Table of Contents
- Preface to the fourth edition
- Preface to the third edition
- Preface to the second edition
- Introduction
- \#tagcoding: why everyone should do it, and how
- Pivotal points in the history of knowledge conversion
- Tools for looking up tagcoding hashtags
- Sustainable Development Goals
- Classification of the Functions of Government (COFOG)
- International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC)
- Central Product Classification (CPC)
- Territorial Tags
- Language codes
- References
- Annex 1 - #tagcoding hashtags for all Countries
- Annex 2 - Classification of the Functions of Government (COFOG)
- Annex 3 - International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC)
- Annex 4 - Central Product Classification (CPC)
- Annex 5 - The Sustainable Development Goals and Targets
- Annex 6 - Major languages with language code
- About the author
Publisher
Wikinetix
Acacialaan 6
2390 Westmalle
Belgium
E-mail: info@wikinetix.com
www.wikinetix.com
The ISIC and COFOG class numbers and names describing the tags are from International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities, Rev.4 (2008) and Classification of the Functions of Government (2000) by United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistics Division © 2008, 2000 United Nations. The ISIC and COFOG class numbers and names are reprinted with written expresses permission of the United Nations.
Preface to the fourth edition
Some attention has been given to the role of tagcoding in overcoming the polarizing forces of social media.
The #xy2wiki engagement step was added between the #tagcoding and #tag2wiki steps to highlight the need in any language of a basic wiki explaining all tagcoding topic dimensions, and providing tools for topic-tag search across those dimensions.
For English, the #en2wiki wiki is part of the Ens Wiki (http://www.ens.wiki/) which may be considered the English language archetype of an xy2.wiki. As ens-dictionary urls in the third edition became obsolete, they have been replaced by ens.wiki urls in this edition.
After the articulation of the #xy2wiki programme, during 2021 a small team has progressed for these other languages: Spanish (http://es2.wiki), French (http://fr2.wiki), Chinese (simplified) (http://zh2.wiki), Russian (http://ru2.wiki), Arabic (http://ar2.wiki), German (http://ger.wiki), Japanese (http://ja2.wiki), Hindi (http://hi2.wiki), Swahili (http://swa.wiki), Telugu (http://te2.wiki), Dutch (http://nl2.wiki), Tagalog (http://tgl.wiki) and Hiligaynon (http://hil.wiki). Native speakers of any of the former languages, Bangla (http://bn2.wiki), Hausa (http://hau.wiki), Indonesian (http://id2.wiki), Portuguese (http://por.wiki), Punjabi (http://pa2.wiki), Turkish (http://tur.wiki) or Urdu (http://urd.wiki) are invited to launch additional translation and wiki-editing efforts.
During the two years of the #covid19 pandemic, one kind of #tagcoding hashtag has increasingly been adopted: it is the combination of #covid19, globally with the ISO country code, and in the US with the state name’s abbreviation. On a global platform such as Twitter the use of two different conventions leads to homonyms: is #covid19CA for Canada or California, and #covid19IL for Israel or Illinois? These and similar homonyms will discourage individual adopters. Homonyms show the need for a global tag localization convention that avoids them. In the chapter on Territorial Tags such a convention is proposed: for California, the #covid19 localization tag is #covid19US06, and for Illinois, it is #covid19US17.
My special gratitude goes to Jeaneth Trivilegio who has been creating the content for Tagalog (http://tgl.wiki) and Hiligaynon or Ilonggo (http://hil.wiki), her mother tongue. Note that no translation software is available for Ilonggo.
The author, Malle, January 2, 2022.
Preface to the third edition
Following the publication of the recommendations by the UN Secretary-General’s High-level Panel on Digital Cooperation, it seems fair to claim that by practicing #tagcoding, #xy2wiki and #tag2wiki one shows a commitment to the Declaration of Digital Interdependence:
In the third edition have been added:
- Chapter 2.10 #Tagcoding and decision making journeys: Do-Check-Plan-Act explains how the #tagcoding and #tag2wiki eco-system models could supply knowledge and information to innumerable development partners improving their work systems;
- Chapter 2.8 Leading in the Age of Digital Interdependence explains briefly how #tagcoding and #tag2wiki practices fit some of the recommendations of the UN Secretary-General’s High-level Panel on Digital Cooperation;
- Chapter 7 on and Annex 4 with the coding hashtags for the Central Product Classification;
- Annex 5 with the coding hashtags for all the sustainable development goals and targets.
The eighty pages of annexes with coding hashtags are not intended for linear reading. The inclusion of the annexes gives support to readers using in-document search to look up #tagcoding hashtags for a topic. The online pages to which links are provided contain additional information that is not included in this e-book, for instance:
- the #tagcoding pivot for over 190 countries in the six official languages of the UN;
- definitions from the COFOG, ISIC, and CPC classifications;
- WWlgu #tagcoding hashtags for tens of thousands local government units around the world;
- for each sustainable development goal, there is information on the functions of government and the economic activities that are best placed to contribute to achieving the goal; and there are links to the engagements for the goal on the United Nations Partnerships for SDGs platform;
- for each economic activity with #isic hashtag, the wiki page lists corresponding CPC codes and coding hashtags, and vice versa.
In summary, the eighty boring pages of the annexes provide an entrypoint into an online resource of several thousands of wiki pages and links to databases.
My special gratitude goes to Gérard Chenais who translated the second edition of the #tagcoding handbook into French: “Manual de #tagcodage”. During the translation a small number of readability improvements were included in the French translation of the 2nd edition:
- ISIC and COFOG class urls in the annexes have been replaced by a far smaller number of urls for COFOG divisions and ISIC sections;
- The landing views for the #tagcoding pivots have been redesigned so that they fit on a single screen of a mobile phone (Chapter 3.5 #Tagcoding pivot pages per country);
- The figures have been improved.
These improvements have been included also in this third edition of the #tagcoding handbook.
I am aware that the book is rather brief in explaining the figures and tools. Why using many words if a figure says more than a thousand words? Suggestions pointing out which figures or tools need more explanation are most welcome in the Forum of this book and at the book’s feedback page.
Following the first translation of the #tagcoding handbook, and referring to the vision of advancing human development through shaping a common digital future, I wish to draw your attention to a call for translators and wiki-editors that will bring the #tagcoding and #xy2wiki skills into practice in as many languages as feasible.
If English isn’t your native language, may be you can contribute to affordable and accessible digital technology in your native language. Check it out at the Global Innovation Exchange: #tagcoding and #tag2wiki for an accelerated localization of knowledge for sustainable development, or contact me via Twitter or LinkedIn.
The author, Malle, June 16, 2019.
Preface to the second edition
The second edition of the #tagcoding handbook was long overdue after the Sustainable Development Goals were launched at the United Nations General Assembly of September 2015. It comes also at the right time. On October 5, 2018 I received notification that the Actor Atlas #tagcoding pivots for the 2030 Agenda have been included as resources in the Global Sustainable Consumption and Production Clearinghouse.
Three new chapters have been added in this edition: the 2nd chapter about pivotal points in the history of knowledge creation and how they lead to the #tagcoding localization model, the 3rd chapter about tools for looking up coding hashtags, the 4th chapter with the coding hashtags for the sustainable development goals and targets, and Chapter 8 and Annex 4 with the coding hashtags for the Central Product Classification. The sustainable development goals and targets are four years old now, but we still have 11 years to go until 2030. It is for those years that #tagcoding will be an essential digital skill.
After reading this book, please use the proposed hashtags when sharing your content. The more people use #tagcoding, the faster we will overcome digital and other divides that slow down the broadbased localization of knowledge for sustainable development. On the internet and social media, #tagcoding empowers the reader.
If reading this book leaves you with questions, do not hesitate to use the Forum of this book, the book’s feedback page, the comment sections at any of the wikis referenced in this book, or suitable coding hashtags. Ask questions sooner rather than later.
Alongside with #tagcoding also the creation of mutually linked wikis with curated knowledge - #tag2wiki - and the authoring and lean publishing of e-books leveraging #tagcoding - #lean2book - are important digital skills for the localization and translation of knowledge. Related topics are addressed in posts and wikis, before they will become part of a handbook. More wiki and e-book related insights may be added in later editions of this handbook, or in a new handbook.
The knowledge localization model presented in this handbook, and the handbook itself, build upon a number of great resources. I am grateful to anyone who has put an effort in creating and improving those resources. The Wikidot wikifarm has offered a low cost, yet powerful platform to experiment with the wiki-related ideas that have initiated the journey leading to this handbook. In the handbook you will read about the #tagcoding pivot. It is a single wiki page that contains content that in this book takes about 40 to 50 pages. Without Twitter it is fair to say that #tagcoding at the scale envisioned in this handbook wouldn’t be thinkable. There is the saying that a picture says more than a thousand words. As my mastery of language may be insufficient to explain in a compelling way the future use of the internet and social media that I envisioned many years ago, building upon past transformations sparked by innovative communications technology. The ArchiMate standard and the Archi modelling tool were very helpful in drawing up a few small models and make a long story short. Last but not least there is the Leanpub publishing platform that holds a great promise, including for knowledge localization.
My special gratitude goes to Teody Trivilegio who has been creating most of the non-English pages of the Actor Atlas, and most of the local government unit pages, as well as many other pages in the network of wikis that Wikinetix is providing.
Finally, my gratitude goes to my wife and our daughter for the love and patience.
The author, Malle, October 9, 2018.
Introduction
The internet and social media bring vast new possibilities for curiosity, ingenuity, creativity and resilience. And during the past two decades they have transformed how we find and share our ideas, information and knowledge.
Search engines with Google as the trailblazer offer the fastest way to find answers to many questions.
Open online encyclopedia exist in many languages. Wikipedia was launched in 2001 and is available in over 300 languages.
Micro blogs such as Twitter, launched in 2006, offer incredible sharing possibilities as well as great retrieval options when hashtags are used in a smart way.
In spite of all opportunities enabled by the internet, the localization of knowledge, as described by Nobel laureate Joseph Stiglitz for the inauguration of the Global Development Network (2000), progresses at a slow speed. Information overload in the major languages, and an insufficient provision of content in most languages and on many topics contribute to a slow learning for more sustainable and inclusive development.
What can we do to make a better use of the internet and social media? The mission of Wikinetix is to promote and demonstrate the joint impact of four digital skills:
- #tagcoding means that one uses standardized hashtags to relate online information to specific topics in order to structure it and retrieve it easily;
- #xy2wiki is about creating a wiki that explains the tagcoding hashtags in as many languages as possible;
- #tag2wiki is about creating, maintaining, and coordinating wikis for development communications;
- #lean2book is about authoring and publishing e-books that leverage #tagcoding and #tag2wiki wikis.
This e-book has integrated links that make navigating the included reference materials as easy as navigating a wiki. At each level of the content hierarchy are tables of contents with links forward to lower level sections and backward to higher levels. In this way, it only takes three or four clicks to get to the specific content of a part, or to go back to the part from the most specific content.
The #tagcoding - #xy2wiki - #tag2wiki - #lean2book knowledge localization model that is elaborated more in chapter 2.7 offers several features for accelerated knowledge localization and public debate. Whereas #tagcoding is a digital skill within the reach of everyone, the #xy2wiki, #tag2wiki and #lean2book skills require some extra investment of time and means. A #xy2wiki mission is the creation of a multi-dimensional topic wiki in any local language via the topic driven translation of a reference wiki. Once such a wiki is available it can support the curation of content - tagged for a country - into the languages of the country, the discovery of neglected topics, and the rapid provision by translation of new reference content.
Hence, a #tagcoding - #xy2wiki - #tag2wiki - #lean2book movement is a general purpose collaborative counter-measure for the information overload, (epistemic) polarization into bubbles that no longer meet, and other imperfections of the mainstream internet and social media. The proposed coding hashtags and the related provisioning of wikis will empower users in the instructive and productive use of the internet, it will enable the willingness to listen and it will help overcoming the polarizing forces of social media algorithms.
How you will exploit #tagcoding and the other digital skills building upon it, is up to you to explore and learn. It depends on where you are in your personal development and what responsibilities you have been endowed with in business or society. This handbook proposes to be a companion for the first episode in your #tagcoding journey.
Guidance and inspiration on your possible uses of the tags and wikis can also be obtained by exploring one of these open access online resources:
- the Wikiworx platform;
- the Actor Atlas;
- the Social Capital Wikis;
- the videos at the Wikinetix website offering short introductions to #tagcoding for specific topic dimensions and online tools supporting their use.
The “coding hashtags” cover topics that are of interest to active and reflective people in all possible professions and areas of study, in all countries of the world, and in all languages spoken.
By #tagcoding social media and online content, we can make it globally discoverable and retrievable as if it was put in everyone’s personal library.
On the internet this library is globally accessible. By using territorial #WWlgu hashtags we can create locally relevant sections in the global online library. The #2030library hashtag and a dedicated part of the Wikinetix website explore this topic in more detail.
If the tagged content is open access, it becomes part of the public part of that #2030library.
As long as there will be social media platforms and search engines supporting hashtags, you, your favourite authors, your students, your teachers and your peers can use coding hashtags to share, discover and retrieve content.
Overview
The second chapter elaborates the reasons for #tagcoding and explains the digital skills that are implied if one wants to scale the practice globally. The desire for a global scaling must be understood as a continuation in the history of the creation and making accessible of knowledge. Some pivotal points in that history are described in chapter three and serve as a background for appreciating the benefits of collaborative #tagcoding and wiki creation.
From the third edition onwards, responding to the vision of a platform for collective intelligence described in chapter 3.6, a more elaborate description of the #tagcoding and #xy2wiki theory of change is provided in chapter 3.10 #Tagcoding and decision making journeys.
