Appendices

Appendix 1 Equipment and Materials

Most of the requirements are easily available, but some are specialized. Below is a list that would equip a class for a workshop preparing several grid sets of glazes. Work out for yourself what you need from the following guide.

Firstly let us assume a class will contain about 20 students. It will be divided into teams of about 4 people. Some quantities are based on how many teams there are, though some things are calculated per class, or per student.

List of Equipment and Materials

Weighing
1. Accurate Scales, such as Ohaus triple beam balance. At least 1 per team, 2 if possible.
2. Plastic containers for the Corner Glazes (1 or 2 litre, e.g. ice-cream) - 4 per team
3. 300-Gram Batch Recipes for the four corner glazes for each set.
4. Glaze materials - See “Glaze Materials” later.
5. Waterproof Marker Pens - 1 per team.
6. Dust masks - 1 per student.
7. Disposable rubber gloves - A few pairs - 2 or 3 per team.

** Wetting, Sieving, Adjusting**
8. Sieves - 80 mesh or a bit finer, preferably at least 1 per team.
9. Plastic Buckets, mainly for sieving into - 1 per team.
10. Paint Brush (1 inch or 25 mm) - 1 per sieve.
11. Tall Measuring Cylinders - 500 ml or 1 litre (preferably plastic or nylon) 1 per team. Definitely prefer tall scientific measuring cylinders to jugs. A shallow fat jug does not give accurate measurement.

Blending
12. “Blending Chart” enlarged to A4 or Standard Letter size. See diagram Page 102. 2 per team.
13. Highlighter Pens - 4 colours will do for the whole class.
14. Disposable Foam or Plastic Cups - 100ml. Preferably broader (stable) rather than taller - 35 per team.
15. Graduated Veterinary Syringes - 50 or 60ml plastic - 2 per team.
16. Vaseline - 1 container for the whole class.

Application
17. Bisque Fired Grid Tiles - see “Making Grid Tiles” below.
18. Colouring Oxides - See later.
19. Artists’ Brushes for applying oxides - 4 per team

Miscellaneous
20. Pocket Calculator 1 per team.
21. Hand Lens - 1 per student, or 1 per team at least.
22. Ware Boards or cut down cartons to store the sets in their disposable cups.
23. Individual Tiles 2 inches (50mm) square, or very small bowls, thimble or egg-cup size (optional). 5 or ten per student should be adequate. These are for follow-up work after seeing the fired results from the grid tiles; they are used for further testing of promising glazes.
24. Wax emulsion and some bubble wrap would be useful if students are to be taking glazed grid tiles home for firing. Once the tile is ready to go into a firing, it can be painted with wax for safe transport. The tiles can even be sent unfired through the post if well padded.
25. Students should bring an apron or similar, and the usual notebook etc.

Safety Considerations
For safety reasons keep work as dust free as possible. The main dusty part is weighing out the glazes until they are wet up. This should be done in a dust-safe place, either with extractor fans or outside with a breeze or fans blowing dust away. Use effective dust masks and rubber gloves where necessary.

Glaze Materials

Flux Materials - See the chapter “Choosing a Starting Point” for a discussion on what flux materials to try.
Kaolin - initially use something reasonably pure, like Grolleg, EPK or Eckalite.
Silica material - e.g. “silica”, quartz, flint
Colouring oxides - e.g. iron oxide, cobalt oxide (or carbonate), copper oxide (or carbonate), nickel oxide, etc.

The following table gives analyses of pure feldspars and kaolin for comparison, assuming you can get an analysis.

For feldspar, the higher the K2O or Na2O component and the lower the SiO2, the more pure it is.

For kaolin, the higher the Al2O3, the more pure. Theoretically it should have no iron (Fe) oxides and no titanium dioxide (TiO2)

In the “standard recipe grid set” we assume that we use fairly pure kaolin and silica material. With non-standard sets, we can use anything we please. It is not the case that we necessarily get better glazes from pure materials. However in initial exploration of glaze theory, it can be useful to eliminate some of the “wild-card” variables for the sake of clearer understanding. Sometimes it is precisely these wild-cards that spice up a recipe.

Making Grid Tiles

Make them in a variety of clay types but definitely including some white clay, and some iron-y clay. It is a tile with retaining walls for the 35 glazes laid out in the standard grid pattern of 5 glazes across by 7 down. They are easiest made by carving grooves about 3mm deep into a slab of flat plaster so it looks a bit like a shallow block of chocolate, and rolling clay onto this to give 3mm ridges. Make the outside ridges about 10mm (~1/2 inch) to provide a border and somewhere to put kiln wadding when stacking the tiles on each other. Also carve some shallow grooves into the corner of each of the 35 compartments in the plaster. This gives some raised texture on the tile for the glaze to break over. A good size for the compartments is around 1 inch or 25mm square. Engrave an “A” into the top right corner of the plaster so it appears on the top left corner of the tile.

Number of tiles:
Assuming about 20 students, then a total of 50 tiles would be adequate for a one or two-day workshop. Do some in white clay, some in iron-y stoneware clay, perhaps some in terracotta if you use this.

Note: It is possible to design the floor of the grid tile compartments to automatically give varying glaze thickness, and with ridges for the glaze to break over. ?

Appendix 2 Safety and Health

My First Glaze - A cautionary tale

For more than a hundred years the issue of safety in the ceramic industry has been a matter of growing concern. It began with the discovery that lead glazes were poisoning potters and their families, and also people using the pots. We are still discovering the hazards due to some commonly used ceramic materials and practices.

The best way to achieve safety is not to use dangerous materials in the first place. Use safe substitutes in place of them. See later the section on non-poisonous materials.

Safety considerations fall into three broad categories:

1.. safety for the person making the ceramics and their family

2.. safety for people who may be in the studio (friends, visitors, clients, children, employees, students).

3.. safety for the user or owner of the ceramic piece.

There is no consensus on some issues so here we need to keep on the safe side. It is difficult to draw a line between safe and unsafe. Concern for our well-being tugs towards a lowest common denominator, while the desire of most artists to have access to the widest possible palette of colours, surfaces etc. lures us towards materials that have some safety problems. There is always a tradeoff between the foolproof or safe on the one hand, and the expressive or responsive on the other

The teacher and student ceramic worker need to be aware of a number of safety factors:

1. Their legal obligations
2. The hazards and how to control them
3. Special problems for the users of the ceramic
4. Special problems with young children
5. Resources for Health and Safety

Legal Obligations

You are legally responsible for the safety and health of anyone in your studio. This is known as a “duty of care”, and there are significant penalties if you fail to provide a safe environment.

Laws relating to work places including potters’ studios are designed chiefly to protect the health and safety of employees. If you occasionally pay someone to assist you, you need to be familiar with your obligations under these laws; penalties for breaches are severe. The relevant law is the Occupational Health and Safety Act in your state in Australia. Details can be obtained from the government department usually called the Department of Occupational Health and Safety, or in some states, “Worksafe”. As well as information on the laws, these departments are excellent resources for information on hazards.

Hazards from Raw Materials

We need to be aware of the dangers posed to us, our students and customers, by the materials we use. In Australia, the US and the UK there are standards and guidelines that we can use. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) are used to provide information on a product’s hazards and how to use it safely. MSDS reliability is variable because usually it’s up to the material manufacturer or supplier to provide them. However they are usually very informative and they should be made available to all who use these products, especially students. Where students are young they should be denied access to certain dangerous materials. See recommendations for non-poisonous materials later.

Of particular interest in the MSDS are the sections dealing with precautions for use, and safe handling. Time-weighted Average values (TWAs) and/or Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) are used to quantify exposure risk. TWAs and TLVs are numbers expressed in parts per million for gases or vapours, or in milligrams per cubic metre for dust or particulate matter. The number indicates a level of contamination that is acceptable as posing no significant risk in the normal work environment. The smaller the TLV or TWA number, the more dangerous the material. This is useful because we can make comparisons with things we know. For example the TLV value for cadmium is smaller than that for arsenic; cadmium is therefore considerably more dangerous.

Non-poisonous Materials

It is possible to achieve a wide range of colours and effects using non-poisonous materials. There is little poisons hazard associated with most of the following oxides in standard ceramic materials.

Base Glaze constituents: K2O, Na2O, CaO, MgO, ZnO, SrO, Al2O3, SiO2*.

Colourants and opacifiers: iron oxide, tin oxide, zircon, titanium oxide and rutile are relatively non-poisonous. Although one could spend a lifetime using just these materials, most ceramics workers use a wide range of materials that have some degree of poisons hazard.

Utilitarian Risk

Functional pots can pose both physical and chemical risks to the user arising from the glaze. The main physical risk comes from a glaze that is in compression causing the glaze to shiver off in dangerous glassy shards, or in rare cases the fault can cause the pot to shatter while full of hot food or liquid. This usually happens during a sudden temperature change, like pulling it from the hot kiln, filling it with boiling water, or taking it from a hot oven. The potter can perform tests for these problems including use of exaggerated temperature changes to provoke a failure. The oldest and most common test is for the potter to use a sample of the ware in their own home. The main chemical risk to the user is from leaching of poisons from certain glazes especially under the influence of acid or alkaline foods or drinks. Certain oxides can become soluble under certain circumstances, and this allows their ingestion with food or drink. Some materials are best avoided on the inside of functional ware unless the potter is willing to have their glazes regularly tested for leaching. Of the usual flux oxides, lead is the worst by far, and should be avoided if possible. Fritting the lead (i.e. industrially incorporating the lead in a glass) reduces the risk of leaching but the lead may become soluble again depending on how, and with what, the frit is used. Other flux materials with “problems” are lithium, barium (carbonate), manganese (which is a flux as well as a colouring oxide) and possibly boron. A number of other colourants have problems too. Copper can promote solubility of other dangerous ingredients. Uranium can be both poisonous and radioactive. Most colourants apart from iron oxide have problems especially if used in excess to the point of overload and should be used with care.

Children

Children cannot be expected to know how to avoid danger. Most workshops and studios are NOT safe places for children, and they should be supervised at all times; keep them out of your workspace unless they are being supervised.

Occupational Health and Safety Resources

The subject of safety in ceramics has been well studied in recent years, and there are some excellent texts available This text does not provide a comprehensive coverage, and the reader is directed to the references listed here in the box.

In the last 30 years there has been a great blossoming of involvement with ceramic arts. Sadly we are now seeing some of the results of our ignorance of the risks involved. It would be a pity if we fail to learn from these sad lessons. There are those who would impose much stricter rules on what we may use in our works, and saddle us with restrictive legislation. If we wish to continue to freely use potentially hazardous materials we must use them in a responsible way. Artists have always used dangerous tools and materials, and we CAN use them safely. But to do this we need to inform ourselves of the dangers and the precautions we can take.

Special thanks go to Dr. David Biggins for his help in preparing this section.

Appendix 3 Useful Maths and Chemistry

Reading a Chemical Formula

Having this skill makes available a large range of valuable information for potters.

Presented here are the tools necessary to:
1. Read a Seger formula
2. Compare materials using Seger formula or oxide weight % and estimate their usefulness
3. Understand the idea of glaze reformulation.

