textup{Newton's force}

In physics, force is simply the universal unit physicists use to convert incompatible quantities. Force in physics has the same function as money in society. Physicists always reify the units they invented; this means that the existence of a force term in a physics equation does not mean that a quantity called “force” exists in nature

Orbits are described by a “rule” not by a “law”

The orbit rule discovered by Kepler is a “rule” not a “law” because Kepler’s discovery is a proportionality tying the radius R and period T of the orbit.

  • Kepler’s Rule describes orbits independent of units.
  • Newton’s laws are Kepler’s Rule decorated with Newtonian units.

Rule = proportionality independent of units

Law = a rule decorated with branded units

  • Nature is rational
  • Nature is not legal
  • Nature is explained by ratios and equality of ratios not by branded laws.

Kepler’s Rule is fundamental; Newton’s occult force does not exist

Kepler’s Rule

  • Kepler’s Rule describes orbits with only two terms which are necessary and sufficient;
  • Neither term can be eliminated nor new terms can be added;
  • Kepler’s Rule is geometric, it contains no occult (hidden) terms and no branded units

Newton’s Force

  • Force is a superfluous label on Kepler’s Rule;
  • Force is a placeholder and does not enter the operational rule used to compute orbits;
  • Force is always assumed but never observed;
  • Force is in physics is a universal conversion utility.

Kepler’s Rule explains orbits with only two terms none of which is “force”

  • There is no “underlying dynamical cause” to Kepler’s Rule;
  • Kepler’s Rule itself is the underlying rule that describes orbits.
  • Newton’s force is the label of the underlying ratios
  • Orbits need a “cause” only if Newton’s occult force is assumed to exist; but occult does not exist in nature

Newton obfuscated the fact that he used Kepler’s Rule to compute orbits

  • Newton did not use force to compute orbits; Newton computed orbits with Kepler’s Rule
  • Newton used Kepler’s Rule to “legalize” his assumptions

Newton did not discover any new law of nature

  • Newton did not discover a new quantity that explained orbits and without which orbits could not be computed
  • The three initial axioms on which Newton built his “System of the World” are answers to three oldest scholastic questions
  • Newton did not have definitive answers to these old questions, instead he asserted his own preferred answers by making his calculations of orbits with Kepler’s Rule

Newton established his axioms as true laws of nature by deceit

Newton’s three assumptions,

  1. Natural motion is rectilinear
  2. The indivisible is the unit of nature
  3. The cause of motion is occult

are Newton’s answers to old philosophical questions

  1. What is natural motion?
  2. Are there indivisible units of nature?
  3. Is nature occult?

Newton stated his preferred answers first as axioms and then successfully established them as “true laws of nature” by rhetoric and propaganda.

Newton used Kepler’s Rule to compute orbits

  • Newton was able to establish his three initial assumptions as true laws of nature because he computed orbits with Kepler’s Rule.
  • Newton’s orbit computations appeared magical to his contemporaries and they believed Newton’s propaganda that he was computing orbits with his “dynamical” laws
  • Newton’s contemporaries knew force was defined as an occult quantity (Huygens called it “Newton’s Soul”) but since Newton fooled them with his computations using Kepler’s Law, force was eventually accepted as the fundamental unit of Newtonian physics

Newton did not discover Kepler’s Rule; Kepler discovered Kepler’s Rule

  • Kepler discovered the rule of orbits as the result of his stubborn search for harmonies of nature and he knew the importance of his discovery.
  • Newton first learned about Kepler’s Rule in Thomas Streete’s astronomy textbook Astronomia Carolina.

Newton could not make orbital calculations without Kepler’s Rule

Before his discovery of this rule, Newton could not make the orbital calculations in theorems III.4, III.8, and I.57-60, in the Principia. These are the only computations in the Principia Newton claimed proved his dynamical theories.

Newton discovered that Kepler’s Rule was the definition of density

  • Kepler did not realize what Newton understood about the rule of orbits
  • Newton was the first to realize that Kepler’s Rule is the definition of density
  • Newton encrypted Kepler’s Rule as Definition 1 in his Principia:
    • “Quantity of matter is a measure of matter that arises from its density and volume jointly”

Newton did not want to build his cosmology on Kepler’s discovery

  • Newton chose to hide this discovery – arguably his greatest – in definition 1 of the Principia in order to brand his system of the world as “Newton’s” System of the World.
  • Newton implicitly used density as defined by Kepler’s Rule as the fundamental unifying principle of his System of the World but explicitly claimed that his unifying principle was the occult “force”
  • What unifies “terrestrial” and “celestial” is not Newton’s force but Kepler’s Rule. Newton’s “Moon Test” is nothing more than an application of Kepler’s Rule to the Moon’s orbit

Newton defined density in definition 1 but never used it again

Newton scholars have been puzzled why Newton started his Principia with a definition of density but apparently never used it or referred to it again.

Principia explains orbits with Kepler’s Rule not with Newtonian force

It all makes sense when we read definition 1 as a cryptic statement of Kepler’s Rule and theorems III.4, III.8 and I.57-60 as simple applications of Kepler’s Rule.

Newton built a fantastical world based on his three false premises

Newton discovered the true “rule” of nature, namely, that Kepler’s Rule is the definition of density but instead of building his System of the World on someone else’s true discovery Newton invented a fantastical world based on his three false premises:

  • Nature is occult
  • Nature is discontinuous
  • Nature is Newtonian

Force was never observed by a proper scientific experiment

  • Even today there are no observational evidence that this occult quality defined by Newton exists in nature
  • This is not surprising because Newton’s occult force is a label and placeholder for the ratios making up the equality of ratios we call Kepler’s Rule
  • It is not possible to measure the value of a mere placeholder that must be canceled and never enters the operational formulas; no one can measure what does not exist in operational equations
  • Force is a “dormitive virtue” that does not exist in nature

Henry Cavendish knew “Newton’s Secret”

  • Henry Cavendish, too, knew “Newton’s Secret” because his famous experiment of 1798 is a computation of the mean density of the earth by using the constants of the pendulum with Kepler’s Rule.
  • In the 19th century British physicists redefined the Cavendish experiment posthumously as the first measurement of the occult Newtonian force. This is scientific fraud.

Newton’s Principia contains the seed of its own demise

  • The Principia contains the secret that once revealed will make the Newtonian materialist world described in the Principia obsolete
  • This secret is encrypted in definition 1 of Newton’s Principia

Existence is definitional not material

  • Newtonian doctrine of atomic materialism is false and it must not be taught as the true nature.

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9. Newton’s true discovery