The fourth chapter presents a number of online tools that I have created in order to simplify finding the coding hashtag for a specific topic. When I am reading articles and posts on the internet, I use these tools to look up the hashtags that I will add in the comment when reposting (usually retweeting). With these hashtags I can retrieve posts even years after I posted them. So why my memory of a post may be vague or gone, by looking up a topic’s hashtagcode, I can retrieve earlier posts in seconds.
Each of the following six chapters introduces the coding hashtags for a specific topic dimension.
The fifth chapter presents the tagcoding hashtags for the sustainable development goals and targets, and the tools created for looking up these hashtags. Annex 5 lists all goals and targets and includes a hyperlink to an online description for each goal.
The sixth chapter presents the tagcoding hashtags for the classes and divisions of the Classification Of the Functions Of Government (COFOG), and the tools for looking them up. Annex 2 lists all classes and divisions and includes a hyperlink to an online description for each Division.
Chapter seven presents the sections and some of the classes of the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC revision 4), and the tools for looking them up. Annex 3 lists all sections and classes and includes a hyperlink to an online description for each of section.
Chapter eight presents the tagcoding hashtags for the sections, divisions, groups and classes of the Central Product Classification. Annex 4 lists all sections, divisions and groups as well as a few classes. It includes a hyperlink to an online description for each of section.
Chapter nine presents the world wide local government unit “#WWlgu” hashtags and illustrates them for a few countries. Annex 1 lists all countries and territories of the world, each with its ISO country code and their generic coding hashtags for each dimension covered in this handbook: #sdg, #cofog, #isic and #lgu.
Chapter ten lists over five hundred languages with their language codes and gives examples of CPC tags that can meaningfully be combined with a language code. An example is #cpc843 for online content in Afar (aa): #cpc843aa.
The annexes one to five define the hashtags for
The #Tagcoding Handbook: an essential e-book?
In its electronic version, the #tagcoding handbook aspires to be a companion in your exploration of new digital skills that have the potential of transforming how we use the internet and social media. At stake is a digital transformation that equips humanity with tools better suited to tackle the great challenges of our time together.
This handbook provides #tagcoding conventions for a globally shared multi-dimensional topic map with over a hundred thousand topics that matter for development, personal, public, and socio-economic. Codes for sustainable development goals, economic activities, functions of government, can be combined with the codes of countries and local government units so as to form hashtags for specific topics such as fighting poverty in a country, state, district, county or municipality. In fact, depending on the specific interest of the users, a unique tag out of billions can be created to support their knowledge sharing.
In a sense we propose a coordinatization of the topic space, which is similar to the Cartesian coordinate geometry for space and time that we are already familiar with. In the topic space, the topic dimensions are sustainable development goals, economic activities, functions of government, territorial locality and language. The coordinatization of the topic space brings a superior expressive adequacy and computational efficiency in the social sharing, the knowledge localization, and the articulation of shared and differentiated responsibility.
Search in this handbook may be a first step in a broader engagement with systematized content that already includes tens of thousands of wikipages (less than 800 of which are referenced in the annexes of this handbook), or when you feel like sharing a good read, bright idea, or when you need high quality or recent content or discourse on a sustainable development goal or target, a city, a municipality, a sector of industry or a function of government in a country.
After the first edition of this book was published I have looked into ways to provide a substantial part of the information via online #tagcoding pivots.
Generic and country-specific #tagcoding pivots can be consulted via the internet in a growing number of languages.
In addition to the #tagcoding pivots some other online tools have been defined to support the quick and easy discovery of the coding hashtag for a specific topic. Consult #tagcoding guidelines for more information about these tools and additional #tagcoding proposals.
#tagcoding: why everyone should do it, and how
There are many reasons to start #tagcoding but two are selected to illustrate these reasons: it is a means to overcome the polarizing forces of social media, and it is a means to make the world of knowledge small for everyone.
As #tagcoding is not primarily a skill to practice individually, a number of engagement steps are presented. They address the individual skill and the public tools that make the skill “socially” productive in a digital Public Sphere.
This chapter concludes with a #tagcoding code of conduct and a brief note on the current global “organic” adoption of #tagcoding.
Overcoming the polarizing forces of social media
Recently, it has been observed that social media algorithms promote the affirmation of one’s own views and polarize empowered citizens into bubbles that no longer meet. A Belgian minister of the Interior stated: “We have invested in empowerment, but have forgotten the willingness to listen”.
The resulting issue then is, how to enable the willingness to listen across the bubbles?
The good news is that #tagcoding has been invented with that purpose: the search of a tagcoding hashtag, prior to sharing content or opinion, indicates a willingness to listen, across languages, but also across all kinds of bubbles that social media otherwise would reinforce.
By practicing #tagcoding we can overcome the polarizing forces of social media.
Making the world of knowledge small for everyone
The “small-world” argument in social network theory emphasizes that people are, on average, only a few connections away from the information they seek.
Singh et al. (2000) in their paper “The world is not small for everyone: Inequity in searching for knowledge in organizations” contrast the “small world” argument with empirical support for the argument that the network structure does not benefit everyone.
For people who have longer search paths in locating knowledge in an organization and in the internet, the world is large.
The drivers for inequality in the access to knowledge include the mechanisms periphery status and homophily, “love of the same”, the tendency of individuals to associate and bond with similar others.
The tools for looking up coding hashtags and the systematized hashtags covering all topics in a topic-dimension (see chapter 3) encourage heterophilous awareness in search. By leveraging internet and wiki services, it will take only a few seconds for finding the coding hashtag for a specific topic in a topic-dimension.
Together, the coding hashtags, the wikis and public content have this purpose: leverage the internet and social media for making the world of knowledge smaller for all members of society.
This is why the systematized content to which this e-book refers are offered without a pay wall. Your contribution for this e-book, enables its author(s) and other volunteers to expand and provide for free a growing collection of systematized content. Together we can demonstrate that #tagcoding of content and the creation of mutually linked wikis are pillars for learning and development and that it lowers the access hurdles for knowledge that matters to people’s livelihood.
A first engagement step: #tagcoding
The common search engines and many social platforms support coding hashtags, yet for most social media platforms the use of hashtags is an “intra-platform” feature. For Twitter, in spite of the recent discontinuation of hashtag based timelines, search for hashtags is open also to non-subscribers via Twitter Search.
On the social platforms anyone can label content with a tagcoding hashtag for the topic in the country to make it part of a domestic discourse which is globally visible.
This makes the discourse on the topic inclusive. Everyone (on the platform) can contribute, without a need to join a specific group or community, or without a need to be “rich or famous” for the contribution to be noticed.
Whereas social media gives you a means to communicate with your social network, the coding hashtags allow you to instantly follow a discourse and to target it with your own insights. This in contrast with being restricted to bubbles (your own network) or content for the broad public. If a discourse progresses at a slow pace, older posts can easily be retrieved and the hashtag helps retrieving posts over a longer period of time.
By having hashtags for finegrained topics, the expected posting intensity per hashtag decreases, and a much better match is possible between content supply and demand. Consider authors or researchers in a community that has adopted #tagcoding. A topic with many posts would indicate an over-supply of content - many authors writing similar stuff, or researchers doing similar research -, while a topic with no posts would indicate neglect of the topic. By #tagcoding their production and search of prior work, the authors and researchers can better allocate their time so that all topics in a topic-dimension receive the appropriate attention.
Language-neutral hashtags cover every sustainable development goal or target, every function of government, every economic activity, every product or service, and every locality. There is a coding hashtag for everyone’s livelihood or public service needs. In the internet and social media, hashtag-coded content is like a word in a dictionary: when looked up via a search engine, it will be found.
A second engagement step: #xy2wiki
Bringing a #tagcoding capability to any country’s institutions and millions of citizens using many languages is a major challenge.
As search engines and internet browsers support setting language preferences, a first wiki content objective for any language is the provision of pages that explain the meaning, system and structure of all tagcoding hashtags in the language. This is the objective of the #xy2wiki programme which can be instantiated for any language via its 2 or 3 character ISO 639 code: for instance #bn2wiki (http://bn2.wiki) for Bangla, #pa2wiki for Punjabi (http://pa2.wiki), #tgl2wiki for Tagalog (http://tgl.wiki), #es2wiki (http://es2.wiki) for Spanish, etc.
Each #xy2wiki wiki should provide in language “xy” all the tools that this handbook demonstrates in English (#en2wiki with url http://en2.wiki or http://www.ens.wiki).
To enable a digital Public Sphere and forge the required trust between institutions, citizens, and business, all tagged content, limited to a language or not, merges into a focussed discourse streams, including one for every local government unit. Everyone can have a voice in these streams, and everyone can see what others have shared. Because of their combinatory character tags can be very specialised or rather general. They can be configured to the level of scope where the public-private discourse occurs.
A third engagement step: #tag2wiki
Once the #xy2wiki preparations have been completed, native speaking users of the #tagcoding hashtags can be assured that meaning gets communicated in a wide variety of inclusive Lifeworld related discourses - a digital Public Sphere, truly public and inclusive becomes enabled.
Once hashtags have been adopted at scale in a country or for a language, a hashtag search is likely to have a limited horizon in the past. Therefore it is recommended to curate in the #xy2wiki pages the contents of tagged posts that contribute original quality content on the corresponding topics. The use similar page and wiki naming conventions facilitates the aligning of pages in different languages and/or countries.
A fourth engagement step: #lean2book
This #tagcoding handbook uses hyperlinks and hashtags to extend the book’s storyline with content that is on the internet, in wikis, and on social platforms. Consider that the reading device for the e-book is likely to have access to the internet.
The content that is referenced may have different access regimes. Content in the public domain is referred to as public content and is available to all under the same access regime, this is for free and with no restrictions to reuse. Content that is protected by copyright or other rights regimes, much of it will be in printed books (#cpc322) or on-line text based information (#cpc8431), cannot be reused without approval by the copyright holder.
Using hyperlinks in on-line books or e-books (#cpc84311) such as those published via Leanpub has several advantages:
- The author can avoid to reword and repackage existing content, and can build upon others’ work in a direct and transparent manner; the author can focus on the original contributions;
- Content that is in the internet could evolve and improve between the point in time when the e-book was first produced, and the point in time that one is reading it, making use of the hyperlink;
- Where the hyperlinked content is in wikis or blogs that support discussion or comments, readers can give comments, to further improve the state of knowledge of a topic or area of concern;
- Authors can harvest the hashtag-coded discourse to periodically update their topical book or article.
Systematized public content, for instance in wikis that are maintained via a #tag2wiki curation approach, draw the attention of authors and readers to the possibility of reusing or referencing such content in their work. By using and expanding the systematized public content, its quality and utility will gradually improve, especially also in languages in which there is as yet little online content.
The expectation of improved content quality gives a reason for later returns to specific “content” via hashtag searches, both to the discourse, the wiki pages and the e-books.
While #tagcoding, #xy2wiki and #tag2wiki are collaborative journeys, the authoring of e-books is often an individual journey.
A fifth engagement step: a digital Public Sphere
The “public sphere” is generally conceived as the social space in which different opinions are expressed, problems of general concern are discussed, and collective solutions are developed communicatively. Thus, the public sphere is the central arena for societal communication. In large-scale societies, mass media and, more recently, online network media support and sustain communication in the public sphere.
The German Federal President Frank-Walter Steinmeier in his Speech at the opening of the eleventh Bellevue Forum “Democracy and the digital public sphere – A transatlantic challenge” (March 1, 2021) summarizes expectations regarding the digital public sphere: “So much is expected of the public sphere in a democracy. It must reflect the plurality of society and be accessible to all, foster reasoned debate, open up spaces for new ideas and political goals, provide reliable information and empower people to participate responsibly in democratic processes. These ideals have guided us since the Enlightenment”.
Using #tagcoding as a means to promote and follow-up a discussion topic has several advantages, including:
- Everyone (with a platform profile that allows tagged posts) is empowered to contribute to a debate or discussion, meaning they are truly inclusive;
- When systematically defined hashtags are used, content about very specific topics can be easily retrieved, for instance, marine aquaculture in Indonesia has coding hashtag #isic0312ID;
- The use of #tagcoding by authors and readers supports collaborative scoping and avoids information overload as well as the bewilderment it causes;
- Each coding hashtag supports a “single-version-of-the-truth” “search” for the discourse on the searched platform, at any point in time, and across languages.
Hashtag-coded discourse supports authors and readers in updating their knowledge about a wide range of topics and related ideas. Also the systematized public content, the reliable information, can easily be updated and expanded.
If there is “public content #xy2wiki” wiki for each language (used in a country), maintained by curators who extend it with new pertinent content from hashtag-coded posts, then this is an important asset for the country’s digital Public Sphere in each of its languages.
In conclusion: the current use of the internet and social media contributes less to the digital Public Sphere than is possible with the intensive use of #tagcoding, #xy2wiki and #tag2wiki.
#tagcoding Code of Conduct
By #tagcoding we can fight information overload, avoid over-researched topics, and make the world of knowledge small for everyone. The success in this global journey also depends on adhering to certain principles in dealing with content that others have created, and when contributing your own content.
Respect for copyright
It is rather meaningless to discover content via a coding hashtag, then copy or repeat it, and post it with the same or a neighbouring hashtag (e.g. a different country code). Your content is likely to appear in the same search result as the copied content.
Rather if you wish to strengthen the original author’s message, retweet or repost it, or like, favorite, +1 it.
By #tagcoding a new work, the author expresses confidence his or her content is not infringing the copyright of others, or is not just repeating what is already readily available (online).
Avoid spam or aggressive, commercial push of content
A common (social) media practice to reach a larger audience is to repeat the same post regularly or at many places.