Some Raw Materials

Question: What oxides (or carbonates, water etc.) do these materials contain, and in what proportions?

Note how the big numbers in front of each oxide indicates the ratio of the various oxides one to another. (If there is no big number, understand this to mean “1”.) This ratio is not a weight ratio, it is a “molecular ratio”. In the formula for kaolin (Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O) we have one molecule of alumina to two of silica and two of water.

Many of the raw materials are natural unrefined minerals, and as such they usually contain impurities. For this reason the molecular ratios of natural materials are rarely neat whole numbers. (For example the formula for nepheline syenite is 0.25K2O?0.75Na2O?1.11Al2O3?4.6SiO2 (variable)). The ratios give an indication of the degree of purity (by comparison with the theoretical formula) and also give a useful guide to the beginner of the effectiveness of one material compared to another in introducing (or excluding!) a certain oxide. For example if we wish to introduce magnesia (MgO) to a glaze, magnesium carbonate is more effective than dolomite on a weight for weight basis, because the dolomite is bringing in lime as well (compare the two formulae opposite); the molecular ratio numbers give the precise amount. Another example would be to compare the effectiveness of various frits in introducing, say, soda (Na2O) to a glaze. In general terms, the larger the soda figure and the smaller the others, especially the alumina and silica, the more effective it is as a source of soda. You can do this for yourself by comparing the analyses of, say, Ferro frit #3110 with Ferro frit #3134.

Question: Which is the stronger source of soda? Which is the stronger source of boric oxide? This information is obvious to anyone who learns the 12 oxides presented in the book Introduction. There are numerous sources for the analyses of these frits. For example: Cushing’s Handbook Page 68, and from the Internet.

Three Ways to Look at a Glaze

We have three different ways of looking at the chemical composition of a glaze (or clay body): Recipe, Seger formula and oxide weight %

There used to be active debate about which was the most useful way to look at a glaze, but this argument has become somewhat irrelevant now we have access to clever software that can easily convert from one form to another. The fact is that each way has its advantages and its disadvantages, and so all three methods will continue to be used. One thing that needs to be understood though is that glaze calculation software can not be used properly without understanding some of the theory.

Recipe

This shows the weight ratio of raw materials before the firing. This is the most accessible way for most people of looking at a glaze. It has some disadvantages however when you are trying to make a comparison between glazes using different raw materials. But this is the one form that every ceramic artist understands, e.g.:

Glaze Recipe:
50 Potash Feldspar
35 Whiting
15 Kaolin

We normally express the base glaze recipe as a percentage to make it easier to compare glazes. Colourants and opacifiers are additional to the 100% of base glaze. For example:

100% base glaze
+2% colouring oxide.

Oxide Weight %

Here we are looking at the weight of the fired oxides expressed as a percentage. It is theoretically possible to make up a glaze using the pure oxides in the recipe. We don’t usually do this because many of the oxides are water soluble, or have other problems. But if we were to mix a glaze in this way, the oxide weight % analysis and the recipe % would be identical. This is explained further below. We need to be familiar with this sort of expression because many analyses of our materials , and of clays and glazes in texts, are expressed in this form.

Reading Oxide Weight %
This is the oxide weight % analysis of a glaze after the firing. It shows the proportion of the various oxides present expressed as a weight percentage:

9.4% K2O
4.5% CaO
18.3% BaO
8.1% ZnO
12.1% Al2O3
47.7% SiO2

So if we were to weigh out the pure oxides in the proportions shown, mix them dry and fire them, we would obtain this glaze. This is what I meant earlier by “if we were to mix a glaze in this way, the oxide weight % analysis and the recipe % would be identical”. One advantage of using oxide weight % analysis of a glaze is that we can convert from analysis to recipe without having to know Seger formula or molecular weights.

Reading Weight % Figures on a Raw Material Analysis Sheet:

As mentioned before, the raw materials often contain materials that burn out. The Weight % figures on an analysis sheet look like an oxide weight % analysis, but these figures apply to the material before it is fired, and there are often some extra entries; there is commonly an L.O.I. (loss on ignition) figure. The “loss on ignition” is due to anything that burns out during the firing. In clays it is mostly water (H2O). It might be carbon dioxide (CO2) from carbonates, or sulphur dioxide (SO2) from sulphates. Some materials contain ordinary carbon (C) that burns out. Chlorine (Cl) burns out, and fluorine (F) sometimes burns out. Sometimes these materials are separately listed on the analysis sheet, but often they are all included under the one heading of L.O.I. Sometimes they are simply omitted, but you will find that the % analysis does not add up to 100%. The difference is (or should be) the L.O.I. The analysis in the box is for an Australian ball clay from Victoria:

Typical Chemical Analysis: % by weight air dry analysis | SiO2 | 60.03 | | Al2O3 | 23.35 | | Fe2O3 | 0.83 | | CaO | 0.01 | | MgO | 0.76 | | K2O | 2.71 | | TiO2 | 1.95 | | Na2O | 0.12 | | L.O.I. | 9.16 | Soluble Salts:
| NaCl | 0.42 |

This all adds up to 99.34%, including the L.O.I. and the NaCl (salt). A slight discrepancy is normal when dealing with actual analyses of real materials, as opposed to theoretical figures. See also “Loss on Ignition - Calcining Calculations” on page 157.

Seger Formula

Also called the unity formula or unity molecular formula, this shows the molecular ratio of the oxides after the firing. This is also referred to as a molecular formula. It expresses a glaze (or clay) composition as a molecular ratio: so many of this molecule to so many of that. The main disadvantage of this method is that it is not a particularly intuitive way of looking at glaze materials because we have no way of “counting” molecules.

Seger (Unity) Formula
| 0.2K2O | | | | | 0.33Al2O3 | 1.46SiO2 | | 0.8CaO | | |

Both the oxide weight % method and the unity (Seger) formula method make it possible to substitute completely different raw materials in a glaze formula and achieve a virtually identical glaze. This is illustrated later under “Chemically Identical Glazes from Different Materials”(P. 150).

Reading a Seger Formula
To make various glaze formulae more easily compared, the convention is for all glazes to be mathematically adjusted so that the fluxes add to 1.0 (unity).

[Most clays however have low or zero fluxes, so the convention here is for the alumina to be expressed as unity, which makes the numbers more manageable. This may seem arbitrary, but the molecular weight also changes depending on what we choose to make unity, and this balances out the maths in the end. Trust me!! ]

This is a typical Seger formula for a glaze:

Firstly notice that the five oxides are sorted into their categories of flux, alumina and silica.

Secondly, note that the three fluxes on the left add up to 1 (unity).

Thirdly, be aware that the numbers refer not to the weight of the oxides, but to their molecular proportions… To make it easier to understand, let’s deal with whole numbers rather than decimals; multiply all the numbers by 100….

Then we can say that for this glaze there will be 30 molecules of K2O to every 25 molecules of MgO, to 45 of CaO, to 35 of alumina and 380 of silica. If it were possible to count them out in the numbers indicated, mix and fuse them, we would have this glaze. But unfortunately we can’t count out molecules… we do it by weighing out the materials. And to get the right weights, we have to do a formula to recipe conversion, which is beyond the immediate scope of this book. It takes 5 or 10 minutes with a calculator, or if you have glaze calculation software running, as long as it takes to type in the numbers.

Comparing Recipe and Seger Formula for 3 Standard Recipe Grids

The graph on the next page illustrates three standard grids from the Limestone/Feldspar Series that was introduced in Chapter 3, Choosing a Starting Point. It illustrates one of the shortcomings of relying only on recipe data ignoring oxide information. The three grids illustrated represent sets 0.9L, 0.7L and 0.6F from the Limestone/Feldspar Series Table.

If we were to plot out kaolin and silica values for the 35 recipes in each set, the three “grids” would be identical; this is built into this recipe method because the kaolin and silica values for each of the 35 glazes are the same from set to set. If however we plot the Al2O3 and SiO2 figures for the Seger formulae for each glaze, the grids look quite different from each other.

The recipes for Glaze C for sets 0.9L, 0.7L and 0.6F are marked on the diagram.

In many sets, glaze C is correctly regarded as a “low alumina/ low silica” glaze. However it can be seen here that if the flux set is high in feldspar (e.g. set 0.6F) then Glaze C will already be high in alumina and silica before we generate the rest of the set. The strong fluxing action of the potash and soda from the feldspar (compared with the lime from the whiting) determines that many of the glazes will melt in a stoneware firing, in spite of the high Al2O3 and SiO2 values.

In spite of the much larger area covered by set 0.6F, the differences with-in the set (between the 35 glazes) are much less marked than in set 0.9L.

So the extra Al2O3 and SiO2 brought in with feldspar can lead to confusion if we stick strictly to recipe and ignore the oxides present. This can be seen in a number of glaze phenomena. For example cobalt oxide in association with TiO2 in high Al2O3 glazes will often give greens rather than cobalt blues. If the set contains cobalt and TiO2 we often find these greens around Corner A, the “high alumina” corner. However if we look at the recipe for a well-known example of this effect, the recipe contains 8% kaolin (see the recipe for Reitz Green in “Feldspathic Glazes”, P.82.) This would put it at about Glaze 26, immediately above glaze C on the grid.

Reformulating Glazes

Chemically Identical Glazes from Different Materials

The following table shows two limestone glazes expressed in all three formats. Note that the recipes are quite different, but they have the same oxides in the same proportions. So once the two different recipes are fired, they yield chemically identical glazes, in theory at least. In reality they will usually show some differences because the physical nature of the raw materials does have some effect, and one can rarely obtain such theoretically pure raw materials. But the two glazes are more alike than not, and we can see clearly how the unity formula or the oxide weight % figures are a better guide to the chemistry of the glaze than is the recipe.

In glaze 2 we have replaced whiting with wollastonite as the source of CaO. Because the wollastonite brings in a lot of silica (SiO2), the recipes are quite different if we wish to maintain the oxides in their correct proportions. When we make replacements like this, we need to use formula to recipe conversion. This will not be covered in this recipe-based course, but students with glaze calculation software can easily experiment with using different sources of the same oxides and see what effect it has on the recipes.

Essential Maths

Percentages

The convention used in most cases in this course is where the dry weight of the base glaze adds up to 100%. Usually we add colouring oxides and opacifiers on top of this figure. See the following example:
70% Feldspar
30% Whiting
+5% Red Iron Oxide

Percentage Calculation:

Recipes, especially batch recipes, are often expressed in “parts” that are not “percentage parts”. It is easier to compare two recipes if they are both expressed as percentages. There is a simple maths procedure that converts a “parts” recipe to a “percentage” recipe:

Example for Calculating Percentages:

A recipe is given as:

3 parts Feldspar
2 parts Whiting
1 part Kaolin

Step 1: Add up the “parts”. In this case “Parts Total” = 3 + 2 + 1 = 6

Step 2: Apply the Percentage Formula:

% of Material = (“Parts of Material” ÷ “Parts Total”) × 100

Therefore:
% of Feldspar = (3 ÷ 6) × 100 = 50%

Similarly:
% of Whiting = (2 ÷ 6) × 100 =33.3% % of Kaolin = (1 ÷ 6) × 100 =16.7%

Step 3: Double check by adding the percentage figures to make sure they come to 100% or very close. If they don’t you’ve made a calculation error.

Ratios and Proportions

If we have twice as much feldspar in a recipe as whiting, we say the ratio of feldspar to whiting is two to one. We may write this “2:1” or “2/1”. In a simple case like this the maths is easy, and we can see that if the feldspar in the batch were for example 1800 grams, then the whiting would be 900; in this case the whiting is always half the feldspar. Some people have problems with numerically more difficult examples. They are easy to understand if we use one of the two following methods.

Graph Method
{float=left} The sloping line in the first diagram illustrates the simple case presented above with two materials in the ratio of 2 to 1. We can see immediately that we don’t need to stay locked into these numbers. For example if we have 3.5 feldspar, we can read off the corresponding amount of whiting at the arrow (equals 1.75).

Maths Method
{float=left} If we wish to do it mathematically rather than on a graph (and maths is much quicker) then we use the following fact:

(x / y) = (a / b)

We can rearrange this so that if we know a, b and y, we can calculate x:

x = y × (a / b)

Example 1:

Suppose we are a bit short of feldspar, and want to make up as much glaze as possible using what little feldspar we have, and using the following recipe:
64% Feldspar
23% Whiting
13% Kaolin

Let’s assume we have 427 grams of feldspar. The problem is set out as follows:
(Note - We can use the same diagram but it is NOT to scale for this example)

Feldspar:
64 grams of feldspar (b) requires 23 grams of whiting (a)
427 grams of feldspar (y) requires x grams of whiting (x)

x = y × (a / b) = 427 × (23 / 64) = 153.5 approximately

We would have to do a similar calculation for the kaolin as well.

Volumetric Addition to a Set

This outlines the theory behind the volumetric addition technique that was explained in Chapter 7. The formula given for that chapter applies to our standard experimental method. Any change to that method will require a re-jigging of the formula; that is explained here. Our main mathematical task is working out how much to add to each cup to achieve a certain percentage addition. Firstly we do it for 1%:

In the method used in Chapter 7, it was suggested we make a double batch if we want to end up with two sets. Therefore we start out with 600 grams of each of the 4 corner glazes. The Total Dry Weight is therefore 600 × 4 = 2400 grams.

Assume that each corner glaze was made up to an Equalizing Volume of 920ml. (The 920ml is an arbitrary figure, and we don’t actually use all of it in the blending process.) So we have a Total Wet Volume of 920 × 4 = 3680ml of glaze.

There are 35 cups with 96ml* in each, so we actually use 35 × 96ml = 3360ml Used Wet Volume.

This provides us with a means of calculating the amount of dry material in each cup using ratio or proportions. This is illustrated on the next page using either graph paper or simple maths.

Graph Method
Using a large sheet of graph paper we plot in lines representing a and b and draw in the diagonal line through the intersection. We now draw in the y- line, and project down from the diagonal line to find x, which equals approximately 2191 grams.

Maths Method
Draw a rough diagram similar to the graph on the left. Looking at the diagram, we already have a, b and y. We need to calculate x. x = y × (a ? b) = 3360 × (2400 ? 3680) = 2191 grams approximately

Dry Weight in One Cup
So whether we use the graph method, or the maths method, we can now work out the dry weight in each cup:

Dry weight in One Cup = x ? 35 = 2191 ? 35 = 62.6 grams

If we divide each cup into two equal volumes then each cup will now have 31.3 grams (62.6 ? 2).

Calculating 1%
If we wish to add 1% of any material to a cup of this glaze, we would use 0.313 grams (divide 31.3 by 100).

Note that these results apply only to this example where the Equalizing Volume (E.V.) of the double batch was 920 ml.

Working out a general formula for the Dry Weight in One Cup:
If we use the standard amounts (such as 300 grams for each corner glaze, and 35 cups) then we can come up with the simplified formula that we used in Chapter 7. Even though we might be using a double batch (or a greater multiple), it is easiest understood if we use 300-gram batches.

1           x = y × (a ? b)

Used Dry Weight = Used Wet Volume × (Total Dry Weight ? Total Wet Volume) = (35 cups, each 48 ml) × (4 Corner Glazes, each 300 grams) ? (4 times the E.V.) = (35 × 48) × (4 × 300) ? (4 × E.V.) = 1680 × 1200 ? (4 × E.V.) = 504000 ? E.V. Divide this by 35 to obtain the dry weight in one cup: = 14400 ? E.V

This enables us to state a formula for a standard set:

For a Normal Batch: Dry Wt. in 1 Cup (in grams) = 14400 ÷ E.V.

For a Double Batch: If using half a “double batch”, the Equalizing Volume figure is twice as large. We must divide it by 2 before we use it in the formula above.

1 The formula for 1% of Dry Weight Addition:
2 
3 **1% Addition = Dry Weight in 1 Cup ÷ 100**

Loss on Ignition - Calcining Calculations

Many materials lose weight when they are fired; something goes up the chimney! Sometimes this affects our calculations for the glaze recipe, so we need to know how to deal with it. The most direct way to measure loss on ignition (L.O.I.) is to weigh a sample, fire it and weigh it again. The weight lost represents the L.O.I.

A raw material analysis sheet typically shows a list of oxides and there is commonly an L.O.I. figure. See under “Reading Weight % Figures on a Raw Material Analysis Sheet” earlier in this section.

The L.O.I. figure is sometimes necessary for our calculations. For example…

1. Wood ash and straw ash are traditional glaze materials. Depending on how they are prepared or where they are collected, there may be considerable amounts of charcoal included (sometimes over 50%). This burns out and takes no part in the glaze, so it’s weight in the recipe must be accounted for.
2. If a glaze is crawling because of a high clay content, we can calcine (bisque fire) all or part of the powdered clay to stop it from shrinking and crawling. If we wish to mix up a chemically identical glaze with the calcined clay, we need to allow for the water that has been burned off in the calcining process.

Calculating L.O.I.

If the L.O.I. figure is unavailable, we can obtain our own by direct measurement:

1. Take a small covered bisque fired pot and weigh it or set the tare poise so the scales are zeroed.
2. With the pot still on the scales, add exactly 100 grams of test material.
3. Bisque fire the lidded pot containing the test material.
4. As soon as the pot and material cools, weigh it again.
5. The loss of weight measured in grams indicates the L.O.I.% of the test material.

Precautions:

1. Some materials absorb water from the atmosphere after calcining. For this reason the final weighing should be done promptly after the firing.
2. It’s important to use a lidded pot to prevent material from jumping out and upsetting the weight calculation.
3. The bisque firing should be oxidised as usual, not reduced.
4. Some materials require a higher temperature to burn out, but a bisque should be adequate for our purposes.

Calcining Calculations

If we wish to replace a raw material with the same material calcined in a recipe, we need to know how to calculate the appropriate weight. The following formula will work for any material as long as we have the L.O.I.% figure:

Calcined weight = raw weight ×(100 - L.O.I.%) ÷ 100

Example - Converting a Raw Glaze to a Bisque Glaze:

Assume that a raw (once-firing) glaze contains 50% of the Australian ball clay listed earlier (L.O.I. = 9.16%), and we wish to convert this to a glaze for bisque without changing the chemistry. We do this by replacing most of the raw clay with calcined. Let’s decide to keep 15% of the ball clay raw to suspend the glaze, and the other 35% will be replaced by the appropriate amount of calcined clay.

The question becomes… How much calcined ball clay will replace 35% of raw ball clay? Substitute the figures in the formula:

Calcined weight = raw weight ×(100 - L.O.I.%) ÷ 100 = 35 × (100 - 9.16) ÷ 100 = 31.8 approx.*

Calcined Kaolin

In the special case of pure kaolin, L.O.I. is 14%. Therefore we can use this formula for kaolin:

Calcined kaolin weight = raw kaolin weight × 0.86

The values for kaolin and silica from the Recipe Table (see opposite) are here plotted for each glaze. We can plot a glaze recipe onto this grid and can categorize the glaze, thereby predicting some of it’s properties. For example, if it is near Corner A it is a high alumina glaze, near C it is high in fluxes, near D it will be high in silica etc. Some of the characteristics of these zones are given in Chapter 5 - A Guided tour. This works for many glaze recipes, but not so well where a glaze contains a lot of clay that is very different from kaolin or china clay.