For instance in Twitter, some post the same content weekly, daily or more frequently. In LinkedIn or Facebook we may post the same content in multiple groups, etc. #tagcoding in a public platform makes such multiple posting unnecessary to reach your target audience (on the condition #tagcoding conventions have been adopted).
By using coding hashtags, the author or publisher opts out of spamming-like, excess content-push attitudes addressing readers. He or she posts once, and next let the readers discover the content, via the content’s hashtags, when they need it. This is called “on-demand”.
Contribute to an inclusive, non-polarizing discourse
A discourse has questions and answers. Authors tend to use the print and social media to share their answers and opinions, even without questions being asked.
Where can people express their burning questions? Or opinions that they consider relevant for the public?
People working in an “under-served” economic activity can add fitting coding hashtags to their question. A question can become prominent as it is liked by others, or acknowledged by an expert. And when a person able to answer comes across a prominent question, he or she can be sure that the #tagcoded answer will be appreciated.
The hurdles to joining the discourse are much less on a “open social platform” than in a closed group of app users, or in a closed platform.
By #tagcoding questions they become part of an inclusive discourse, in addition to answers and arguments.
If opinion is destined for a social media bubble away from public debate, then using tags is not recommended: using #tagcoding hashtags indicates that content is not intended to polarize, but rather is intended to serve in public debate.
Global adoption of coding hashtags
Adoption of #tagcoding at scale is a societal challenge, especially as there is no (direct) commercial or political interest in such adoption.
Some coding hashtags have been “organically” adopted at a global scale. This is the case for the hashtags for the sustainable development goals: #sdg1, #sdg2 to #sdg17. For these hashtags, on Twitter, over a hundred of shared posts a day, or even per hour, are not uncommon. If you have an interest in a specific topic, say fighting poverty in the Philippines, the #sdg1 hashtag won’t help you much. In contrast if all #sdg1 tagged posts about fighting poverty in the Philippines would also carry #sdg01PH or #sdg1PH, simple search for these tags would retrieve the content that interests you.
Also, some people have intuitively used #sdgKE for sharing content on sustainable development in Kenya.
Since early 2018 some knowledge institutions are using hashtags for sustainable development targets, for instance:
- “#sdt1714 - enhance policy coherence for sustainable development;”
- “#sdt123 - by 2030 halve per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer level, and reduce food losses along production;”
- “#sdt61 or #sdt061 - by 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all;”
- “#sdt055 or #sdt55 - ensure women’s full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision-making.”
The abundance of #covid19 content, in combination with the desire of many to ensure that content reaches a specific target audience, has inspired many people, including public agencies, to combine #covid19, and more recently also #omicron, with the ISO country codes or US state codes. Due to the pandemic and extensive communication about it via social media, the use of certain forms of #tagcoding has increased.
This increased use has also highlighted the need for “internationally agreed” #tagcoding conventions in order to avoid homonyms in global platforms such as Twitter and LinkedIn.
Consider this: globally two character ISO country codes are much used, usually in combination with #covid19, for instance #covid19CA for Canada, #covid19CO for Colombia, or #covid19IL for Israel. In the US, on the other hand, it is common to use the state abbreviations, such as CA for California, IL for Illinois, CO for Colorado, leading to the same #covid19 tag variants with a very different meaning.
What happens? When “periphery” users of a hashtag discover their distinctive tag codes are already used in a “core”, they are likely to stop their good practice. Which is unhappy because they where doing the right thing. The impact is that periphery users are being deprived of a utility of the platform.
For an equal opportunity use of a global platform, homonyms in hashtags should be avoided .. as a matter of net etiquette. It especially a responsibility of users in the “core”.
The alternative for a US state is a code which starts with #covid19US. Next one could add the state’s abbreviation, for instance to form: #covid19USCA. Or use the state’s census code, which is 06 for California, to form #covid19US06.
Despite their usefulness for organizing content in the internet and social media, structured hashtags do not easily spread organically. That’s why I urge every reader of this handbook to promote them actively in the areas and for the countries and local government units of interest, especially also for domestic and local use, and in your mother tongue.
Note that for the alphabetic part of the hashtag, no distinction is made between upper case and lower case characters. Also you cannot include non-alphanumeric characters except the underscore “_”. In longer multi-word hashtags it is common to capitalize the first character of each word, such as in #MeToo or #AddisAbabaActionAgenda.
Pivotal points in the history of knowledge conversion
In the history of recording knowledge and making it accessible there are a number of pivotal points (Perkowitz, 2016) such as the creation of libraries, the invention of the printing press, the encyclopedia developed by Denis Diderot and Jean Le Rond d’Alembert, the creation of classification structures, and the creation of the Internet.
Collaborative #tagcoding and wiki-creation and their broad adoption are likely another pivotal point that enables and furthers a far more inclusive and instructive use of the internet, and a faster localization and conversion of knowledge.
As yet the mainstream use of the internet is still distractive, consumptive and commercial and social media algorithms have amplified polarization.
As a general purpose counter-measure for the information overload and bias of the mainstream internet and the polarizing forces of current social media platforms, the proposed #tagcoding - #xy2wiki - #tag2wiki - #lean2book knowledge localization model will transform and accelerate the instructive and productive use of the internet and enable a willingness to listen across the bubbles that social media create.
Before briefly describing earlier pivotal points as a background for appreciating the origin and benefits of our mission we take a look at the pioneering Sociali.
Knowledge conversion
According to the well known SECI model (Nonaka et al., 2000), knowledge creation is a continuous and dynamic interaction between tacit and explicit knowledge. This interaction is shaped by shifts between different modes of knowledge conversion involving actors and services in a facility or livelihood.
It starts from “Socialization,” when the actors are interacting and use services, gaining experience.
During “Externalisation” or articulation, the knowledge is made explicit, for example in drawings, models, their evaluations, etc.
This is followed by the “Combination” step during which explicit knowledge is converted into more complex sets of explicit knowledge, for example in plans, reports, work instructions.
The “Internalization” converts the actors’ explicit knowledge into the actors’ tacit knowledge. Then the process starts again with socialization and so on.
Thus the knowledge creation happens continuously as part of a cognitive self-transformation of multiple concurrently operating teams, groups and individuals. Operations of the actors involving the facility or livelihood and the self-transformation in which the actors abandon obsolete knowledge and learns to create new things, improves its activities and deploys new tools and services. The self-transformation applies the SECI modes of knowledge conversion.
In below figure the SECI modes of knowledge conversion are depicted as capabilities (Archimate, 2017) and explicit and tacit knowledge are depicted as resources. Both serve and are triggered by the value streams (Archimate, 2017) Dialogue, Linking explicit knowledge, Learning by doing, and Field building. Both tacit and explicit knowledge will serve all the value streams, and result from the capabilities:
- Dialogue (tk1 and ek1),
- Learning by Doing (tk3 and ek3),
- Field Building (tk4 and ek4), and
- The linking of explicit knowledge (tk2 and ek2),
but Externalisation, Combination and the linking of explicit knowledge are the main creators of explicit knowledge, and Internalisation, Socialisation and Field Building are the main creators of explicit knowledge.
The figure also includes some assessments of the status of tacit and explicit knowledge in contemporary society. Explicit information, when shared via the internet and without paywalls or other hurdles (red), comes at (virtually) no cost (green). Tacit information on the other hand is difficult to retrieve and has a very limited availability (language, time and place of the person having it) (red).
When considering the implied availability of tacit and explicit knowledge in the micro, macro, meso and pico “decision making” journeys (chapter 3.11) SECI inefficiencies exist especially for the three latter journeys, while the knowledge conversion in micro journeys (mostly of companies and organisations) is most effective. This is summarized by the “gap” “SECI inefficiencies outside the micro-level of scope.
The mission of #xy2wiki, #tagcoding and single window environments () is to address the current inefficiencies in providing explicit knowledge for the macro, meso and pico “decision making” journeys.
The mission of scaling practices from the micro scope of engineering to other scopes has been articulated before (Goossenaerts et al, 2007).
Encyclopedia
The aim of the “Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers” (1751-1772) was to change the way people think, and for people to be able to inform themselves and to know things. Denis Diderot, its editor, wanted to incorporate all of the world’s knowledge and hoped that the text and the engravings could disseminate all this information to the public and to future generations (Isaac Kramnick, 1995).
In the figure below we give some key characteristics and figures about the first multi-contributor encyclopedia.
The encyclopedia used a taxonomy of human knowledge with three main branches: memory, reason and imagination.
Check Wikipedia for more details about how it was created and what impact it had on culture and society.
The simplified model of the first encyclopedia, and all other models in this book are made using the model elements of the Archimate Framework (The Open Group, 2017) in the Archi tool.
Mundaneum
The Mundaneum was created in 1910 by the Belgian lawyers Paul Otlet and Henri La Fontaine and aimed to gather all the world’s knowledge and classify it according to a Universal Decimal Classification.
In Traité de documentation (1934) Paul Otlet presented a novel scheme for remote access to data with minimal use of hard copy. Paul Otlet envisioned many of the features of the internet in order to make the “universal compilation of knowledge” that had started in the Mundaneum widely accessible via a communications network the radiated library and the televised book.
In the figure below we give some key characteristics and figures about the Mundaneum and Otlet’s scheme for remote access to the compilation of knowledge.
Both the encyclopedia and the Mundaneum were forerunners of other systematic knowledge projects such as Wikipedia and WolframAlpha.
The scheme for remote access to data that Otlet presented, but didn’t implement, was a forerunner of the Internet.
Wikipedia contains much more information about the Mundaneum and its creators.
Alex Wright (2014) also pays attention to the global political and socio-economic context of the era and how Otlet interacted with it.
In the Mundaneum the classification scheme and classification experts play an important role which they still play in libraries or other multi-user collections.
In the figure below, which is a role collaboration diagram in the “Value Delivery Modelling Language” (or VDML) (OMG, 2018), the classification expert, usually the librarian, classifies the works of authors. Potential readers of the work may discover and retrieve it by means of the tags the work received in the classification. When using works from a library, the reader is typically not allowed to annotate the work. This is the reason why “the function” “annotation of the work” has a red color in the right hand overview of typical reader functional requirements. The other constructs are VDML roles. The arrows denote value exchanges between the roles. The roles are the author, the classification expert, the reader, the classification scheme and the multi-user collection.
The Internet
Today, the internet and search engines offer an information retrieval solution that makes content globally accessible. In contrast with the centralized Mundaneum information classified by experts, today’s Web has a “bottom-up” and widely sourced flood of content.
This makes the huge pile of online content and data unwieldy and unorganized.
In the figure below we model some key components of the internet eco-system, and in the purple boxes position some user-related assessments:
- it is difficult for many users to extract the information they need for particular work contexts;
- it is hard for authors to reach the audience that would benefit from the content and knowledge they contribute.
While the wide and bottom-up sourcing of content and the availability of search engines would generally benefit the access to and localization of knowledge, the user- and author-related factors apparently slow down such virtuous effects of the Internet.
To appreciate the potential role of #tagcoding and xy2.wiki among the other digital chain capabilities a second VDML role collaboration model is included. In this figure the author role is replaced by the prosumer role. The classification system, the content creation platform, the media platform and the browser and search engine are capabilities, and the internet is a (huge) pool of content. On the left hand side some performance issues are depicted:
- The AS-IS use of hashtags is focussed on “running with the pack”, not on sharing and finding in a multi-user collection that must cater to a wide audience;
- Private profit is the all-important driver for the provision of platforms;
- There are no “classification experts”.
To bring some classification in the vast multi-user content collection that the internet is, prosumers might as well classify their content themselves. By doing so they could contribute to a social-benefit counter-balance for the excessive profit motives. After all the internet could as well deliver social benefits at very reasonable costs and emissions. Costs and emissions that are far below those that would be incurred when the knowledge diffusion would be using printed matter.
The further sections describe how these insights can transform the current micro-blogging and wiki platforms into a platform for collective intelligence.
Wiki based encyclopedias and micro blogs
Both wiki-based encyclopedias and micro blogs are among the best services the internet eco-system offers for the localization of knowledge.
In the previous figure we model some key components of the wiki-encyclopedia and micro-blog eco-system. The purple boxes position some assessments regarding their services:
- In a wiki-encyclopedia, quality content is sourced widely, subjected to quality controls, and organized systematically;
- Micro-blogs, with Twitter in particular, support search and curation on the basis of hashtags which are especially used for trending topics.
Collaborative #tagcoding and wiki editing
The #tagcoding capability builds upon topic dimensions to realise a number of goals that leverage wiki and micro blog services to accelerate the localization of knowledge:
- Define topic hashtags systematically for end-user topic dimensions (mono-dimensional), for instance #isic9101 for library and archive activities, and FJ, the ISO country code for Fiji;
- Create hashtags for multi-dimensional topics by combining (juxtaposing) mono-dimensional topic codes, for instance combine #isic9101 with FJ to form #isic9101FJ for library and archive activities in Fiji;
- Ensure local-language wiki (-encyclopedia) coverage for all topics in key end-user topic dimensions (with a focus on topics that matter for a community), for instance “all economic activities”, “all functions of government”, “all local government units”, and “all targets of the sustainable development goals”.
- Provide tools to look up a specific #tagcoding hashtag in a topic dimension.
In the figure below we position the key #tagcoding components with respect to those of the familiar internet eco-system.
The Actor Atlas started with:
- A wiki page for each economic activity as defined in the International Standard Industrial Classifications of All Economic Activities (ISIC) Rev.4 (UN Statistics Division, 2008);
- A wiki page for each function of government as defined in Classification of Functions of government (UN Statistics Division, 2000)
- An initiative book page for each country, with “placeholders” for initiatives for each function of government in the country.