Appendix 4 The Recipe Table and Flux Breakup Tables

1. The Recipe Table

2. Flux Breakup Tables

| Glaze No. | 1% | 2% | 3% | 4% | 5% | | 6% | 7% | 8% | 9% | 10% | | 1 (A) | 0.60 | 1.20 | 1.80 | 2.40 | 3.00 | | 3.60 | 4.20 | 4.80 | 5.40 | 6.00 | | 2 | 0.54 | 1.08 | 1.61 | 2.15 | 2.69 | | 3.23 | 3.76 | 4.30 | 4.84 | 5.38 | | 3 | 0.48 | 0.95 | 1.43 | 1.90 | 2.38 | | 2.85 | 3.33 | 3.80 | 4.28 | 4.75 | | 4 | 0.41 | 0.83 | 1.24 | 1.65 | 2.06 | | 2.48 | 2.89 | 3.30 | 3.71 | 4.13 | | 5(B) | 0.35 | 0.70 | 1.05 | 1.40 | 1.75 | | 2.10 | 2.45 | 2.80 | 3.15 | 3.50 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 6 | 0.67 | 1.33 | 2.00 | 2.67 | 3.33 | | 4.00 | 4.67 | 5.33 | 6.00 | 6.67 | | 7 | 0.59 | 1.19 | 1.78 | 2.38 | 2.97 | | 3.56 | 4.16 | 4.75 | 5.34 | 5.94 | | 8 | 0.52 | 1.04 | 1.56 | 2.08 | 2.60 | | 3.13 | 3.65 | 4.17 | 4.69 | 5.21 | | 9 | 0.45 | 0.90 | 1.34 | 1.79 | 2.24 | | 2.69 | 3.14 | 3.58 | 4.03 | 4.48 | | 10 | 0.38 | 0.75 | 1.13 | 1.50 | 1.88 | | 2.25 | 2.63 | 3.00 | 3.38 | 3.75 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 11 | 0.73 | 1.47 | 2.20 | 2.93 | 3.67 | | 4.40 | 5.13 | 5.87 | 6.60 | 7.33 | | 12 | 0.65 | 1.30 | 1.95 | 2.60 | 3.25 | | 3.90 | 4.55 | 5.20 | 5.85 | 6.50 | | 13 | 0.57 | 1.13 | 1.70 | 2.27 | 2.83 | | 3.40 | 3.97 | 4.53 | 5.10 | 5.67 | | 14 | 0.48 | 0.97 | 1.45 | 1.93 | 2.42 | | 2.90 | 3.38 | 3.87 | 4.35 | 4.83 | | 15 | 0.40 | 0.80 | 1.20 | 1.60 | 2.00 | | 2.40 | 2.80 | 3.20 | 3.60 | 4.00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 16 | 0.80 | 1.60 | 2.40 | 3.20 | 4.00 | | 4.80 | 5.60 | 6.40 | 7.20 | 8.00 | | 17 | 0.71 | 1.41 | 2.12 | 2.83 | 3.53 | | 4.24 | 4.94 | 5.65 | 6.36 | 7.06 | | 18 | 0.61 | 1.23 | 1.84 | 2.45 | 3.06 | | 3.68 | 4.29 | 4.90 | 5.51 | 6.13 | | 19 | 0.52 | 1.04 | 1.56 | 2.08 | 2.59 | | 3.11 | 3.63 | 4.15 | 4.67 | 5.19 | | 20 | 0.43 | 0.85 | 1.28 | 1.70 | 2.13 | | 2.55 | 2.98 | 3.40 | 3.83 | 4.25 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 21 | 0.87 | 1.73 | 2.60 | 3.47 | 4.33 | | 5.20 | 6.07 | 6.93 | 7.80 | 8.67 | | 22 | 0.76 | 1.53 | 2.29 | 3.05 | 3.81 | | 4.58 | 5.34 | 6.10 | 6.86 | 7.63 | | 23 | 0.66 | 1.32 | 1.98 | 2.63 | 3.29 | | 3.95 | 4.61 | 5.27 | 5.93 | 6.58 | | 24 | 0.55 | 1.11 | 1.66 | 2.22 | 2.77 | | 3.33 | 3.88 | 4.43 | 4.99 | 5.54 | | 25 | 0.45 | 0.90 | 1.35 | 1.80 | 2.25 | | 2.70 | 3.15 | 3.60 | 4.05 | 4.50 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 26 | 0.93 | 1.87 | 2.80 | 3.73 | 4.67 | | 5.60 | 6.53 | 7.47 | 8.40 | 9.33 | | 27 | 0.82 | 1.64 | 2.46 | 3.28 | 4.09 | | 4.91 | 5.73 | 6.55 | 7.37 | 8.19 | | 28 | 0.70 | 1.41 | 2.11 | 2.82 | 3.52 | | 4.23 | 4.93 | 5.63 | 6.34 | 7.04 | | 29 | 0.59 | 1.18 | 1.77 | 2.36 | 2.95 | | 3.54 | 4.13 | 4.72 | 5.31 | 5.90 | | 30 | 0.48 | 0.95 | 1.43 | 1.90 | 2.38 | | 2.85 | 3.33 | 3.80 | 4.28 | 4.75 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | **31 (C) | 1.00 | 2.00 | 3.00 | 4.00 | 5.00 | | 6.00 | 7.00 | 8.00 | 9.00 | 10.00 **| | 32 | 0.88 | 1.75 | 2.63 | 3.50 | 4.38 | | 5.25 | 6.13 | 7.00 | 7.88 | 8.75 | | 33 | 0.75 | 1.50 | 2.25 | 3.00 | 3.75 | | 4.50 | 5.25 | 6.00 | 6.75 | 7.50 | | 34 | 0.63 | 1.25 | 1.88 | 2.50 | 3.13 | | 3.75 | 4.38 | 5.00 | 5.63 | 6.25 | | 35 (D) | 0.50 | 1.00 | 1.50 | 2.00 | 2.50 | | 3.00 | 3.50 | 4.00 | 4.50 | 5.00 |

Flux Breakup Tables continued…

| Glaze No. | 11% | 12% | 13% | 14% | 15% | | 16% | 17% | 18% | |19% |20% | | 1 (A) | 6.60 | 7.20 | 7.80 | 8.40 | 9.00 | | 9.60 | 10.20 | 10.80 | 11.40 | 12.00 | | 2 | 5.91 | 6.45 | 6.99 | 7.53 | 8.06 | | 8.60 | 9.14 | 9.68 | 10.21 | 10.75 | | 3 | 5.23 | 5.70 | 6.18 | 6.65 | 7.13 | | 7.60 | 8.08 | 8.55 | 9.03 | 9.50 | | 4 | 4.54 | 4.95 | 5.36 | 5.78 | 6.19 | | 6.60 | 7.01 | 7.43 | 7.84 | 8.25 | | 5 (B) | 3.85 | 4.20 | 4.55 | 4.90 | 5.25 | | 5.60 | 5.95 | 6.30 | 6.65 | 7.00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 6 | 7.33 | 8.00 | 8.67 | 9.33 | 10.00 | | 10.67 | 11.33 | 12.00 | 12.67 | 13.33 | | 7 | 6.53 | 7.13 | 7.72 | 8.31 | 8.91 | | 9.50 | 10.09 | 10.69 | 11.28 | 11.88 | | 8 | 5.73 | 6.25 | 6.77 | 7.29 | 7.81 | | 8.33 | 8.85 | 9.38 | 9.90 | 10.42 | | 9 | 4.93 | 5.38 | 5.82 | 6.27 | 6.72 | | 7.17 | 7.61 | 8.06 | 8.51 | 8.96 | | 10 | 4.13 | 4.50 | 4.88 | 5.25 | 5.63 | | 6.00 | 6.38 | 6.75 | 7.13 | 7.50 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 11 | 8.07 | 8.80 | 9.53 | 10.27 | 11.00 | | 11.73 | 12.47 | 13.20 | 13.93 | 14.67 | | 12 | 7.15 | 7.80 | 8.45 | 9.10 | 9.75 | | 10.40 | 11.05 | 11.70 | 12.35 | 13.00 | | 13 | 6.23 | 6.80 | 7.37 | 7.93 | 8.50 | | 9.07 | 9.63 | 10.20 | 10.77 | 11.33 | | 14 | 5.32 | 5.80 | 6.28 | 6.77 | 7.25 | | 7.73 | 8.22 | 8.70 | 9.18 | 9.67 | | 15 | 4.40 | 4.80 | 5.20 | 5.60 | 6.00 | | 6.40 | 6.80 | 7.20 | 7.60 | 8.00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 16 | 8.80 | 9.60 | 10.40 | 11.20 | 12.00 | | 12.80 | 13.60 | 14.40 | 15.20 | 16.00 | | 17 | 7.77 | 8.48 | 9.18 | 9.89 | 10.59 | | 11.30 | 12.01 | 12.71 | 13.42 | 14.13 | | 18 | 6.74 | 7.35 | 7.96 | 8.58 | 9.19 | | 9.80 | 10.41 | 11.03 | 11.64 | 12.25 | | 19 | 5.71 | 6.23 | 6.74 | 7.26 | 7.78 | | 8.30 | 8.82 | 9.34 | 9.86 | 10.38 | | 20 | 4.68 | 5.10 | 5.53 | 5.95 | 6.38 | | 6.80 | 7.23 | 7.65 | 8.08 | 8.50 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 21 | 9.53 | 10.40 | 11.27 | 12.13 | 13.00 | | 13.87 | 14.73 | 15.60 | 16.47 | 17.33 | | 22 | 8.39 | 9.15 | 9.91 | 10.68 | 11.44 | | 12.20 | 12.96 | 13.73 | 14.49 | 15.25 | | 23 | 7.24 | 7.90 | 8.56 | 9.22 | 9.88 | | 10.53 | 11.19 | 11.85 | 12.51 | 13.17 | | 24 | 6.10 | 6.65 | 7.20 | 7.76 | 8.31 | | 8.87 | 9.42 | 9.98 | 10.53 | 11.08 | | 25 | 4.95 | 5.40 | 5.85 | 6.30 | 6.75 | | 7.20 | 7.65 | 8.10 | 8.55 | 9.00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 26 | 10.27 | 11.20 | 12.13 | 13.07 | 14.00 | | 14.93 | 15.87 | 16.80 | 17.73 | 18.67 | | 27 | 9.01 | 9.83 | 10.64 | 11.46 | 12.28 | | 13.10 | 13.92 | 14.74 | 15.56 | 16.38 | | 28 | 7.75 | 8.45 | 9.15 | 9.86 | 10.56 | | 11.27 | 11.97 | 12.68 | 13.38 | 14.08 | | 29 | 6.49 | 7.08 | 7.66 | 8.25 | 8.84 | | 9.43 | 10.02 | 10.61 | 11.20 | 11.79 | | 30 | 5.23 | 5.70 | 6.18 | 6.65 | 7.13 | | 7.60 | 8.08 | 8.55 | 9.03 | 9.50 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | **31 (C) | 11.00 | 12.00 | 13.00 | 14.00 | 15.00 | | 16.00 | 17.00 | 18.00 | 19.00 | 20.00 **| | 32 | 9.63 | 10.50 | 11.38 | 12.25 | 13.13 | | 14.00 | 14.88 | 15.75 | 16.63 | 17.50 | | 33 | 8.25 | 9.00 | 9.75 | 10.50 | 11.25 | | 12.00 | 12.75 | 13.50 | 14.25 | 15.00 | | 34 | 6.88 | 7.50 | 8.13 | 8.75 | 9.38 | | 10.00 | 10.63 | 11.25 | 11.88 | 12.50 | | 35 (D) | 5.50 | 6.00 | 6.50 | 7.00 | 7.50 | | 8.00 | 8.50 | 9.00 | 9.50 | 10.00 |