Later on, the coding hashtags and the pages with goals and targets of the sustainable development goals were added to the Actor Atlas, and country-specific wikis were created by cloning a template wiki.
For each economic activity that matters to a community, a number of general facts, links to resources, and questions about improving it are included. For instance for #isic9101 - Library and archives activities some part of the content is displayed in the screenshot on the previous page.
A Platform for Collective Intelligence
In a recent blog post Geoff Mulgan (2018) discusses how collective intelligence can support achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (and How the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) could become more like a platform). In the figure below we have summarized some of the key points from the post.
While all the proposed processes and capabilities have their specific challenges, we conjecture that collaborative #tagcoding and wiki-editing would facilitate the communications among all stakeholders, and would free much time for the substantial action that is most needed.
A knowledge localization model
Within the broader platform for collective intelligence that was proposed in the previous section, this handbook’s focus is on the process “curation of a transparent and open body of data, some local, some regional and some national” and how it is facilitated by:
- #tagcoding, the use of standardized hashtags to relate online information to specific topics in order to structure it and retrieve it easily;
- #xy2wiki for language xy the creation of an initial wiki supporting #tagcoding of content in the language;
- #tag2wiki for local languages the joint creation, maintenance, and coordination of wikis for development communications in the local languages of a country.
The #lean2book process about authoring and publishing e-books that leverage #tagcoding and #tag2wiki wikis is not addressed in the figure.
Together, #tagcoding, #xy2wiki and #tag2wiki are important digital skills for accelerating both the production of curated knowledge in support of knowledge localization as envisioned by Joseph Stiglitz (2000) and the provision of a platform for collective intelligence and public debate.
Leading in the age of digital interdependence
In 2018, the UN Secretary-General António Guterres launched the High-Level Panel on Digital Cooperation. Its purpose was to advance proposals to strengthen cooperation in the digital space among Governments, the private sector, civil society, international organizations, academia, the technical community and other relevant stakeholders.
On June 10, 2019 the Panel released its report The age of digital interdependence. The assessment of the current situation, the gaps, the vision and the recommendations are summarized in the figure below.
Collaborative #tagcoding and #tag2wiki are especially related to the recommendations “#DC1b - Create alliances for sharing “digital public goods” and “#DC1c - Adopt policies to support digital inclusion and equality for women and marginalised groups” which are part of the recommendation on building an inclusive digital economy and society.
#Tagcoding and decision making journeys: policy
In an inclusive culture, the leadership gives each individual personal attention and room to contribute, ask, learn and develop.
How would coding hashtags affect a country’s democratic decision making?
When a country’s parliament committee, an executive, or a local government unit puts a topic on their agenda, this event deserves a post that is tagged suitably, or a news article sharing the related hashtagcode. Stakeholders in the debate follow-up a tag’s timeline and can contribute their views “in the open” by #tagcoding their posts or by “liking” what others contributed (see also E-Parliament tagger, elaborated during a European hackathon in Brussels, early 2014).
Authors and public communicators only need a simple search for a #tagcoding hashtag to assess a debate’s coverage or neglect. When readers observe neglect, the coding hashtags empowers them to ask questions, “like” prior questions or answers, or contribute content to fill content gaps.
Where the topic is a lengthy proposed act, it is an option to use a single hashtag and wiki page for each article of the text, both before and after its enactment. This is illustrated for the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 in the screenshot on the next page.
At the base of the digital pyramid consider farmers in a developing country using a tablet on a time-share basis, paying access to internet per minute, with low bandwidth. This model has been implemented by “info ladies” biking to remote Bangladeshi villages since 2008 (Julien Bouissou, 2013). Once the #tagcoding and #xy2wiki localization model has been adopted, and when a wiki in the local language is available, the farmers in remote villages could use the coding hashtags to quickly access content that matters to their livelihood. With the hashtags they can find recent, relevant and popular content in seconds. A short period of using a tablet will allow them to find answers, or to contribute to a topic or post their questions.
Using the contemporary internet and social media, the collaborative #tagcoding is a small step that would nurture and enable a radically more inclusive public-private discourse and localization of knowledge. Both the discourse and the access to knowledge are key characteristics of a civilized and open society, in all countries.
#Tagcoding and decision making journeys: Do-Check-Plan-Act
As knowledge creation is a general purpose need, the journeys that will be affected by #tagcoding are countless. The Actor Atlas page on multi-level social architecture proposes four kinds of journeys that are related to the level of scope of the knowledge creation and the decision making:
- pico journeys of households and individual persons;
- micro journeys of businesses and organizations;
- meso journeys of sectors of the economy;
- macro journeys of governance bodies with a local, over national to international extent.
The model below briefly clarifies the scope and the agency in each kind of journey.
Depending on the socio-technical level the scope of the work-system of an actor will vary. Yet each work-system, whether on the macro, meso, micro, or pico level, has operations in the “DO” stage (the Lifeworld. It’s value adding feature is reflected in the yellow colour. Improvements of the work-system, for instance better resilience, higher profits, smaller phone bills, better education, are typically achieved in “Check-Plan-Act” cycle, the so-called roundabout work capability. In these roundabout activities, knowledge sourcing from the “Peer knowledge system” is all important. The “air-like” feature of knowledge is reflected in the blue colour of the Peer knowledge system.
Relying on the available internet and social media platforms, the #tagcoding conventions proposed in this e-book establish at once communication channels between on the one hand, the global peer knowledge system usually providing answers (#!), and on the other hand, work systems in all economic activities, all functions of government, and for all products of the contemporary global economy, usually having questions (#?).
The sustainable development goals and targets would typically be part of the “02 - Partner Specific reference model”, with measurements for indicators clarifying the seize of problems.
However, remember the SECI inefficiencies that exist outside the micro-level of scope (chapter 3.1) and consider the access to tacit and explicit knowledge of persons in the core or periphery of the “knowledge economy”.
Persons in the core usually have easy access to both tacit and explicit knowledge, this is at no costs, or with costs that are proportional to the benefits of the access (green). In contrast, persons in the periphery depend on the services of information intermediaries for such access. The need for intermediation renders the information more difficult to retrieve, limit availability, and implies costs that are usually not proportional to the benefits of the access (red). The outcome is that knowledge is used far less in the periphery than in the core.
Or when focussing on the service that tacit and explicit knowledge offer to the “Retrieving information” capability, it can be concluded that explicit knowledge has the potential of offering a strong service, especially when there are no paywalls, and that tacit knowledge provides a weak service to the capability.
In the next two figures we apply the previous pattern at each level in the social architecture, for the actors in the respective journeys. For actors in the periphery, the combined inefficiencies for knowledge conversion that are induced by reliance on tacit knowledge are substantial, making key decision making tasks insurmountable.
In contrast, once explicit knowledge becomes directly accessible to actors in the periphery, the knowledge conversion transformation that it sets in motion will likely become able to move mountains in the decision making tasks.
Further details about how precisely #tagcoding and #tag2wiki can contribute to information retrieval as part the Capacity for the 2030 Agenda is provided at some pages of the Wikiworx Academy wiki.
Knowledge localization in more languages: #xy2wiki
Language is probably the most important determinant of being in the core or the periphery in the global society. In the previous section we argued that an inclusive platform for knowledge localization must use the local languages of all countries.
While this e-book and the wikis referenced in it are written in English, the provision of systematized content, explicit knowledge, via #xy2wiki wikis, the #tag2wiki curation of content, and the lean authoring of e-books (#lean2book) must be performed in many more languages. It is a necessity if we want broad-based knowledge localization that reduces the gap between the core and the periphery.
We must bridge the digital and knowledge divide that currently exists for many people who don’t master English or another major international language. Check the Local Content Accelerator - #DA2I for more ideas on and possible approaches to accelerate the provision of content in many more languages, and by doing so, contributing to poverty reduction and sustainable development impacts.
The #xy2wiki programme is only a small first step which should be implemented for the languages listed in Annex 6.
To facilitate this step Wikinetix makes available wiki-templates for cloning in the context of specific country-wide or stakeholder-specific wiki editing:
- For National Follow Up and Review - #NFUR00 a draft template is available.
- For Voluntary stakeholder reporting - #2030VSR a template will become available later.
Both #tagcoding and #xy2.wiki are part of capacity development in a country, one of the pillars of National Follow Up and Review processes as depicted in the figure below. In the social architecture, the other 6 capabilities are best seen as the result of macro journeys. They will benefit from accessible explicit knowledge in the languages of the country, and facilitate decision making journeys of all stakeholders in a country, from citizens and households to local and national government agencies.
Tools for looking up tagcoding hashtags
In the early days of #tagcoding I used Twitter on a tablet and would look up an #isic code using a printed list, as that would be faster than scrolling through an electronic document. This I did until I created on a wiki page a tabbed table for the ISIC classes. Since then the tagcoding cycle usually has these steps:
- In Twitter, I read and assess the post, is it worth to be retrieved later on?
- If yes (and I don’t know the code by heart), I switch screens to my browser to go to the #tagcoding pivot page.
- On the basis of the topic dimension, I look up the corresponding ISIC class - often this is straightforward, but in some cases one has to look up the class definition, for instance for bee-keeping, or for copper mining.
- I remember the code and return to Twitter, where I quote, or add a comment including the coding hashtag
- I finish the comment and tweet the #tagcoded post.
There are a few tricks in this cycle: when holding a link on a web page, Chrome in Android supports actions such as: Open in new tab, Open in incognito tab, Copy link address, Copy link text, Download link, Share link.
I would often copy the link text or the link address, in one or two successive visits to the web browser, and then paste them in the comment on Twitter. When the link text includes both the code hashtag and its meaning this allows me to “advocate” for #tagcoding. The wiki provision is that a page must have a title that includes the coding hashtag. This is usually the case as you may have noticed in many screenshots.
If a broader search is needed, I would search on the wiki, or use the tagcloud that the wiki produces on the basis of the page tags.
While practicing the #tagcoding, over the past years, I have looked into ways to provide online tools to quickly look up a specific coding hashtag in a topic dimension.
Unlike common search tools, when the user searches a topic dimension, several tools explicitly show the range of topics covered in the dimension. This encourages heterophilous awareness and search behaviours.
Consult #tagcoding guidelines for these tools and some further #tagcoding conventions.
Tabbed table
A tabbed table with “top” tabs is convenient to order topics in a two level hierarchy with between ten to twenty topics at the highest level in the hierarchy, and between two and hunderd topics per top-level topic.
In the figure below four tabbed tables are briefly described:
- a table with country codes, alphabetically per continent;
- the function of government table with about 120 classes in 10 divisions;
- a table with the sustainable development goals (17) and targets (169);
- a table with the economic activities with about 420 classes in 21 sections.
There is an example of each of these tables in the chapter dealing with the topic dimension.
The benefit of showing these tables is that they give the user an humbling awareness of the total topic space that is covered by the topic dimension. They also encourage an heterophilous awareness.
The two screenshots below show the front or guide page of the tabbed table for ISIC and the E tab, for Section E - Water supply, sewerage, waste management and remediation activities. The sections allow to limit the search space for the classes. Manufacturing is the section with most classes.
A #tagcoding pivot will include several tabbed tables. In order to fit several tables on a single screen of a smart phone, the landing view of a #tagcoding pivot will only show the tabs of a tabbed table and its title. This view of a tabbed table is called its landing view.
The next image shows on the left hand side part of the landing view of the #tagcoding pivot which includes four tabbed tables: the first one for the sustainable development goals, the second for economic activities, the third for the functions of government, and the fourth for the Addis Ababa Action Agenda. On the left hand side the ISIC classes in Section E are shown with their #tagcoding hashtag.
Topic-#tag cloud
A topic-#tag cloud is convenient in situations where the hierachy of the topics cannot be derived from the topic name and where there is a unique #tag for the topic. This is for instance the case for local government units, the name of which gives no indication of their country or state. In a topic-#tag cloud each term consists of a topic name, followed by a hashtag. In the cloud the terms are ordered alphabetically. It takes only a few seconds to look up the coding hashtag for the topic, even in clouds with thousands of terms.
For links to these clouds we refer to the chapter on the local government unit coding hashtags. The tag clouds are produced from the tags of the wiki pages in a certain category.
Also in this case showing the total cloud gives a humbling awareness to the user.
The picture below shows the screenshot of part of the topic-#tag cloud for the major lgus worldwide. An easy to remember url for that page is http://lgu.news.
Term cloud
A term cloud is convenient in situations where a topic includes several sub-topics that matter individually. For instance keywords of functions of government or economic activities, and keywords in the sustainable development targets. As the terms are ordered alphabetically it takes only a few seconds to look up a specific term. By looking up a term, the list of pages is produced that are tagged with the term. When the coding hashtag is included in the title of the page it is immediately clear which topics in the topic dimension include the term.
The picture below shows the screenshot of part of the term cloud for the sustainable development targets.
The picture below shows the list of targets with the term “Biodiversity”. In the category of “sdt:” wiki pages we have taken care to always include the coding hashtag in front of the targets title.
Mixed cloud
A mixed cloud is convenient in situations where both terms and topic-tag combinations are relevant, for instance: - topic-tag: a language with its ISO 639 code, and - term: a country where a language is spoken or used.
The picture below shows the screenshot of part of the topic-hashtag and term cloud for languages and the countries where they are used.
As the topic-tags and country names are “tags” of language pages, selection of a country shows the languages that are used there, for instance for Afghanistan:
Another example is the term cloud of the “item:” pages in the Ens Wiki. This wiki has three page types, cpc: for the Central Product Classification, item: for SDGs, ISIC, COFOG and other topics, and lang: for languages.
The item: pages for SDGs (and targets), ISIC and COFOG are tagged with the CPC topics for which they matter, or with topics for which the corresponding CPC code hasn’t been determined yet.
The picture below shows the screenshot of part of the Tags for goods, services and bads.
This cloud has thousands of terms. For many of these terms a CPC code must still be determined, or may not be available.
The screenshot below shows the List of pages tagged with education-#cpc92.
#Tagcoding pivot pages
Wiki pages with multiple tabbed tables can be set to simultaneously show the coding hashtags for a broad topic such as education or health in multiple topic dimensions. Such a wiki page is called a pivot page.
When putting tabbed tables with respectively 17, 21 and 10 top level topics on a single wiki page, that page can have 3570 different views showing topic descriptions and their coding hashtags.
The screenshot on the next page shows the education #tags in the dimensions of goals, economic activities and functions of government.
Pivot pages in other languages support an immediate production of similar views:
- English #tags for the #2030Agenda;
- French Pivot de #tagcodage;
- Arabic;
- Chinese;
- German #2030Agenda #tags;
- Spanish #Tag pivote;
- Indonesian Poros #tag Indonesia,
- Japanese;
- Dutch Spil in het nederlands;
- Russian: Целей устойчивого развития;
- Tagalog: #tagcoding pivot sa Tagalog and
- Ilonggo: hil.wiki - ang larangan ng publiko sa Ilonggo.
The following four views are of the pivot page in English.
The education view of the pivot page in Arabic concludes this chapter:
#Tagcoding pivot pages per country
The #tagcoding pivot pages per country have been designed in accordance with the topic dimensions and layers of government services as explained in the figure below.
In this view the functions of government have been divided in three layers, with “actors” on lower layers responsible and accountable for protecting and supporting the well-being of actors on higher layers (carrying capacity):
- (Government) services for the people which include the divisions: 09 - Education; 07 - Health; 08 - Recreation, culture & religion; and 10 - Social protection.
- Services for the economy, environment and community which include the divisions: 04 - Economic Affairs; 05 - Environmental Protection; and 06 - Housing and Community Amenities.
- Governance, justice and society’s foundations which include the divisions: 01 - General Public Services; 02 - Defence; and 03 - Public Order and Safety.
The screenshot below shows the landing view of the #tagcoding pivot for the United States of America.
The first annex includes a link to a similar english page for each of over 190 countries. For all these countries, a similar #tagcoding pivot page is available in the other official languages of the United Nations. Each such page supports 14256 views on interrelated topics.
Sustainable Development Goals
The Sustainable development goals which were approved by the United Nations General Assembly in September 2015 are usually abbreviated as SDGs, with hashtag #SDGs. The full definition of each of the 17 goals and 169 targets can be found in the UN resolution document Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (UN General Assembly, 2015).
The goals with their ‘global’ #SDGs coding hashtag are listed in table SDGs. Each goal has a number of targets. For each target an #sdt coding hashtag is defined.
The fifth annex lists the targets and #sdt coding hashtags for each sustainable development goal. For each goal it also includes a link to a wiki page that lists the functions of government and the economic activities that matter most in achieving the goal.
| SDG tag | goal description |
|---|---|
| #SDG1 | End poverty in all its forms everywhere |
| #SDG2 | End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture |
| #SDG3 | Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages |
| #SDG4 | Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote life-long learning opportunities for all |
| #SDG5 | Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls |
| #SDG6 | Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all |
| #SDG7 | Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all |
| #SDG8 | Promote sustained, inclusive & sustainable economic growth, full & productive employment & decent work for all |
| #SDG9 | Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation |
| #SDG10 | Reduce inequality within and among countries |
| #SDG11 | Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable |
| #SDG12 | Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns |
| #SDG13 | Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts |
| #SDG14 | Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development |
| #SDG15 | Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss |
| #SDG16 | Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels |
| #SDG17 | Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development |
Tools for looking up goal and target hashtags
A tabbed table is available in ten languages. The front page of each table is a list of the goals and a guide to the tabs.
Each other tab includes a goal and its targets.
The Actor Atlas also provides an alphabetic keyword cloud for the sustainable development targets in English, French and Spanish.
Selection of a keyword lists the targets for the keyword. Each target (short) phrase is preceded by its SDT hashtag as was illustrated in Chapter 3.3.
The country #tagcoding guides list the localized hashtags for each goal and target in a country, for instance #SDG7 in India:
SDG1 - End poverty in all its forms everywhere
The sustainable development goal SDG1 - End poverty in all its forms everywhere contains the targets in the below table. For each target there is a unique coding hashtag such as #sdt011, yet also hashtags such as #sdt11 may be used.
| SDT tag | target description |
|---|---|
| #SDT011 or #SDT11 | By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than $1 |
| #SDT012 or #SDT12 | By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions |
| #SDT013 or #SDT13 | Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all, including floors, and by 2030 achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable |
| #SDT014 or #SDT14 | By 2030 ensure that all men and women, particularly the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership, and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology, and financial services including microfinance |
| #SDT015 or #SDT15 | By 2030 build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations, and reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and other economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters |
| #SDT01a or #SDT1a | Ensure significant mobilization of resources from a variety of sources, including through enhanced development cooperation to provide adequate and predictable means for developing countries, in particular LDCs, to implement programmes and policies to end poverty in all its dimensions |
| #SDT01b or #SDT1b | Create sound policy frameworks, at national, regional and international levels, based on pro-poor and gender-sensitive development strategies to support accelerated investments in poverty eradication actions |
The tag for the goal in a country is constructed by adding the ISO country code to the tag for a goal or a target. For instance for goal End poverty in all its forms everywhere (#SDG1 ) and target implementing nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all, including floors, and by 2030 achieving substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable (#sdt013) in each of the countries below:
| Country | ISO code | #SDG1 hashtag | #sdt013 hashtag |
|---|---|---|---|
| Australia | AU | #sdg1AU | #sdt013AU |
| Botswana | BW | #sdg1BW | #sdt013BW |
| Cameroon | CM | #sdg1CM | #sdt013CM |
| Canada | CA | #sdg1CA | #sdt013CA |
| The Gambia | GM | #sdg1GM | #sdt013GM |
| Ghana | GH | #sdg1GH | #sdt013GH |
| Guyana | GY | #sdg1GY | #sdt013GY |
| India | IN | #sdg1IN | #sdt013IN |
| Ireland | IE | #sdg1IE | #sdt013IE |
| Jamaica | JM | #sdg1JM | #sdt013JM |
| Jordan | JO | #sdg1JO | #sdt013JO |
| Kenya | KE | #sdg1KE | #sdt013KE |
| Liberia | LR | #sdg1LR | #sdt013LR |
| Malawi | MW | #sdg1MW | #sdt013MW |
| Mauritius | MU | #sdg1MU | #sdt013MU |
| New Zealand | NZ | #sdg1NZ | #sdt013NZ |
| Nigeria | NG | #sdg1NG | #sdt013NG |
| Pakistan | PK | #sdg1PK | #sdt013PK |
| Papua New Guinea | PG | #sdg1PG | #sdt013PG |
| Philippines | PH | #sdg1PH | #sdt013PH |
| Rwanda | RW | #sdg1RW | #sdt013RW |
| Sierra Leone | SL | #sdg1SL | #sdt013SL |
| Singapore | SG | #sdg1SG | #sdt013SG |
| South Africa | ZA | #sdg1ZA | #sdt013ZA |
| South Sudan | SS | #sdg1SS | #sdt013SS |
| Sudan | SD | #sdg1SD | #sdt013SD |
| Swaziland | SZ | #sdg1SZ | #sdt013SZ |
| Tanzania | TZ | #sdg1TZ | #sdt013TZ |
| Uganda | UG | #sdg1UG | #sdt013UG |
| United Kingdom | GB | #sdg1GB | #sdt013GB |
| United States of America | US | #sdg1US | #sdt013US |
| Zimbabwe | ZW | #sdg1ZW | #sdt013ZW |
Classification of the Functions of Government (COFOG)
COFOG is the abbreviation of Classification of the Functions of Government. The full structure and definition of each of the over 100 classes can be found in a publication of the United Nations Statistics Division: Classifications of Expenditure According to Purpose: Classification of the Functions of Government (COFOG); Classification of Individual Consumption According to Purpose (COICOP); Classification of the Purposes of Non-Profit Institutions Serving Households (COPNI); Classification of the Outlays of Producers According to Purpose (COPP) at the website of the United Nations Statistics Division. The COFOG section and class definitions have also been added to the pages defining the cofogWW hashtags which are a part of the Ens wiki.
The classification contains the sections in the table below. Each section includes a number of classes. In the COFOG class names, four abbreviations are frequently used: CS, IS, R&D and n.e.c. CS means collective services, IS means individual services, R&D means Research and Development and n.e.c. means not elsewhere classified.
| cofog #tag | COFOG Section |
|---|---|
| #cofog01 | General Public Services |
| #cofog02 | Defence |
| #cofog03 | Public Order and Safety |
| #cofog04 | Economic Affairs |
| #cofog05 | Environmental Protection |
| #cofog06 | Housing and Community Amenities |
| #cofog07 | Health |
| #cofog08 | Recreation, Culture and Religion |
| #cofog09 | Education |
| #cofog10 | Social Protection |
The second annex lists the classes for each of the COFOG divisions, with for each division a link to its description in the Ens wiki. The Ens wiki also includes the full definition of each COFOG class.
Tools for looking up cofog hashtags
For the cofog hashtags two tools are provided: tabbed tables in several languages and a term cloud in English.
The tagcoding pivot page of the Actor Atlas lists the COFOG classes per division in a tabbed table.
The Actor Atlas also has a English tagcloud for the functions of government.
The country #tagcoding guides list the hashtags for each function of government, for instance for education in Nepal:
The localised hashtag for the Education division in COFOG is #cofog09NP, and for the education section in ISIC it is #p1NP. The reason is that alphanumeric tags are preferred to avoid homonyms. For the cofog divisions, a tag such as #cofog01NP would be possible, but for the ISIC sections, #isicPNP is a pure alphabetic sequence and therefore hasn’t been selected. To separate the ISIC Section upper case letter from the country code, we have chosen “1”.
COFOG 01 - General Public Services
The COFOG section 01 - General Public Services contains the classes in the below table.
| cofog #tag | Class name |
|---|---|
| #cofog0111 | Executive and legislative organs (CS) |
| #cofog0112 | Financial and fiscal affairs (CS) |
| #cofog0113 | External affairs (CS) |
| #cofog0121 | Economic aid to developing countries and countries in transition (CS) |
| #cofog0122 | Economic aid routed through international organizations (CS) |
| #cofog0131 | General personnel services (CS) |
| #cofog0132 | Overall planning and statistical services (CS) |
| #cofog0133 | Other general services (CS) |
| #cofog0140 | Basic research (CS) |
| #cofog0150 | R&D General public services (CS) |
| #cofog0160 | General public services n.e.c. (CS) |
| #cofog0170 | Public debt transactions (CS) |
| #cofog0180 | Transfers of a general character between different levels of government (CS) |
The tag for the function of government in a country is constructed by adding the ISO country code to the root-tag. For instance for Financial and fiscal affairs in each of the countries below:
| Country | ISO code | class #tag | section #tag |
|---|---|---|---|
| Australia | AU | #cofog0112AU | #cofog01AU |
| Botswana | BW | #cofog0112BW | #cofog01BW |
| Cameroon | CM | #cofog0112CM | #cofog01CM |
| Canada | CA | #cofog0112CA | #cofog01CA |
| The Gambia | GM | #cofog0112GM | #cofog01GM |
| Ghana | GH | #cofog0112GH | #cofog01GH |
| Guyana | GY | #cofog0112GY | #cofog01GY |
| India | IN | #cofog0112IN | #cofog01IN |
| Ireland | IE | #cofog0112IE | #cofog01IE |
| Jamaica | JM | #cofog0112JM | #cofog01JM |
| Jordan | JO | #cofog0112JO | #cofog01JO |
| Kenya | KE | #cofog0112KE | #cofog01KE |
| Lesotho | LS | #cofog0112LS | #cofog01LS |
| Liberia | LR | #cofog0112LR | #cofog01LR |
| Malawi | MW | #cofog0112MW | #cofog01MW |
| Mauritius | MU | #cofog0112MU | #cofog01MU |
| New Zealand | NZ | #cofog0112NZ | #cofog01NZ |
| Nigeria | NG | #cofog0112NG | #cofog01NG |
| Pakistan | PK | #cofog0112PK | #cofog01PK |
| Papua New Guinea | PG | #cofog0112PG | #cofog01PG |
| Philippines | PH | #cofog0112PH | #cofog01PH |
| Rwanda | RW | #cofog0112RW | #cofog01RW |
| Sierra Leone | SL | #cofog0112SL | #cofog01SL |
| Singapore | SG | #cofog0112SG | #cofog01SG |
| South Africa | ZA | #cofog0112ZA | #cofog01ZA |
| South Sudan | SS | #cofog0112SS | #cofog01SS |
| Sudan | SD | #cofog0112SD | #cofog01SD |
| Swaziland | SZ | #cofog0112SZ | #cofog01SZ |
| Tanzania | TZ | #cofog0112TZ | #cofog01TZ |
| Uganda | UG | #cofog0112UG | #cofog01UG |
| United Kingdom | GB | #cofog0112GB | #cofog01GB |
| United States of America | US | #cofog0112US | #cofog01US |
| Zambia | ZM | #cofog0112ZM | #cofog01ZM |
| Zimbabwe | ZW | #cofog0112ZW | #cofog01ZW |
International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC)
ISIC is the abbreviation of International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities. In this booklet the tags are defined on the basis of the classes in revision 4. The full structure and definition of each of the over 400 classes is at the website of the United Nations Statistics Division. The below table lists the sections that group the classes.