Flux Breakup Tables continued…

| Glaze No. | 21% | 22% | 23% | 24% | 25% | | 26% | 27% | 28% | |29% |30% | | 1 (A) | 12.60 | 13.20 | 13.80 | 14.40 | 15.00 | | 15.60 | 16.20 | 16.80 | 17.40 | 18.00 | | 2 | 11.29 | 11.83 | 12.36 | 12.90 | 13.44 | | 13.98 | 14.51 | 15.05 | 15.59 | 16.13 | | 3 | 9.98 | 10.45 | 10.93 | 11.40 | 11.88 | | 12.35 | 12.83 | 13.30 | 13.78 | 14.25 | | 4 | 8.66 | 9.08 | 9.49 | 9.90 | 10.31 | | 10.73 | 11.14 | 11.55 | 11.96 | 12.38 | | 5 (B) | 7.35 | 7.70 | 8.05 | 8.40 | 8.75 | | 9.10 | 9.45 | 9.80 | 10.15 | 10.50 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 6 | 14.00 | 14.67 | 15.33 | 16.00 | 16.67 | | 17.33 | 18.00 | 18.67 | 19.33 | 20.00 | | 7 | 12.47 | 13.06 | 13.66 | 14.25 | 14.84 | | 15.44 | 16.03 | 16.63 | 17.22 | 17.81 | | 8 | 10.94 | 11.46 | 11.98 | 12.50 | 13.02 | | 13.54 | 14.06 | 14.58 | 15.10 | 15.63 | | 9 | 9.41 | 9.85 | 10.30 | 10.75 | 11.20 | | 11.65 | 12.09 | 12.54 | 12.99 | 13.44 | | 10 | 7.88 | 8.25 | 8.63 | 9.00 | 9.38 | | 9.75 | 10.13 | 10.50 | 10.88 | 11.25 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 11 | 15.40 | 16.13 | 16.87 | 17.60 | 18.33 | | 19.07 | 19.80 | 20.53 | 21.27 | 22.00 | | 12 | 13.65 | 14.30 | 14.95 | 15.60 | 16.25 | | 16.90 | 17.55 | 18.20 | 18.85 | 19.50 | | 13 | 11.90 | 12.47 | 13.03 | 13.60 | 14.17 | | 14.73 | 15.30 | 15.87 | 16.43 | 17.00 | | 14 | 10.15 | 10.63 | 11.12 | 11.60 | 12.08 | | 12.57 | 13.05 | 13.53 | 14.02 | 14.50 | | 15 | 8.40 | 8.80 | 9.20 | 9.60 | 10.00 | | 10.40 | 10.80 | 11.20 | 11.60 | 12.00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 16 | 16.80 | 17.60 | 18.40 | 19.20 | 20.00 | | 20.80 | 21.60 | 22.40 | 23.20 | 24.00 | | 17 | 14.83 | 15.54 | 16.24 | 16.95 | 17.66 | | 18.36 | 19.07 | 19.78 | 20.48 | 21.19 | | 18 | 12.86 | 13.48 | 14.09 | 14.70 | 15.31 | | 15.93 | 16.54 | 17.15 | 17.76 | 18.38 | | 19 | 10.89 | 11.41 | 11.93 | 12.45 | 12.97 | | 13.49 | 14.01 | 14.53 | 15.04 | 15.56 | | 20 | 8.93 | 9.35 | 9.78 | 10.20 | 10.63 | | 11.05 | 11.48 | 11.90 | 12.33 | 12.75 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 21 | 18.20 | 19.07 | 19.93 | 20.80 | 21.67 | | 22.53 | 23.40 | 24.27 | 25.13 | 26.00 | | 22 | 16.01 | 16.78 | 17.54 | 18.30 | 19.06 | | 19.83 | 20.59 | 21.35 | 22.11 | 22.88 | | 23 | 13.83 | 14.48 | 15.14 | 15.80 | 16.46 | | 17.12 | 17.78 | 18.43 | 19.09 | 19.75 | | 24 | 11.64 | 12.19 | 12.75 | 13.30 | 13.85 | | 14.41 | 14.96 | 15.52 | 16.07 | 16.63 | | 25 | 9.45 | 9.90 | 10.35 | 10.80 | 11.25 | | 11.70 | 12.15 | 12.60 | 13.05 | 13.50 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 26 | 19.60 | 20.53 | 21.47 | 22.40 | 23.33 | | 24.27 | 25.20 | 26.13 | 27.07 | 28.00 | | 27 | 17.19 | 18.01 | 18.83 | 19.65 | 20.47 | | 21.29 | 22.11 | 22.93 | 23.74 | 24.56 | | 28 | 14.79 | 15.49 | 16.20 | 16.90 | 17.60 | | 18.31 | 19.01 | 19.72 | 20.42 | 21.13 | | 29 | 12.38 | 12.97 | 13.56 | 14.15 | 14.74 | | 15.33 | 15.92 | 16.51 | 17.10 | 17.69 | | 30 | 9.98 | 10.45 | 10.93 | 11.40 | 11.88 | | 12.35 | 12.83 | 13.30 | 13.78 | 14.25 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | **31 (C) | 21.00 | 22.00 | 23.00 | 24.00 | 25.00 | | 26.00 | 27.00 | 28.00 | 29.00 | 30.00 **| | 32 | 18.38 | 19.25 | 20.13 | 21.00 | 21.88 | | 22.75 | 23.63 | 24.50 | 25.38 | 26.25 | | 33 | 15.75 | 16.50 | 17.25 | 18.00 | 18.75 | | 19.50 | 20.25 | 21.00 | 21.75 | 22.50 | | 34 | 13.13 | 13.75 | 14.38 | 15.00 | 15.63 | | 16.25 | 16.88 | 17.50 | 18.13 | 18.75 | | 35 (D) | 10.50 | 11.00 | 11.50 | 12.00 | 12.50 | | 13.00 | 13.50 | 14.00 | 14.50 | 15.00 |

Flux Breakup Tables continued…

| Glaze No. | 31% | 32% | 33% | 34% | 35% | | 36% | 37% | 38% | |39% |40% | | 1 (A) | 18.60 | 19.20 | 19.80 | 20.40 | 21.00 | | 21.60 | 22.20 | 22.80 | 23.40 | 24.00 | | 2 | 16.66 | 17.20 | 17.74 | 18.28 | 18.81 | | 19.35 | 19.89 | 20.43 | 20.96 | 21.50 | | 3 | 14.73 | 15.20 | 15.68 | 16.15 | 16.63 | | 17.10 | 17.58 | 18.05 | 18.53 | 19.00 | | 4 | 12.79 | 13.20 | 13.61 | 14.03 | 14.44 | | 14.85 | 15.26 | 15.68 | 16.09 | 16.50 | | 5 (B) | 10.85 | 11.20 | 11.55 | 11.90 | 12.25 | | 12.60 | 12.95 | 13.30 | 13.65 | 14.00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 6 | 20.67 | 21.33 | 22.00 | 22.67 | 23.33 | | 24.00 | 24.67 | 25.33 | 26.00 | 26.67 | | 7 | 18.41 | 19.00 | 19.59 | 20.19 | 20.78 | | 21.38 | 21.97 | 22.56 | 23.16 | 23.75 | | 8 | 16.15 | 16.67 | 17.19 | 17.71 | 18.23 | | 18.75 | 19.27 | 19.79 | 20.31 | 20.83 | | 9 | 13.89 | 14.33 | 14.78 | 15.23 | 15.68 | | 16.13 | 16.57 | 17.02 | 17.47 | 17.92 | | 10 | 11.63 | 12.00 | 12.38 | 12.75 | 13.13 | | 13.50 | 13.88 | 14.25 | 14.63 | 15.00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 11 | 22.73 | 23.47 | 24.20 | 24.93 | 25.67 | | 26.40 | 27.13 | 27.87 | 28.60 | 29.33 | | 12 | 20.15 | 20.80 | 21.45 | 22.10 | 22.75 | | 23.40 | 24.05 | 24.70 | 25.35 | 26.00 | | 13 | 17.57 | 18.13 | 18.70 | 19.27 | 19.83 | | 20.40 | 20.97 | 21.53 | 22.10 | 22.67 | | 14 | 14.98 | 15.47 | 15.95 | 16.43 | 16.92 | | 17.40 | 17.88 | 18.37 | 18.85 | 19.33 | | 15 | 12.40 | 12.80 | 13.20 | 13.60 | 14.00 | | 14.40 | 14.80 | 15.20 | 15.60 | 16.00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 16 | 24.80 | 25.60 | 26.40 | 27.20 | 28.00 | | 28.80 | 29.60 | 30.40 | 31.20 | 32.00 | | 17 | 21.89 | 22.60 | 23.31 | 24.01 | 24.72 | | 25.43 | 26.13 | 26.84 | 27.54 | 28.25 | | 18 | 18.99 | 19.60 | 20.21 | 20.83 | 21.44 | | 22.05 | 22.66 | 23.28 | 23.89 | 24.50 | | 19 | 16.08 | 16.60 | 17.12 | 17.64 | 18.16 | | 18.68 | 19.19 | 19.71 | 20.23 | 20.75 | | 20 | 13.18 | 13.60 | 14.03 | 14.45 | 14.88 | | 15.30 | 15.73 | 16.15 | 16.58 | 17.00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 21 | 26.87 | 27.73 | 28.60 | 29.47 | 30.33 | | 31.20 | 32.07 | 32.93 | 33.80 | 34.67 | | 22 | 23.64 | 24.40 | 25.16 | 25.93 | 26.69 | | 27.45 | 28.21 | 28.98 | 29.74 | 30.50 | | 23 | 20.41 | 21.07 | 21.73 | 22.38 | 23.04 | | 23.70 | 24.36 | 25.02 | 25.68 | 26.33 | | 24 | 17.18 | 17.73 | 18.29 | 18.84 | 19.40 | | 19.95 | 20.50 | 21.06 | 21.61 | 22.17 | | 25 | 13.95 | 14.40 | 14.85 | 15.30 | 15.75 | | 16.20 | 16.65 | 17.10 | 17.55 | 18.00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 26 | 28.93 | 29.87 | 30.80 | 31.73 | 32.67 | | 33.60 | 34.53 | 35.47 | 36.40 | 37.33 | | 27 | 25.38 | 26.20 | 27.02 | 27.84 | 28.66 | | 29.48 | 30.29 | 31.11 | 31.93 | 32.75 | | 28 | 21.83 | 22.53 | 23.24 | 23.94 | 24.65 | | 25.35 | 26.05 | 26.76 | 27.46 | 28.17 | | 29 | 18.28 | 18.87 | 19.46 | 20.05 | 20.64 | | 21.23 | 21.81 | 22.40 | 22.99 | 23.58 | | 30 | 14.73 | 15.20 | 15.68 | 16.15 | 16.63 | | 17.10 | 17.58 | 18.05 | 18.53 | 19.00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | **31 (C) | 31.00 | 32.00 | 33.00 | 34.00 | 35.00 | | 36.00 | 37.00 | 38.00 | 39.00 | 40.00 **| | 32 | 27.13 | 28.00 | 28.88 | 29.75 | 30.63 | | 31.50 | 32.38 | 33.25 | 34.13 | 35.00 | | 33 | 23.25 | 24.00 | 24.75 | 25.50 | 26.25 | | 27.00 | 27.75 | 28.50 | 29.25 | 30.00 | | 34 | 19.38 | 20.00 | 20.63 | 21.25 | 21.88 | | 22.50 | 23.13 | 23.75 | 24.38 | 25.00 | | 35 (D) | 15.50 | 16.00 | 16.50 | 17.00 | 17.50 | | 18.00 | 18.50 | 19.00 | 19.50 | 20.00 |

Flux Breakup Tables continued…

| Glaze No. | 41% | 42% | 43% | 44% | 45% | | 46% | 47% | 48% | | 49% | 50% | | 1 (A) | 24.60 | 25.20 | 25.80 | 26.40 | 27.00 | | 27.60 | 28.20 | 28.80 | 29.40 | 30.00 | | 2 | 22.04 | 22.58 | 23.11 | 23.65 | 24.19 | | 24.73 | 25.26 | 25.80 | 26.34 | 26.88 | | 3 | 19.48 | 19.95 | 20.43 | 20.90 | 21.38 | | 21.85 | 22.33 | 22.80 | 23.28 | 23.75 | | 4 | 16.91 | 17.33 | 17.74 | 18.15 | 18.56 | | 18.98 | 19.39 | 19.80 | 20.21 | 20.63 | | 5 (B) | 14.35 | 14.70 | 15.05 | 15.40 | 15.75 | | 16.10 | 16.45 | 16.80 | 17.15 | 17.50 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 6 | 27.33 | 28.00 | 28.67 | 29.33 | 30.00 | | 30.67 | 31.33 | 32.00 | 32.67 | 33.33 | | 7 | 24.34 | 24.94 | 25.53 | 26.13 | 26.72 | | 27.31 | 27.91 | 28.50 | 29.09 | 29.69 | | 8 | 21.35 | 21.88 | 22.40 | 22.92 | 23.44 | | 23.96 | 24.48 | 25.00 | 25.52 | 26.04 | | 9 | 18.36 | 18.81 | 19.26 | 19.71 | 20.16 | | 20.60 | 21.05 | 21.50 | 21.95 | 22.40 | | 10 | 15.38 | 15.75 | 16.13 | 16.50 | 16.88 | | 17.25 | 17.63 | 18.00 | 18.38 | 18.75 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 11 | 30.07 | 30.80 | 31.53 | 32.27 | 33.00 | | 33.73 | 34.47 | 35.20 | 35.93 | 36.67 | | 12 | 26.65 | 27.30 | 27.95 | 28.60 | 29.25 | | 29.90 | 30.55 | 31.20 | 31.85 | 32.50 | | 13 | 23.23 | 23.80 | 24.37 | 24.93 | 25.50 | | 26.07 | 26.63 | 27.20 | 27.77 | 28.33 | | 14 | 19.82 | 20.30 | 20.78 | 21.27 | 21.75 | | 22.23 | 22.72 | 23.20 | 23.68 | 24.17 | | 15 | 16.40 | 16.80 | 17.20 | 17.60 | 18.00 | | 18.40 | 18.80 | 19.20 | 19.60 | 20.00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 16 | 32.80 | 33.60 | 34.40 | 35.20 | 36.00 | | 36.80 | 37.60 | 38.40 | 39.20 | 40.00 | | 17 | 28.96 | 29.66 | 30.37 | 31.08 | 31.78 | | 32.49 | 33.19 | 33.90 | 34.61 | 35.31 | | 18 | 25.11 | 25.73 | 26.34 | 26.95 | 27.56 | | 28.18 | 28.79 | 29.40 | 30.01 | 30.63 | | 19 | 21.27 | 21.79 | 22.31 | 22.83 | 23.34 | | 23.86 | 24.38 | 24.90 | 25.42 | 25.94 | | 20 | 17.43 | 17.85 | 18.28 | 18.70 | 19.13 | | 19.55 | 19.98 | 20.40 | 20.83 | 21.25 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 21 | 35.53 | 36.40 | 37.27 | 38.13 | 39.00 | | 39.87 | 40.73 | 41.60 | 42.47 | 43.33 | | 22 | 31.26 | 32.03 | 32.79 | 33.55 | 34.31 | | 35.08 | 35.84 | 36.60 | 37.36 | 38.13 | | 23 | 26.99 | 27.65 | 28.31 | 28.97 | 29.63 | | 30.28 | 30.94 | 31.60 | 32.26 | 32.92 | | 24 | 22.72 | 23.28 | 23.83 | 24.38 | 24.94 | | 25.49 | 26.05 | 26.60 | 27.15 | 27.71 | | 25 | 18.45 | 18.90 | 19.35 | 19.80 | 20.25 | | 20.70 | 21.15 | 21.60 | 22.05 | 22.50 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 26 | 38.27 | 39.20 | 40.13 | 41.07 | 42.00 | | 42.93 | 43.87 | 44.80 | 45.73 | 46.67 | | 27 | 33.57 | 34.39 | 35.21 | 36.03 | 36.84 | | 37.66 | 38.48 | 39.30 | 40.12 | 40.94 | | 28 | 28.87 | 29.58 | 30.28 | 30.98 | 31.69 | | 32.39 | 33.10 | 33.80 | 34.50 | 35.21 | | 29 | 24.17 | 24.76 | 25.35 | 25.94 | 26.53 | | 27.12 | 27.71 | 28.30 | 28.89 | 29.48 | | 30 | 19.48 | 19.95 | 20.43 | 20.90 | 21.38 | | 21.85 | 22.33 | 22.80 | 23.28 | 23.75 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | **31 (C) | 41.00 | 42.00 | 43.00 | 44.00 | 45.00 | | 46.00 | 47.00 | 48.00 | 49.00 | 50.00 **| | 32 | 35.88 | 36.75 | 37.63 | 38.50 | 39.38 | | 40.25 | 41.13 | 42.00 | 42.88 | 43.75 | | 33 | 30.75 | 31.50 | 32.25 | 33.00 | 33.75 | | 34.50 | 35.25 | 36.00 | 36.75 | 37.50 | | 34 | 25.63 | 26.25 | 26.88 | 27.50 | 28.13 | | 28.75 | 29.38 | 30.00 | 30.63 | 31.25 | | 35 (D) | 20.50 | 21.00 | 21.50 | 22.00 | 22.50 | | 23.00 | 23.50 | 24.00 | 24.50 | 25.00 |

Flux Breakup Tables continued…

| Glaze No. | 51% | 52% | 53% | 54% | 55% | | 56% | 57% | 58% | | 59% | 60% | | 1 (A) | 30.60 | 31.20 | 31.80 | 32.40 | 33.00 | | 33.60 | 34.20 | 34.80 | 35.40 | 36.00 | | 2 | 27.41 | 27.95 | 28.49 | 29.03 | 29.56 | | 30.10 | 30.64 | 31.18 | 31.71 | 32.25 | | 3 | 24.23 | 24.70 | 25.18 | 25.65 | 26.13 | | 26.60 | 27.08 | 27.55 | 28.03 | 28.50 | | 4 | 21.04 | 21.45 | 21.86 | 22.28 | 22.69 | | 23.10 | 23.51 | 23.93 | 24.34 | 24.75 | | 5 (B) | 17.85 | 18.20 | 18.55 | 18.90 | 19.25 | | 19.60 | 19.95 | 20.30 | 20.65 | 21.00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 6 | 34.00 | 34.67 | 35.33 | 36.00 | 36.67 | | 37.33 | 38.00 | 38.67 | 39.33 | 40.00 | | 7 | 30.28 | 30.88 | 31.47 | 32.06 | 32.66 | | 33.25 | 33.84 | 34.44 | 35.03 | 35.63 | | 8 | 26.56 | 27.08 | 27.60 | 28.13 | 28.65 | | 29.17 | 29.69 | 30.21 | 30.73 | 31.25 | | 9 | 22.84 | 23.29 | 23.74 | 24.19 | 24.64 | | 25.08 | 25.53 | 25.98 | 26.43 | 26.88 | | 10 | 19.13 | 19.50 | 19.88 | 20.25 | 20.63 | | 21.00 | 21.38 | 21.75 | 22.13 | 22.50 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 11 | 37.40 | 38.13 | 38.87 | 39.60 | 40.33 | | 41.07 | 41.80 | 42.53 | 43.27 | 44.00 | | 12 | 33.15 | 33.80 | 34.45 | 35.10 | 35.75 | | 36.40 | 37.05 | 37.70 | 38.35 | 39.00 | | 13 | 28.90 | 29.47 | 30.03 | 30.60 | 31.17 | | 31.73 | 32.30 | 32.87 | 33.43 | 34.00 | | 14 | 24.65 | 25.13 | 25.62 | 26.10 | 26.58 | | 27.07 | 27.55 | 28.03 | 28.52 | 29.00 | | 15 | 20.40 | 20.80 | 21.20 | 21.60 | 22.00 | | 22.40 | 22.80 | 23.20 | 23.60 | 24.00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 16 | 40.80 | 41.60 | 42.40 | 43.20 | 44.00 | | 44.80 | 45.60 | 46.40 | 47.20 | 48.00 | | 17 | 36.02 | 36.73 | 37.43 | 38.14 | 38.84 | | 39.55 | 40.26 | 40.96 | 41.67 | 42.38 | | 18 | 31.24 | 31.85 | 32.46 | 33.08 | 33.69 | | 34.30 | 34.91 | 35.53 | 36.14 | 36.75 | | 19 | 26.46 | 26.98 | 27.49 | 28.01 | 28.53 | | 29.05 | 29.57 | 30.09 | 30.61 | 31.13 | | 20 | 21.68 | 22.10 | 22.53 | 22.95 | 23.38 | | 23.80 | 24.23 | 24.65 | 25.08 | 25.50 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 21 | 44.20 | 45.07 | 45.93 | 46.80 | 47.67 | | 48.53 | 49.40 | 50.27 | 51.13 | 52.00 | | 22 | 38.89 | 39.65 | 40.41 | 41.18 | 41.94 | | 42.70 | 43.46 | 44.23 | 44.99 | 45.75 | | 23 | 33.58 | 34.23 | 34.89 | 35.55 | 36.21 | | 36.87 | 37.53 | 38.18 | 38.84 | 39.50 | | 24 | 28.26 | 28.82 | 29.37 | 29.93 | 30.48 | | 31.03 | 31.59 | 32.14 | 32.70 | 33.25 | | 25 | 22.95 | 23.40 | 23.85 | 24.30 | 24.75 | | 25.20 | 25.65 | 26.10 | 26.55 | 27.00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 26 | 47.60 | 48.53 | 49.47 | 50.40 | 51.33 | | 52.27 | 53.20 | 54.13 | 55.07 | 56.00 | | 27 | 41.76 | 42.58 | 43.39 | 44.21 | 45.03 | | 45.85 | 46.67 | 47.49 | 48.31 | 49.13 | | 28 | 35.91 | 36.62 | 37.32 | 38.03 | 38.73 | | 39.43 | 40.14 | 40.84 | 41.55 | 42.25 | | 29 | 30.07 | 30.66 | 31.25 | 31.84 | 32.43 | | 33.02 | 33.61 | 34.20 | 34.79 | 35.38 | | 30 | 24.23 | 24.70 | 25.18 | 25.65 | 26.13 | | 26.60 | 27.08 | 27.55 | 28.03 | 28.50 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | **31 (C) | 51.00 | 52.00 | 53.00 | 54.00 | 55.00 | | 56.00 | 57.00 | 58.00 | 59.00 | 60.00 **| | 32 | 44.63 | 45.50 | 46.38 | 47.25 | 48.13 | | 49.00 | 49.88 | 50.75 | 51.63 | 52.50 | | 33 | 38.25 | 39.00 | 39.75 | 40.50 | 41.25 | | 42.00 | 42.75 | 43.50 | 44.25 | 45.00 | | 34 | 31.88 | 32.50 | 33.13 | 33.75 | 34.38 | | 35.00 | 35.63 | 36.25 | 36.88 | 37.50 | | 35 (D) | 25.50 | 26.00 | 26.50 | 27.00 | 27.50 | | 28.00 | 28.50 | 29.00 | 29.50 | 30.00 |