The ISIC section, division and class definitions have also been added to the pages defining the isicWW hashtags which are a part of the Ens wiki.
The third annex lists the classes for each of the ISIC sections, with for each section a link to its complete description in the Ens wiki. The Ens wiki also includes the full definition of each ISIC class and links to the corresponding product classes and product groups of the Central Product Classification.
| #x1 tag | ISIC Revision 4 Section |
|---|---|
| #a1 | A - Agriculture, forestry and fishing |
| #b1 | B - Mining and quarrying |
| #c1 | C - Manufacturing |
| #d1 | D - Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply |
| #e1 | E - Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities |
| #f1 | F - Construction |
| #g1 | G - Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles |
| #h1 | H - Transportation and storage |
| #i1 | I - Accommodation and food service activities |
| #j1 | J - Information and communication |
| #k1 | K - Financial and insurance activities |
| #l1 | L - Real estate activities |
| #m1 | M - Professional, scientific and technical activities |
| #n1 | N - Administrative and support service activities |
| #o1 | O - Public administration and defence; compulsory social security |
| #p1 | P - Education |
| #q1 | Q - Human health and social work activities |
| #r1 | R - Arts, entertainment and recreation |
| #s1 | S - Other service activities |
| #t1 | T - Activities of households |
| #u1 | U - Activities of extraterritorial organizations and bodies |
Tools for looking up isic hashtags
For the isic hashtags two tools are provided: tabbed tables in several languages and a term cloud in English.
The tagcoding pivot page of the Actor Atlas lists the ISIC divisions and classes per division in a tabbed table.
The Actor Atlas also has a English tagcloud for the economic activities.
Agricultural machinery occurs in these four ISIC classes:
The country #tagcoding pages list the hashtags for each economic activity, for instance for the section education in Germany it is #a1DE.
ISIC A - Agriculture, forestry and fishing
The ISIC section A - Agriculture, forestry and fishing contains the classes in the below table.
| isic tag | Class name |
|---|---|
| #isic0111 | Growing of cereals (except rice), leguminous crops and oil seeds |
| #isic0112 | Growing of rice |
| #isic0113 | Growing of vegetables and melons, roots and tubers |
| #isic0114 | Growing of sugar cane |
| #isic0115 | Growing of tobacco |
| #isic0116 | Growing of fibre crops |
| #isic0119 | Growing of other non-perennial crops |
| #isic0121 | Growing of grapes |
| #isic0122 | Growing of tropical and subtropical fruits |
| #isic0123 | Growing of citrus fruits |
| #isic0124 | Growing of pome fruits and stone fruits |
| #isic0125 | Growing of other tree and bush fruits and nuts |
| #isic0126 | Growing of oleaginous fruits |
| #isic0127 | Growing of beverage crops |
| #isic0128 | Growing of spices, aromatic, drug and pharmaceutical crops |
| #isic0129 | Growing of other perennial crops |
| #isic0130 | Plant propagation |
| #isic0141 | Raising of cattle and buffaloes |
| #isic0142 | Raising of horses and other equines |
| #isic0143 | Raising of camels and camelids |
| #isic0144 | Raising of sheep and goats |
| #isic0145 | Raising of swine/pigs |
| #isic0146 | Raising of poultry |
| #isic0149 | Raising of other animals |
| #isic0150 | Mixed farming |
| #isic0161 | Support activities for crop production |
| #isic0162 | Support activities for animal production |
| #isic0163 | Post-harvest crop activities |
| #isic0164 | Seed processing for propagation |
| #isic0170 | Hunting, trapping and related service activities |
| #isic0210 | Silviculture and other forestry activities |
| #isic0220 | Logging |
| #isic0230 | Gathering of non-wood forest products |
| #isic0240 | Support services to forestry |
| #isic0311 | Marine fishing |
| #isic0312 | Freshwater fishing |
| #isic0321 | Marineaquaculture |
| #isic0322 | Freshwater aquaculture |
The #isic tag for an economic activity in a country is constructed by adding the ISO country code to the roottag in the previous table. For instance for Freshwater fishing in each of the countries below:
| Country | ISO code | isic tag |
|---|---|---|
| Canada | CA | #isic0312CA |
| The Gambia | GM | #isic0312GM |
| Ghana | GH | #isic0312GH |
| India | IN | #isic0312IN |
| Ireland | IE | #isic0312IE |
| Jordan | JO | #isic0312JO |
| Kenya | KE | #isic0312KE |
| Liberia | LR | #isic0312LR |
| Malawi | MW | #isic0312MW |
| Mauritius | MU | #isic0312MU |
| New Zealand | NZ | #isic0312NZ |
| Nigeria | NG | #isic0312NG |
| Pakistan | PK | #isic0312PK |
| Papua New Guinea | PG | #isic0312PG |
| Philippines | PH | #isic0312PH |
| Rwanda | RW | #isic0312RW |
| Sierra Leone | SL | #isic0312SL |
| South Africa | ZA | #isic0312ZA |
| South Sudan | SS | #isic0312SS |
| Sudan | SD | #isic0312SD |
| Swaziland | SZ | #isic0312SZ |
| Tanzania | TZ | #isic0312TZ |
| Uganda | UG | #isic0312UG |
| United Kingdom | GB | #isic0312GB |
| United States of America | US | #isic0312US |
| Zimbabwe | ZW | #isic0312ZW |
Central Product Classification (CPC)
CPC is the abbreviation of Central Product Classification. The Central Product Classification (CPC) constitutes a complete product classification covering goods and services. It serves as an international standard for assembling and tabulating all kinds of data requiring product detail, including industrial production, national accounts, service industries, domestic and foreign commodity trade, international trade in services, balance of payments, consumption and price statistics.
At the website of the United Nations Statistics Division there is an English pdf document of 600 pages without bookmarks. It defines the product classes and describes by which ISIC classes products or services are produced. Also the correspondence to the Harmonized System used by customs is described. The below table lists the ten product sections.
Annex 4 lists the CPC divisions and groups for each of the ten CPC sections. For each section there is a link to the CPC Section page of the Ens wiki. The online Ens wiki CPC chapter contains the definitions and ISIC correspondences for each CPC section, division, group and class.
| #tagcoding | CPC section |
|---|---|
| #cpc0 | Agriculture, forestry and fishery products |
| #cpc1 | Ores and minerals; electricity, gas and water |
| #cpc2 | Food products, beverages and tobacco; textiles, apparel and leather products |
| #cpc3 | Other transportable goods, except metal products, machinery and equipment |
| #cpc4 | Metal products, machinery and equipment |
| #cpc5 | Constructions and construction services |
| #cpc6 | Distributive trade services; accommodation, food and beverage serving services; transport services; and electricity, … |
| #cpc7 | Financial and related services; real estate services; and rental and leasing services |
| #cpc8 | Business and production services |
| #cpc9 | Community, social and personal services |
Tools for looking up cpc hashtags
For the cpc hashtags two tools are provided:
In the chapter on the mixed term cloud we explained the addition of cpc hashtag codes to terms for tagging the item: pages.
The term cloud Tags for goods, services and bads can be used to look up the #cpc code for many products and services, but is not complete (yet).
The ISIC class definition pages in the Ens wiki include references to the cpc pages for its products or services. This is illustrated for #isic0230 - Gathering of non-wood forest products in the screenshot below.
Each CPC class page (in the Ens wiki) has a breadcrumbs which shows where it is positioned in the Central Product Classification. This is illustrated for #cpc0137 - Nuts (excluding wild edible nuts and groundnuts), in shell.
Each CPC class page (in the Ens wiki) has a siblings classes tab which shows the other classes (or divisions) in the Central Product Classification. This is also illustrated for #cpc0137 - Nuts (excluding wild edible nuts and groundnuts), in shell.
CPC 0 - Agriculture, forestry and fishery products
The CPC section A - Agriculture, forestry and fishing includes the divisions and groups in the below table.
| CPC tag | CPC division or group |
|---|---|
| #cpc01 | Products of agriculture, horticulture and market gardening |
| #cpc011 | Cereals |
| #cpc012 | Vegetables |
| #cpc013 | Fruits and nuts |
| #cpc014 | Oilseeds and oleaginous fruits |
| #cpc015 | Edible roots and tubers with high starch or inulin content |
| #cpc016 | Stimulant, spice and aromatic crops |
| #cpc017 | Pulses (dried leguminous vegetables) |
| #cpc018 | Sugar crops |
| #cpc019 | Forage products; fibre crops; plants used in perfumery, pharmacy, or for insecticidal, fungicidal or similar purposes; |
| #cpc02 | Live animals and animal products (excluding meat) |
| #cpc021 | Live animals |
| #cpc022 | Raw milk |
| #cpc023 | Eggs of hens or other birds in shell, fresh |
| #cpc024 | Reproductive materials of animals |
| #cpc029 | Other animal products |
| #cpc03 | Forestry and logging products |
| #cpc031 | Wood in the rough |
| #cpc032 | Non-wood forest products |
| #cpc04 | Fish and other fishing products |
| #cpc041 | Fish, live, not for human consumption |
| #cpc042 | Fish live, fresh or chilled for human consumption |
| #cpc043 | Crustaceans, live, fresh or chilled |
| #cpc044 | Molluscs live, fresh or chilled |
| #cpc045 | Other aquatic invertebrates, live, fresh or chilled |
| #cpc049 | Other aquatic plants and animals |
As yet, for cpc coding hashtags no localization by adding country codes has been practised. It is an option to do this. In that case #cpc023BE would refer to Eggs of hens or other birds in shell, fresh from Belgium, for instance.
It is also possible to create hashtags for the trade in products, for instance: #cpc021INBD for the trade of #cpc021 - Live animals from India (IN) to Bangladesh (BD).
News and content on tariffs for products traded from China (CN) to the United States of America (US), and vice versa, could thus be shared using coding hashtags combining the appropriate product division, group or class cpc tag, and adding the two-country codes CNUS or USCN respectively, such as for instance in #cpc042CNUS and #cpc042USCN.
Territorial Tags
The ISO country codes provide a first means for localizing the international coding hashtags. For these codes we provide a tabbed table listing countries per continent as part of pages of side-bars.
The tab “Oceania” lists these countries:
In the territorial “local government unit” hashtags we combine the ISO country code with numeric, alphabetic or alpha-numeric codes defined by the national statistics organizations for the local government units.
A list of national statistics organizations is provided at the national statistical system page of the Actor Atlas.
The Actor Atlas contains an alphabetic term cloud with the name and #WWlgu #tagcoding hashtag for major local government units in most countries of the world: Local government units with #WWlgu hashtag.
For the European Union, India, the Philippines, Tanzania and the United States, separate more complete tagclouds have been created.
The localization of #covid19 and #omicron tags
A city’s, county’s, state’s or country’s lgu code can be added to #covid19 or #omicron to create distinct #tagcoding tags to share local news about the fight against COVID-19. Such tags are called #covid19lgu tags.
The #covid19lgu tag is useful in a variety of situations. For instance to update constituencies on the local infection and vaccination numbers, or when local government and others engage on social media to build confidence and trust when the roles of local government and public sentiment varies across jurisdictional lines.
The European Union
The NUTS classification (Nomenclature of territorial units for statistics) is a hierarchical system for dividing up the economic territory of the EU for the purpose of statistical analysis. The current NUTS classification valid from 1 January 2012 until 31 December 2014 lists 97 regions at NUTS-1, 270 regions at NUTS-2 and 1294 regions at NUTS-3 level. Due to the accession of Croatia on 1 July 2013 the NUTS classification was extended by 1 NUTS-1, 2 NUTS-2 and 21 NUTS-3 regions. Full details on NUTS are at the Eurostat website.
Territorial #EUlgu tags on the basis of NUTS are defined at the EU Social Capital wiki. In the EU social capital wiki we are currently creating a wike page for each NUTS 3 area. Once these pages have been created, also the NUTS3 tagcloud will be complete.
The joint use of both the EU-wide NUTS tags and nationally defined codes is illustrated in the screenshot below, taken from the Hovedstaden page of the EU Social Capital Wiki: Frederiksberg, as part of Byen København, has “NUTS3 tag” #DK011, and it has tag #DK147 on the basis of its code in the Danish statistical system.
India
Territorial #INlgu tags are defined for states, union territories and districts, cities, villages and towns.
The current proposition is to use the coding pattern devised following the recommendation of the Metadata and Data Standard (MDDS) Committee. Its full details are at the Census of India website: Description of Coding Sequence for Location Code Directory.
This is the coding convention:
- A State code of 2 digits within India
- A District code of 3 digits continuous code within India
- A Sub-district code of 5 digits continuous code within India
- A Village code of 6 digits continuous code within India in which the range of 000001 – 799999 is for Villages and the range 800001 - 899999 is for statutory towns.
For instance the village Tamsi has sub-district code 04305, it is part of District Adilabad with code 532, in Andhra Pradesh with State code 28.
The #INlgu tags are as follows:
| State | Andhra Pradesh | #IN28 |
| District | Adilabad | #IN532 |
| Village / Subdivision | Tamsi | #IN04305 |
The screenshot below shows part of the district-#INlgu cloud at the India #tags social capital wiki.
Philippines
Territorial #PHlgu tags have been defined on the basis of municipal identifiers in the domestic statistical systems.
The screenshot below shows part of the municipality-#PHlgu cloud at the #tgl2wiki.
Tanzania
Territorial #TZlgu tags have been defined for all districts and regions of Tanzania.