Flux Breakup Tables continued…

| Glaze No. | 61% | 62% | 63% | 64% | 65% | | 66% | 67% | 68% | | 69% | 70% | | 1 (A) | 36.60 | 37.20 | 37.80 | 38.40 | 39.00 | | 39.60 | 40.20 | 40.80 | 41.40 | 42.00 | | 2 | 32.79 | 33.33 | 33.86 | 34.40 | 34.94 | | 35.48 | 36.01 | 36.55 | 37.09 | 37.63 | | 3 | 28.98 | 29.45 | 29.93 | 30.40 | 30.88 | | 31.35 | 31.83 | 32.30 | 32.78 | 33.25 | | 4 | 25.16 | 25.58 | 25.99 | 26.40 | 26.81 | | 27.23 | 27.64 | 28.05 | 28.46 | 28.88 | | 5 (B) | 21.35 | 21.70 | 22.05 | 22.40 | 22.75 | | 23.10 | 23.45 | 23.80 | 24.15 | 24.50 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 6 | 40.67 | 41.33 | 42.00 | 42.67 | 43.33 | | 44.00 | 44.67 | 45.33 | 46.00 | 46.67 | | 7 | 36.22 | 36.81 | 37.41 | 38.00 | 38.59 | | 39.19 | 39.78 | 40.38 | 40.97 | 41.56 | | 8 | 31.77 | 32.29 | 32.81 | 33.33 | 33.85 | | 34.38 | 34.90 | 35.42 | 35.94 | 36.46 | | 9 | 27.32 | 27.77 | 28.22 | 28.67 | 29.11 | | 29.56 | 30.01 | 30.46 | 30.91 | 31.35 | | 10 | 22.88 | 23.25 | 23.63 | 24.00 | 24.38 | | 24.75 | 25.13 | 25.50 | 25.88 | 26.25 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 11 | 44.73 | 45.47 | 46.20 | 46.93 | 47.67 | | 48.40 | 49.13 | 49.87 | 50.60 | 51.33 | | 12 | 39.65 | 40.30 | 40.95 | 41.60 | 42.25 | | 42.90 | 43.55 | 44.20 | 44.85 | 45.50 | | 13 | 34.57 | 35.13 | 35.70 | 36.27 | 36.83 | | 37.40 | 37.97 | 38.53 | 39.10 | 39.67 | | 14 | 29.48 | 29.97 | 30.45 | 30.93 | 31.42 | | 31.90 | 32.38 | 32.87 | 33.35 | 33.83 | | 15 | 24.40 | 24.80 | 25.20 | 25.60 | 26.00 | | 26.40 | 26.80 | 27.20 | 27.60 | 28.00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 16 | 48.80 | 49.60 | 50.40 | 51.20 | 52.00 | | 52.80 | 53.60 | 54.40 | 55.20 | 56.00 | | 17 | 43.08 | 43.79 | 44.49 | 45.20 | 45.91 | | 46.61 | 47.32 | 48.03 | 48.73 | 49.44 | | 18 | 37.36 | 37.98 | 38.59 | 39.20 | 39.81 | | 40.43 | 41.04 | 41.65 | 42.26 | 42.88 | | 19 | 31.64 | 32.16 | 32.68 | 33.20 | 33.72 | | 34.24 | 34.76 | 35.28 | 35.79 | 36.31 | | 20 | 25.93 | 26.35 | 26.78 | 27.20 | 27.63 | | 28.05 | 28.48 | 28.90 | 29.33 | 29.75 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 21 | 52.87 | 53.73 | 54.60 | 55.47 | 56.33 | | 57.20 | 58.07 | 58.93 | 59.80 | 60.67 | | 22 | 46.51 | 47.28 | 48.04 | 48.80 | 49.56 | | 50.33 | 51.09 | 51.85 | 52.61 | 53.38 | | 23 | 40.16 | 40.82 | 41.48 | 42.13 | 42.79 | | 43.45 | 44.11 | 44.77 | 45.43 | 46.08 | | 24 | 33.80 | 34.36 | 34.91 | 35.47 | 36.02 | | 36.58 | 37.13 | 37.68 | 38.24 | 38.79 | | 25 | 27.45 | 27.90 | 28.35 | 28.80 | 29.25 | | 29.70 | 30.15 | 30.60 | 31.05 | 31.50 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 26 | 56.93 | 57.87 | 58.80 | 59.73 | 60.67 | | 61.60 | 62.53 | 63.47 | 64.40 | 65.33 | | 27 | 49.94 | 50.76 | 51.58 | 52.40 | 53.22 | | 54.04 | 54.86 | 55.68 | 56.49 | 57.31 | | 28 | 42.95 | 43.66 | 44.36 | 45.07 | 45.77 | | 46.48 | 47.18 | 47.88 | 48.59 | 49.29 | | 29 | 35.96 | 36.55 | 37.14 | 37.73 | 38.32 | | 38.91 | 39.50 | 40.09 | 40.68 | 41.27 | | 30 | 28.98 | 29.45 | 29.93 | 30.40 | 30.88 | | 31.35 | 31.83 | 32.30 | 32.78 | 33.25 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | **31 (C) | 61.00 | 62.00 | 63.00 | 64.00 | 65.00 | | 66.00 | 67.00 | 68.00 | 69.00 | 70.00 **| | 32 | 53.38 | 54.25 | 55.13 | 56.00 | 56.88 | | 57.75 | 58.63 | 59.50 | 60.38 | 61.25 | | 33 | 45.75 | 46.50 | 47.25 | 48.00 | 48.75 | | 49.50 | 50.25 | 51.00 | 51.75 | 52.50 | | 34 | 38.13 | 38.75 | 39.38 | 40.00 | 40.63 | | 41.25 | 41.88 | 42.50 | 43.13 | 43.75 | | 35 (D) | 30.50 | 31.00 | 31.50 | 32.00 | 32.50 | | 33.00 | 33.50 | 34.00 | 34.50 | 35.00 |

Flux Breakup Tables continued…

| Glaze No. | 71% | 72% | 73% | 74% | 75% | | 76% | 77% | 78% | | 79% | 80% | | 1 (A) | 42.60 | 43.20 | 43.80 | 44.40 | 45.00 | | 45.60 | 46.20 | 46.80 | 47.40 | 48.00 | | 2 | 38.16 | 38.70 | 39.24 | 39.78 | 40.31 | | 40.85 | 41.39 | 41.93 | 42.46 | 43.00 | | 3 | 33.73 | 34.20 | 34.68 | 35.15 | 35.63 | | 36.10 | 36.58 | 37.05 | 37.53 | 38.00 | | 4 | 29.29 | 29.70 | 30.11 | 30.53 | 30.94 | | 31.35 | 31.76 | 32.18 | 32.59 | 33.00 | | 5 (B) | 24.85 | 25.20 | 25.55 | 25.90 | 26.25 | | 26.60 | 26.95 | 27.30 | 27.65 | 28.00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 6 | 47.33 | 48.00 | 48.67 | 49.33 | 50.00 | | 50.67 | 51.33 | 52.00 | 52.67 | 53.33 | | 7 | 42.16 | 42.75 | 43.34 | 43.94 | 44.53 | | 45.13 | 45.72 | 46.31 | 46.91 | 47.50 | | 8 | 36.98 | 37.50 | 38.02 | 38.54 | 39.06 | | 39.58 | 40.10 | 40.63 | 41.15 | 41.67 | | 9 | 31.80 | 32.25 | 32.70 | 33.15 | 33.59 | | 34.04 | 34.49 | 34.94 | 35.39 | 35.83 | | 10 | 26.63 | 27.00 | 27.38 | 27.75 | 28.13 | | 28.50 | 28.88 | 29.25 | 29.63 | 30.00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 11 | 52.07 | 52.80 | 53.53 | 54.27 | 55.00 | | 55.73 | 56.47 | 57.20 | 57.93 | 58.67 | | 12 | 46.15 | 46.80 | 47.45 | 48.10 | 48.75 | | 49.40 | 50.05 | 50.70 | 51.35 | 52.00 | | 13 | 40.23 | 40.80 | 41.37 | 41.93 | 42.50 | | 43.07 | 43.63 | 44.20 | 44.77 | 45.33 | | 14 | 34.32 | 34.80 | 35.28 | 35.77 | 36.25 | | 36.73 | 37.22 | 37.70 | 38.18 | 38.67 | | 15 | 28.40 | 28.80 | 29.20 | 29.60 | 30.00 | | 30.40 | 30.80 | 31.20 | 31.60 | 32.00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 16 | 56.80 | 57.60 | 58.40 | 59.20 | 60.00 | | 60.80 | 61.60 | 62.40 | 63.20 | 64.00 | | 17 | 50.14 | 50.85 | 51.56 | 52.26 | 52.97 | | 53.68 | 54.38 | 55.09 | 55.79 | 56.50 | | 18 | 43.49 | 44.10 | 44.71 | 45.33 | 45.94 | | 46.55 | 47.16 | 47.78 | 48.39 | 49.00 | | 19 | 36.83 | 37.35 | 37.87 | 38.39 | 38.91 | | 39.43 | 39.94 | 40.46 | 40.98 | 41.50 | | 20 | 30.18 | 30.60 | 31.03 | 31.45 | 31.88 | | 32.30 | 32.73 | 33.15 | 33.58 | 34.00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 21 | 61.53 | 62.40 | 63.27 | 64.13 | 65.00 | | 65.87 | 66.73 | 67.60 | 68.47 | 69.33 | | 22 | 54.14 | 54.90 | 55.66 | 56.43 | 57.19 | | 57.95 | 58.71 | 59.48 | 60.24 | 61.00 | | 23 | 46.74 | 47.40 | 48.06 | 48.72 | 49.38 | | 50.03 | 50.69 | 51.35 | 52.01 | 52.67 | | 24 | 39.35 | 39.90 | 40.45 | 41.01 | 41.56 | | 42.12 | 42.67 | 43.23 | 43.78 | 44.33 | | 25 | 31.95 | 32.40 | 32.85 | 33.30 | 33.75 | | 34.20 | 34.65 | 35.10 | 35.55 | 36.00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 26 | 66.27 | 67.20 | 68.13 | 69.07 | 70.00 | | 70.93 | 71.87 | 72.80 | 73.73 | 74.67 | | 27 | 58.13 | 58.95 | 59.77 | 60.59 | 61.41 | | 62.23 | 63.04 | 63.86 | 64.68 | 65.50 | | 28 | 50.00 | 50.70 | 51.40 | 52.11 | 52.81 | | 53.52 | 54.22 | 54.93 | 55.63 | 56.33 | | 29 | 41.86 | 42.45 | 43.04 | 43.63 | 44.22 | | 44.81 | 45.40 | 45.99 | 46.58 | 47.17 | | 30 | 33.73 | 34.20 | 34.68 | 35.15 | 35.63 | | 36.10 | 36.58 | 37.05 | 37.53 | 38.00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | **31 (C) | 71.00 | 72.00 | 73.00 | 74.00 | 75.00 | | 76.00 | 77.00 | 78.00 | 79.00 | 80.00 **| | 32 | 62.13 | 63.00 | 63.88 | 64.75 | 65.63 | | 66.50 | 67.38 | 68.25 | 69.13 | 70.00 | | 33 | 53.25 | 54.00 | 54.75 | 55.50 | 56.25 | | 57.00 | 57.75 | 58.50 | 59.25 | 60.00 | | 34 | 44.38 | 45.00 | 45.63 | 46.25 | 46.88 | | 47.50 | 48.13 | 48.75 | 49.38 | 50.00 | | 35 (D) | 35.50 | 36.00 | 36.50 | 37.00 | 37.50 | | 38.00 | 38.50 | 39.00 | 39.50 | 40.00 |

Flux Breakup Tables continued…

| Glaze No. | 81% | 82% | 83% | 84% | 85% | | 86% | 87% | 88% | | 89% | 90% | | 1 (A) | 48.60 | 49.20 | 49.80 | 50.40 | 51.00 | | 51.60 | 52.20 | 52.80 | 53.40 | 54.00 | | 2 | 43.54 | 44.08 | 44.61 | 45.15 | 45.69 | | 46.23 | 46.76 | 47.30 | 47.84 | 48.38 | | 3 | 38.48 | 38.95 | 39.43 | 39.90 | 40.38 | | 40.85 | 41.33 | 41.80 | 42.28 | 42.75 | | 4 | 33.41 | 33.83 | 34.24 | 34.65 | 35.06 | | 35.48 | 35.89 | 36.30 | 36.71 | 37.13 | | 5 (B) | 28.35 | 28.70 | 29.05 | 29.40 | 29.75 | | 30.10 | 30.45 | 30.80 | 31.15 | 31.50 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 6 | 54.00 | 54.67 | 55.33 | 56.00 | 56.67 | | 57.33 | 58.00 | 58.67 | 59.33 | 60.00 | | 7 | 48.09 | 48.69 | 49.28 | 49.88 | 50.47 | | 51.06 | 51.66 | 52.25 | 52.84 | 53.44 | | 8 | 42.19 | 42.71 | 43.23 | 43.75 | 44.27 | | 44.79 | 45.31 | 45.83 | 46.35 | 46.88 | | 9 | 36.28 | 36.73 | 37.18 | 37.63 | 38.07 | | 38.52 | 38.97 | 39.42 | 39.86 | 40.31 | | 10 | 30.38 | 30.75 | 31.13 | 31.50 | 31.88 | | 32.25 | 32.63 | 33.00 | 33.38 | 33.75 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 11 | 59.40 | 60.13 | 60.87 | 61.60 | 62.33 | | 63.07 | 63.80 | 64.53 | 65.27 | 66.00 | | 12 | 52.65 | 53.30 | 53.95 | 54.60 | 55.25 | | 55.90 | 56.55 | 57.20 | 57.85 | 58.50 | | 13 | 45.90 | 46.47 | 47.03 | 47.60 | 48.17 | | 48.73 | 49.30 | 49.87 | 50.43 | 51.00 | | 14 | 39.15 | 39.63 | 40.12 | 40.60 | 41.08 | | 41.57 | 42.05 | 42.53 | 43.02 | 43.50 | | 15 | 32.40 | 32.80 | 33.20 | 33.60 | 34.00 | | 34.40 | 34.80 | 35.20 | 35.60 | 36.00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 16 | 64.80 | 65.60 | 66.40 | 67.20 | 68.00 | | 68.80 | 69.60 | 70.40 | 71.20 | 72.00 | | 17 | 57.21 | 57.91 | 58.62 | 59.33 | 60.03 | | 60.74 | 61.44 | 62.15 | 62.86 | 63.56 | | 18 | 49.61 | 50.23 | 50.84 | 51.45 | 52.06 | | 52.68 | 53.29 | 53.90 | 54.51 | 55.13 | | 19 | 42.02 | 42.54 | 43.06 | 43.58 | 44.09 | | 44.61 | 45.13 | 45.65 | 46.17 | 46.69 | | 20 | 34.43 | 34.85 | 35.28 | 35.70 | 36.13 | | 36.55 | 36.98 | 37.40 | 37.83 | 38.25 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 21 | 70.20 | 71.07 | 71.93 | 72.80 | 73.67 | | 74.53 | 75.40 | 76.27 | 77.13 | 78.00 | | 22 | 61.76 | 62.53 | 63.29 | 64.05 | 64.81 | | 65.58 | 66.34 | 67.10 | 67.86 | 68.63 | | 23 | 53.33 | 53.98 | 54.64 | 55.30 | 55.96 | | 56.62 | 57.28 | 57.93 | 58.59 | 59.25 | | 24 | 44.89 | 45.44 | 46.00 | 46.55 | 47.10 | | 47.66 | 48.21 | 48.77 | 49.32 | 49.88 | | 25 | 36.45 | 36.90 | 37.35 | 37.80 | 38.25 | | 38.70 | 39.15 | 39.60 | 40.05 | 40.50 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 26 | 75.60 | 76.53 | 77.47 | 78.40 | 79.33 | | 80.27 | 81.20 | 82.13 | 83.07 | 84.00 | | 27 | 66.32 | 67.14 | 67.96 | 68.78 | 69.59 | | 70.41 | 71.23 | 72.05 | 72.87 | 73.69 | | 28 | 57.04 | 57.74 | 58.45 | 59.15 | 59.85 | | 60.56 | 61.26 | 61.97 | 62.67 | 63.38 | | 29 | 47.76 | 48.35 | 48.94 | 49.53 | 50.11 | | 50.70 | 51.29 | 51.88 | 52.47 | 53.06 | | 30 | 38.48 | 38.95 | 39.43 | 39.90 | 40.38 | | 40.85 | 41.33 | 41.80 | 42.28 | 42.75 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | **31 (C) | 81.00 | 82.00 | 83.00 | 84.00 | 85.00 | | 86.00 | 87.00 | 88.00 | 89.00 | 90.00 **| | 32 | 70.88 | 71.75 | 72.63 | 73.50 | 74.38 | | 75.25 | 76.13 | 77.00 | 77.88 | 78.75 | | 33 | 60.75 | 61.50 | 62.25 | 63.00 | 63.75 | | 64.50 | 65.25 | 66.00 | 66.75 | 67.50 | | 34 | 50.63 | 51.25 | 51.88 | 52.50 | 53.13 | | 53.75 | 54.38 | 55.00 | 55.63 | 56.25 | | 35 (D) | 40.50 | 41.00 | 41.50 | 42.00 | 42.50 | | 43.00 | 43.50 | 44.00 | 44.50 | 45.00 |

Flux Breakup Tables continued…

| Glaze No. | 91% | 92% | 93% | 94% | 95% | | 96% | 97% | 98% | | 99% | 100% | | 1 (A) | 54.60 | 55.20 | 55.80 | 56.40 | 57.00 | | 57.60 | 58.20 | 58.80 | 59.40 | 60.00 | | 2 | 48.91 | 49.45 | 49.99 | 50.53 | 51.06 | | 51.60 | 52.14 | 52.68 | 53.21 | 53.75 | | 3 | 43.23 | 43.70 | 44.18 | 44.65 | 45.13 | | 45.60 | 46.08 | 46.55 | 47.03 | 47.50 | | 4 | 37.54 | 37.95 | 38.36 | 38.78 | 39.19 | | 39.60 | 40.01 | 40.43 | 40.84 | 41.25 | | 5 (B) | 31.85 | 32.20 | 32.55 | 32.90 | 33.25 | | 33.60 | 33.95 | 34.30 | 34.65 | 35.00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 6 | 60.67 | 61.33 | 62.00 | 62.67 | 63.33 | | 64.00 | 64.67 | 65.33 | 66.00 | 66.67 | | 7 | 54.03 | 54.63 | 55.22 | 55.81 | 56.41 | | 57.00 | 57.59 | 58.19 | 58.78 | 59.38 | | 8 | 47.40 | 47.92 | 48.44 | 48.96 | 49.48 | | 50.00 | 50.52 | 51.04 | 51.56 | 52.08 | | 9 | 40.76 | 41.21 | 41.66 | 42.10 | 42.55 | | 43.00 | 43.45 | 43.90 | 44.34 | 44.79 | | 10 | 34.13 | 34.50 | 34.88 | 35.25 | 35.63 | | 36.00 | 36.38 | 36.75 | 37.13 | 37.50 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 11 | 66.73 | 67.47 | 68.20 | 68.93 | 69.67 | | 70.40 | 71.13 | 71.87 | 72.60 | 73.33 | | 12 | 59.15 | 59.80 | 60.45 | 61.10 | 61.75 | | 62.40 | 63.05 | 63.70 | 64.35 | 65.00 | | 13 | 51.57 | 52.13 | 52.70 | 53.27 | 53.83 | | 54.40 | 54.97 | 55.53 | 56.10 | 56.67 | | 14 | 43.98 | 44.47 | 44.95 | 45.43 | 45.92 | | 46.40 | 46.88 | 47.37 | 47.85 | 48.33 | | 15 | 36.40 | 36.80 | 37.20 | 37.60 | 38.00 | | 38.40 | 38.80 | 39.20 | 39.60 | 40.00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 16 | 72.80 | 73.60 | 74.40 | 75.20 | 76.00 | | 76.80 | 77.60 | 78.40 | 79.20 | 80.00 | | 17 | 64.27 | 64.98 | 65.68 | 66.39 | 67.09 | | 67.80 | 68.51 | 69.21 | 69.92 | 70.63 | | 18 | 55.74 | 56.35 | 56.96 | 57.58 | 58.19 | | 58.80 | 59.41 | 60.03 | 60.64 | 61.25 | | 19 | 47.21 | 47.73 | 48.24 | 48.76 | 49.28 | | 49.80 | 50.32 | 50.84 | 51.36 | 51.88 | | 20 | 38.68 | 39.10 | 39.53 | 39.95 | 40.38 | | 40.80 | 41.23 | 41.65 | 42.08 | 42.50 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 21 | 78.87 | 79.73 | 80.60 | 81.47 | 82.33 | | 83.20 | 84.07 | 84.93 | 85.80 | 86.67 | | 22 | 69.39 | 70.15 | 70.91 | 71.68 | 72.44 | | 73.20 | 73.96 | 74.73 | 75.49 | 76.25 | | 23 | 59.91 | 60.57 | 61.23 | 61.88 | 62.54 | | 63.20 | 63.86 | 64.52 | 65.18 | 65.83 | | 24 | 50.43 | 50.98 | 51.54 | 52.09 | 52.65 | | 53.20 | 53.75 | 54.31 | 54.86 | 55.42 | | 25 | 40.95 | 41.40 | 41.85 | 42.30 | 42.75 | | 43.20 | 43.65 | 44.10 | 44.55 | 45.00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 26 | 84.93 | 85.87 | 86.80 | 87.73 | 88.67 | | 89.60 | 90.53 | 91.47 | 92.40 | 93.33 | | 27 | 74.51 | 75.33 | 76.14 | 76.96 | 77.78 | | 78.60 | 79.42 | 80.24 | 81.06 | 81.88 | | 28 | 64.08 | 64.78 | 65.49 | 66.19 | 66.90 | | 67.60 | 68.30 | 69.01 | 69.71 | 70.42 | | 29 | 53.65 | 54.24 | 54.83 | 55.42 | 56.01 | | 56.60 | 57.19 | 57.78 | 58.37 | 58.96 | | 30 | 43.23 | 43.70 | 44.18 | 44.65 | 45.13 | | 45.60 | 46.08 | 46.55 | 47.03 | 47.50 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | **31 (C) | 91.00 | 92.00 | 93.00 | 94.00 | 95.00 | | 96.00 | 97.00 | 98.00 | 99.00 | 100.00 **| | 32 | 79.63 | 80.50 | 81.38 | 82.25 | 83.13 | | 84.00 | 84.88 | 85.75 | 86.63 | 87.50 | | 33 | 68.25 | 69.00 | 69.75 | 70.50 | 71.25 | | 72.00 | 72.75 | 73.50 | 74.25 | 75.00 | | 34 | 56.88 | 57.50 | 58.13 | 58.75 | 59.38 | | 60.00 | 60.63 | 61.25 | 61.88 | 62.50 | | 35 (D) | 45.50 | 46.00 | 46.50 | 47.00 | 47.50 | | 48.00 | 48.50 | 49.00 | 49.50 | 50.00 |