The screenshot below shows part of the Region or district-#TZlgu cloud at the Tanzania #tags social capital wiki.
United States of America
State and county #USlgu hashtags have been defined on the basis of the FIPS codes defined by the US census.
The screenshot below shows part of the County-#USlgu cloud at the US #tags social capital wiki.
Language codes
The 2 or 3 character ISO 639 language codes are used in the hashtag #xy2wiki and can be combined with the hashtags for products and services that are important for Reading and writing by native and second language speakers of a language.
Such products and services include:
| CPC tag | CPC service division or group |
|---|---|
| #cpc322xy | #cpc322 - Books, in print product of #isic581 - Publishing of books, periodicals and other publishing activities |
| #cpc3221xy | #cpc3221 - Educational textbooks, in print product of #isic581 - Publishing of books, periodicals and other publishing activities |
| #cpc7329xy | #cpc7329 - Leasing or rental services concerning other goods n.e.c., product of #isic9101 - Library and archives activities |
| #cpc8395xy | #cpc8395 - Translation and interpretation services, product of #isic7490 - Other professional, scientific and technical activities n.e.c. |
| #cpc843xy | #cpc843 - On-line content, product of #isic581 - Publishing of books, periodicals and other publishing activities |
| #cpc8431xy | #cpc8431 - On-line text based information, product of #isic581 - Publishing of books, periodicals and other publishing activities |
| #cpc844xy | #cpc844 - News agency services of #isic6391 - News agency activities |
| #cpc8451xy | #cpc8451 - Library services of #isic9101 - Library and archives activities |
| #cpc8452xy | #cpc8452 - Archive services of #isic9101 - Library and archives activities |
| #cpc9632xy | #cpc9632 - Services of authors, composers, sculptors and other artists, except performing artists of #isic9000 - Creative, arts and entertainment activities |
Annex 5 alphabetically lists over 500 languages with their ISO 639 code.
References
Bouissou, Julien, ‘Info ladies’ go biking to bring remote Bangladeshi villages online, The Guardian Global Development, July 30, 2013.
Classification of the Functions of Government (COFOG), UN Statistics Division, 2000 (p. 35-82) https://unstats.un.org/unsd/publications/catalogue?selectID=145
Goossenaerts, J., Possel-Dolken F., Popplewell, K., 2007. Vision, Trends, Gaps, and a Broad Road Map for Future Engineering. International Journal of e-Collaboration (IJeC) 3(4) URL https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-70802-7_13
International Standard Industrial Classifications of All Economic Activities (ISIC) Rev.4, UN Statistics Division, 2008. (available in English, Arabic, French, Chinese, Spanish and Russian).
Kramnick, Isaac, “Encyclopédie” in The Portable Enlightenment Reader, edited by Isaac Kramnick, Toronto: Penguin Books, 1995, ISBN 0-14-024566-9.
Mulgan, Geoff, Collective intelligence and achieving the Sustainable Development Goals How the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) could become more like a platform; Nesta Blog, 28 September 2018.
Nonaka, I., Toyama, R., Konno, N., February 2000. SECI, ba and leadership: a unified model of dynamic knowledge creation. Long Range Planning 33 (1), 5–34. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0024-6301(99)00115-6
Object Management Group (OMG). Value Delivery Modeling Language (VDML) (2018)
Otlet, Paul. Traité de documentation (1934).
Perkowitz, Sidney, The Internet Before the Internet: Paul Otlet’s Mundaneum; JSTOR Daily, March 5, 2016.
Singh, J., Hansen, M. T., Podolny, J. M., September 2010. The world is not small for everyone: Inequity in searching for knowledge in organizations. MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 56 (9), 1415–1438. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1100.1201.
Stiglitz, Joseph. “Scan Globally, Reinvent Locally: Knowledge Infrastructure and the Localization of Knowledge.” In Banking on Knowledge: The Genesis of the Global Development Network, 24-43. Ed. Diane Stone. London: Routledge, 2000.
The Open Group, ArchiMate® 3.0.1 Specification, 2017.
UN General Assembly, Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, Sept. 25, 2015. Available in EnglishArabic, French, Chinese, Spanish and Russian).
Wikipedia, on Encyclopédie (consulted September 2018).
Wikipedia, on Mundaneum (consulted September 2018).
Wright, Alex. Cataloging the World: Paul Otlet and the Birth of the Information Age, Oxford University Press, 2014, ISBN 0-19-993141-0.
Annex 1 - #tagcoding hashtags for all Countries
This annex lists all countries and territories of the world, each with its ISO country code and their generic coding hashtags. Over a hundred thousand topics for discourse are supported by combining the ISO code with the #sdg, #cofog, #isic and #lgu root tags from the previous chapters. Moreover, there will be over a million #lgu tags.
For most countries, the #sdg, #lgu, #cofog and #isic tags are listed in their Actor Atlas page, as was illustrated in the previous chapters. Those territories for which this is not the case are marked with *.
| Country | ISO code | cofog tag | isic tag | lgu tag | sdg tag |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afghanistan | AF | #cofogAF | #isicAF | #AFlgu | #sdgAF |
| Aland Islands* | AX | #cofogAX | #isicAX | #AXlgu | #sdgAX |
| Albania | AL | #cofogAL | #isicAL | #ALlgu | #sdgAL |
| Algeria | DZ | #cofogDZ | #isicDZ | #DZlgu | #sdgDZ |
| American Samoa* | AS | #cofogAS | #isicAS | #ASlgu | #sdgAS |
| Andorra* | AD | #cofogAD | #isicAD | #ADlgu | #sdgAD |
| Angola | AO | #cofogAO | #isicAO | #AOlgu | #sdgAO |
| Anguilla* | AI | #cofogAI | #isicAI | #AIlgu | #sdgAI |
| Antarctica* | AQ | #cofogAQ | #isicAQ | #AQlgu | #sdgAQ |
| Antigua and Barbuda | AG | #cofogAG | #isicAG | #AGlgu | #sdgAG |
| Argentina | AR | #cofogAR | #isicAR | #ARlgu | #sdgAR |
| Armenia | AM | #cofogAM | #isicAM | #AMlgu | #sdgAM |
| Country | ISO code | cofog tag | isic tag | lgu tag | sdg tag |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aruba* | AW | #cofogAW | #isicAW | #AWlgu | #sdgAW |
| Australia | AU | #cofogAU | #isicAU | #AUlgu | #sdgAU |
| Austria | AT | #cofogAT | #isicAT | #ATlgu | #sdgAT |
| The Bahamas | BS | #cofogBS | #isicBS | #BSlgu | #sdgBS |
| Bahrain | BH | #cofogBH | #isicBH | #BHlgu | #sdgBH |
| Bangladesh | BD | #cofogBD | #isicBD | #BDlgu | #sdgBD |
| Barbados | BB | #cofogBB | #isicBB | #BBlgu | #sdgBB |
| Belarus | BY | #cofogBY | #isicBY | #BYlgu | #sdgBY |
| Belgium | BE | #cofogBE | #isicBE | #BElgu | #sdgBE |
| Belize | BZ | #cofogBZ | #isicBZ | #BZlgu | #sdgBZ |
| Benin | BJ | #cofogBJ | #isicBJ | #BJlgu | #sdgBJ |
| Bermuda | BM | #cofogBM | #isicBM | #BMlgu | #sdgBM |
| Bhutan | BT | #cofogBT | #isicBT | #BTlgu | #sdgBT |
| Bolivia | BO | #cofogBO | #isicBO | #BOlgu | #sdgBO |
| Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba* | BQ | #cofogBQ | #isicBQ | #BQlgu | #sdgBQ |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | BA | #cofogBA | #isicBA | #BAlgu | #sdgBA |
| Botswana | BW | #cofogBW | #isicBW | #BWlgu | #sdgBW |
| Bouvet Island* | BV | #cofogBV | #isicBV | #BVlgu | #sdgBV |
| Brazil | BR | #cofogBR | #isicBR | #BRlgu | #sdgBR |
| British Indian Ocean Territory* | IO | #cofogIO | #isicIO | #IOlgu | #sdgIO |
| Brunei Darussalam | BN | #cofogBN | #isicBN | #BNlgu | #sdgBN |
| Bulgaria | BG | #cofogBG | #isicBG | #BGlgu | #sdgBG |
| Burkina Faso | BF | #cofogBF | #isicBF | #BFlgu | #sdgBF |
| Burundi | BI | #cofogBI | #isicBI | #BIlgu | #sdgBI |
| Cambodia | KH | #cofogKH | #isicKH | #KHlgu | #sdgKH |
| Cameroon | CM | #cofogCM | #isicCM | #CMlgu | #sdgCM |
| Canada | CA | #cofogCA | #isicCA | #CAlgu | #sdgCA |
| Cape Verde | CV | #cofogCV | #isicCV | #CVlgu | #sdgCV |
| Cayman Islands* | KY | #cofogKY | #isicKY | #KYlgu | #sdgKY |
| Central African Republic | CF | #cofogCF | #isicCF | #CFlgu | #sdgCF |
| Chad | TD | #cofogTD | #isicTD | #TDlgu | #sdgTD |
| Chile | CL | #cofogCL | #isicCL | #CLlgu | #sdgCL |
| China | CN | #cofogCN | #isicCN | #CNlgu | #sdgCN |
| Christmas Island* | CX | #cofogCX | #isicCX | #CXlgu | #sdgCX |
| Cocos (Keeling) Islands* | CC | #cofogCC | #isicCC | #CClgu | #sdgCC |
| Colombia | CO | #cofogCO | #isicCO | #COlgu | #sdgCO |
| Comoros | KM | #cofogKM | #isicKM | #KMlgu | #sdgKM |
| Congo | CG | #cofogCG | #isicCG | #CGlgu | #sdgCG |
| Congo, Democratic Republic of the | CD | #cofogCD | #isicCD | #CDlgu | #sdgCD |
| Cook Islands* | CK | #cofogCK | #isicCK | #CKlgu | #sdgCK |
| Costa Rica | CR | #cofogCR | #isicCR | #CRlgu | #sdgCR |
| Côte d’Ivoire | CI | #cofogCI | #isicCI | #CIlgu | #sdgCI |
| Croatia | HR | #cofogHR | #isicHR | #HRlgu | #sdgHR |
| Country | ISO code | cofog tag | isic tag | lgu tag | sdg tag |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cuba | CU | #cofogCU | #isicCU | #CUlgu | #sdgCU |
| Curaçao* | CW | #cofogCW | #isicCW | #CWlgu | #sdgCW |
| Cyprus | CY | #cofogCY | #isicCY | #CYlgu | #sdgCY |
| Czech Republic | CZ | #cofogCZ | #isicCZ | #CZlgu | #sdgCZ |
| Denmark | DK | #cofogDK | #isicDK | #DKlgu | #sdgDK |
| Djibouti | DJ | #cofogDJ | #isicDJ | #DJlgu | #sdgDJ |
| Dominica | DM | #cofogDM | #isicDM | #DMlgu | #sdgDM |
| Dominican Republic | DO | #cofogDO | #isicDO | #DOlgu | #sdgDO |
| Ecuador | EC | #cofogEC | #isicEC | #EClgu | #sdgEC |
| Egypt | EG | #cofogEG | #isicEG | #EGlgu | #sdgEG |
| El Salvador | SV | #cofogSV | #isicSV | #SVlgu | #sdgSV |
| Equatorial Guinea | GQ | #cofogGQ | #isicGQ | #GQlgu | #sdgGQ |
| Eritrea | ER | #cofogER | #isicER | #ERlgu | #sdgER |
| Estonia | EE | #cofogEE | #isicEE | #EElgu | #sdgEE |
| Ethiopia | ET | #cofogET | #isicET | #ETlgu | #sdgET |
| Falkland Islands (Malvinas)* | FK | #cofogFK | #isicFK | #FKlgu | #sdgFK |
| Faroe Islands* | FO | #cofogFO | #isicFO | #FOlgu | #sdgFO |
| Fiji | FJ | #cofogFJ | #isicFJ | #FJlgu | #sdgFJ |
| Finland | FI | #cofogFI | #isicFI | #FIlgu | #sdgFI |
| France | FR | #cofogFR | #isicFR | #FRlgu | #sdgFR |
| French Guiana* | GF | #cofogGF | #isicGF | #GFlgu | #sdgGF |
| French Polynesia* | PF | #cofogPF | #isicPF | #PFlgu | #sdgPF |
| French Southern Territories* | TF | #cofogTF | #isicTF | #TFlgu | #sdgTF |
| Gabon | GA | #cofogGA | #isicGA | #GAlgu | #sdgGA |
| The Gambia | GM | #cofogGM | #isicGM | #GMlgu | #sdgGM |
| Georgia | GE | #cofogGE | #isicGE | #GElgu | #sdgGE |
| Germany | DE | #cofogDE | #isicDE | #DElgu | #sdgDE |
| Ghana | GH | #cofogGH | #isicGH | #GHlgu | #sdgGH |
| Gibraltar* | GI | #cofogGI | #isicGI | #GIlgu | #sdgGI |
| Greece | GR | #cofogGR | #isicGR | #GRlgu | #sdgGR |
| Greenland* | GL | #cofogGL | #isicGL | #GLlgu | #sdgGL |
| Grenada | GD | #cofogGD | #isicGD | #GDlgu | #sdgGD |
| Guadeloupe* | GP | #cofogGP | #isicGP | #GPlgu | #sdgGP |
| Guam* | GU | #cofogGU | #isicGU | #GUlgu | #sdgGU |
| Guatemala | GT | #cofogGT | #isicGT | #GTlgu | #sdgGT |
| Guernsey* | GG | #cofogGG | #isicGG | #GGlgu | #sdgGG |
| Guinea | GN | #cofogGN | #isicGN | #GNlgu | #sdgGN |
| Guinea-Bissau | GW | #cofogGW | #isicGW | #GWlgu | #sdgGW |
| Guyana | GY | #cofogGY | #isicGY | #GYlgu | #sdgGY |
| Haiti | HT | #cofogHT | #isicHT | #HTlgu | #sdgHTG |
| Heard Island and McDonald Islands* | HM | #cofogHM | #isicHM | #HMlgu | #sdgHM |
| Holy See (Vatican City State)* | VA | #cofogVA | #isicVA | #VAlgu | #sdgVA |
| Honduras | HN | #cofogHN | #isicHN | #HNlgu | #sdgHN |
| Hong Kong | HK | #cofogHK | #isicHK | #HKlgu | #sdgHK |
| Hungary | HU | #cofogHU | #isicHU | #HUlgu | #sdgHU |
| Iceland | IS | #cofogIS | #isicIS | #ISlgu | #sdgIS |
| India | IN | #cofogIN | #isicIN | #INlgu | #sdgIN |
| Indonesia | ID | #cofogID | #isicID | #IDlgu | #sdgID |
| Iran, Islamic Rep. of | IR | #cofogIR | #isicIR | #IRlgu | #sdgIR |
| Iraq | IQ | #cofogIQ | #isicIQ | #IQlgu | #sdgIQ |
| Ireland | IE | #cofogIE | #isicIE | #IElgu | #sdgIE |
| Isle of Man* | IM | #cofogIM | #isicIM | #IMlgu | #sdgIM |
| Israel | IL | #cofogIL | #isicIL | #ILlgu | #sdgIL |
| Italy | IT | #cofogIT | #isicIT | #ITlgu | #sdgIT |
| Jamaica | JM | #cofogJM | #isicJM | #JMlgu | #sdgJM |
| Japan | JP | #cofogJP | #isicJP | #JPlgu | #sdgJP |
| Jersey* | JE | #cofogJE | #isicJE | #JElgu | #sdgJE |
| Jordan | JO | #cofogJO | #isicJO | #JOlgu | #sdgJO |
| Kazakhstan | KZ | #cofogKZ | #isicKZ | #KZlgu | #sdgKZ |
| Kenya | KE | #cofogKE | #isicKE | #KElgu | #sdgKE |
| Kiribati | KI | #cofogKI | #isicKI | #KIlgu | #sdgKI |
| Korea, DPR | KP | #cofogKP | #isicKP | #KPlgu | #sdgKP |
| Korea, Republic of | KR | #cofogKR | #isicKR | #KRlgu | #sdgKR |
| Kuwait | KW | #cofogKW | #isicKW | #KWlgu | #sdgKW |
| Kyrgyzstan | KG | #cofogKG | #isicKG | #KGlgu | #sdgKG |
| Lao, PDR | LA | #cofogLA | #isicLA | #LAlgu | #sdgLA |
| Latvia | LV | #cofogLV | #isicLV | #LVlgu | #sdgLV |
| Lebanon | LB | #cofogLB | #isicLB | #LBlgu | #sdgLB |
| Lesotho | LS | #cofogLS | #isicLS | #LSlgu | #sdgLSG |
| Liberia | LR | #cofogLR | #isicLR | #LRlgu | #sdgLR |
| Libya | LY | #cofogLY | #isicLY | #LYlgu | #sdgLY |
| Liechtenstein* | LI | #cofogLI | #isicLI | #LIlgu | #sdgAG |
| Lithuania | LT | #cofogLT | #isicLT | #LTlgu | #sdgLT |
| Luxembourg | LU | #cofogLU | #isicLU | #LUlgu | #sdgLU |
| Macao* | MO | #cofogMO | #isicMO | #MOlgu | #sdgMO |
| Macedonia, FYR | MK | #cofogMK | #isicMK | #MKlgu | #sdgMK |
| Madagascar | MG | #cofogMG | #isicMG | #MGlgu | #sdgMG |
| Malawi | MW | #cofogMW | #isicMW | #MWlgu | #sdgMW |
| Malaysia | MY | #cofogMY | #isicMY | #MYlgu | #sdgMY |
| Maldives | MV | #cofogMV | #isicMV | #MVlgu | #sdgMV |
| Mali | ML | #cofogML | #isicML | #MLlgu | #sdgML |
| Malta | MT | #cofogMT | #isicMT | #MTlgu | #sdgMT |
| Marshall Islands | MH | #cofogMH | #isicMH | #MHlgu | #sdgMH |
| Martinique* | MQ | #cofogMQ | #isicMQ | #MQlgu | #sdgMQ |
| Mauritania | MR | #cofogMR | #isicMR | #MRlgu | #sdgMR |
| Mauritius | MU | #cofogMU | #isicMU | #MUlgu | #sdgMU |
| Mayotte* | YT | #cofogYT | #isicYT | #YTlgu | #sdgYT |
| Mexico | MX | #cofogMX | #isicMX | #MXlgu | #sdgMX |
| Micronesia, Fed. States | FM | #cofogFM | #isicFM | #FMlgu | #sdgFM |
| Moldova, Republic of | MD | #cofogMD | #isicMD | #MDlgu | #sdgMD |
| Monaco* | MC | #cofogMC | #isicMC | #MClgu | #sdgMC |
| Mongolia | MN | #cofogMN | #isicMN | #MNlgu | #sdgMN |
| Montenegro | ME | #cofogME | #isicME | #MElgu | #sdgME |
| Montserrat* | MS | #cofogMS | #isicMS | #MSlgu | #sdgMS |
| Morocco | MA | #cofogMA | #isicMA | #MAlgu | #sdgMA |
| Mozambique | MZ | #cofogMZ | #isicMZ | #MZlgu | #sdgMZ |
| Myanmar | MM | #cofogMM | #isicMM | #MMlgu | #sdgMM |
| Namibia | NA | #cofogNA | #isicNA | #NAlgu | #sdgNA |
| Nauru* | NR | #cofogNR | #isicNR | #NRlgu | #sdgNR |
| Nepal | NP | #cofogNP | #isicNP | #NPlgu | #sdgNP |
| Netherlands | NL | #cofogNL | #isicNL | #NLlgu | #sdgNL |
| New Caledonia* | NC | #cofogNC | #isicNC | #NClgu | #sdgNC |
| New Zealand | NZ | #cofogNZ | #isicNZ | #NZlgu | #sdgNZ |
| Nicaragua | NI | #cofogNI | #isicNI | #NIlgu | #sdgNI |
| Niger | NE | #cofogNE | #isicNE | #NElgu | #sdgNE |
| Nigeria | NG | #cofogNG | #isicNG | #NGlgu | #sdgNG |
| Niue* | NU | #cofogNU | #isicNU | #NUlgu | #sdgNU |
| Norfolk Island* | NF | #cofogNF | #isicNF | #NFlgu | #sdgNF |
| Northern Mariana Islands* | MP | #cofogMP | #isicMP | #MPlgu | #sdgMP |
| Norway | NO | #cofogNO | #isicNO | #NOlgu | #sdgNO |
| Oman | OM | #cofogOM | #isicOM | #OMlgu | #sdgOM |
| Pakistan | PK | #cofogPK | #isicPK | #PKlgu | #sdgPK |
| Palau | PW | #cofogPW | #isicPW | #PWlgu | #sdgPW |
| Palestine, State of | PS | #cofogPS | #isicPS | #PSlgu | #sdgPS |
| Panama | PA | #cofogPA | #isicPA | #PAlgu | #sdgPA |
| Papua New Guinea | PG | #cofogPG | #isicPG | #PGlgu | #sdgPG |
| Paraguay | PY | #cofogPY | #isicPY | #PYlgu | #sdgPY |
| Peru | PE | #cofogPE | #isicPE | #PElgu | #sdgPE |
| Philippines | PH | #cofogPH | #isicPH | #PHlgu | #sdgPH |
| Pitcairn* | PN | #cofogPN | #isicPN | #PNlgu | #sdgPN |
| Poland | PL | #cofogPL | #isicPL | #PLlgu | #sdgPL |
| Portugal | PT | #cofogPT | #isicPT | #PTlgu | #sdgPT |
| Puerto Rico | PR | #cofogPR | #isicPR | #PRlgu | #sdgPR |
| Qatar | QA | #cofogQA | #isicQA | #QAlgu | #sdgQA |
| Réunion* | RE | #cofogRE | #isicRE | #RElgu | #sdgRE |
| Romania | RO | #cofogRO | #isicRO | #ROlgu | #sdgRO |
| Russian Federation | RU | #cofogRU | #isicRU | #RUlgu | #sdgRU |
| Rwanda | RW | #cofogRW | #isicRW | #RWlgu | #sdgRW |
| St. Barthélemy* | BL | #cofogBL | #isicBL | #BLlgu | #sdgBL |
| St. Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha* | SH | #cofogSH | #isicSH | #SHlgu | #sdgSH |
| St. Kitts and Nevis | KN | #cofogKN | #isicKN | #KNlgu | #sdgKN |
| St. Lucia | LC | #cofogLC | #isicLC | #LClgu | #sdgLC |
| St. Maarten (French Part)* | MF | #cofogMF | #isicMF | #MFlgu | #sdgMF |
| St. Pierre and Miquelon* | PM | #cofogPM | #isicPM | #PMlgu | #sdgPM |
| St. Vincent and the Grenadines | VC | #cofogVC | #isicVC | #VClgu | #sdgVC |
| Samoa* | WS | #cofogWS | #isicWS | #WSlgu | #sdgWS |
| San Marino* | SM | #cofogSM | #isicSM | #SMlgu | #sdgSM |
| Country | ISO code | cofog tag | isic tag | lgu tag | sdg tag |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| São Tomé and Principe | ST | #cofogST | #isicST | #STlgu | #sdgST |
| Saudi Arabia | SA | #cofogSA | #isicSA | #SAlgu | #sdgSA |
| Senegal | SN | #cofogSN | #isicSN | #SNlgu | #sdgSN |
| Serbia | RS | #cofogRS | #isicRS | #RSlgu | #sdgRS |
| Seychelles | SC | #cofogSC | #isicSC | #SClgu | #sdgSC |
| Sierra Leone | SL | #cofogSL | #isicSL | #SLlgu | #sdgSL |
| Singapore | SG | #cofogSG | #isicSG | #SGlgu | #sdgSG |
| Sint Maarten (Dutch Part)* | SX | #cofogSX | #isicSX | #SXlgu | #sdgSX |
| Slovakia | SK | #cofogSK | #isicSK | #SKlgu | #sdgSK |
| Slovenia | SI | #cofogSI | #isicSI | #SIlgu | #sdgSI |
| Solomon Islands | SB | #cofogSB | #isicSB | #SBlgu | #sdgSB |
| Somalia | SO | #cofogSO | #isicSO | #SOlgu | #sdgSO |
| South Africa | ZA | #cofogZA | #isicZA | #ZAlgu | #sdgZA |
| South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands* | GS | #cofogGS | #isicGS | #GSlgu | #sdgGS |
| South Sudan | SS | #cofogSS | #isicSS | #SSlgu | #sdgSS |
| Spain | ES | #cofogES | #isicES | #ESlgu | #sdgES |
| Sri Lanka | LK | #cofogLK | #isicLK | #LKlgu | #sdgLK |
| Sudan | SD | #cofogSD | #isicSD | #SDlgu | #sdgSD |
| Suriname | SR | #cofogSR | #isicSR | #SRlgu | #sdgSR |
| Svalbard and Jan Mayen* | SJ | #cofogSJ | #isicSJ | #SJlgu | #sdgSJ |
| Country | ISO code | cofog tag | isic tag | lgu tag | sdg tag |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Swaziland | SZ | #cofogSZ | #isicSZ | #SZlgu | #sdgSZ |
| Sweden | SE | #cofogSE | #isicSE | #SElgu | #sdgSE |
| Switzerland | CH | #cofogCH | #isicCH | #CHlgu | #sdgCH |
| Syrian Arab Republic | SY | #cofogSY | #isicSY | #SYlgu | #sdgSY |
| Taiwan | TW | #cofogTW | #isicTW | #TWlgu | #sdgTW |
| Tajikistan | TJ | #cofogTJ | #isicTJ | #TJlgu | #sdgTJ |
| Tanzania | TZ | #cofogTZ | #isicTZ | #TZlgu | #sdgTZ |
| Thailand | TH | #cofogTH | #isicTH | #THlgu | #sdgTH |
| Timor-Leste | TL | #cofogTL | #isicTL | #TLlgu | #sdgTL |
| Togo | TG | #cofogTG | #isicTG | #TGlgu | #sdgTG |
| Tokelau* | TK | #cofogTK | #isicTK | #TKlgu | #sdgTK |
| Tonga | TO | #cofogTO | #isicTO | #TOlgu | #sdgTO |
| Trinidad and Tobago | TT | #cofogTT | #isicTT | #TTlgu | #sdgTT |
| Tunisia | TN | #cofogTN | #isicTN | #TNlgu | #sdgTN |
| Turkey | TR | #cofogTR | #isicTR | #TRlgu | #sdgTR |
| Turkmenistan | TM | #cofogTM | #isicTM | #TMlgu | #sdgTM |
| Turks and Caicos Islands* | TC | #cofogTC | #isicTC | #TClgu | #sdgTC |
| Tuvalu* | TV | #cofogTV | #isicTV | #TVlgu | #sdgTV |
| Uganda | UG | #cofogUG | #isicUG | #UGlgu | #sdgUG |
| Ukraine | UA | #cofogUA | #isicUA | #UAlgu | #sdgUA |
| United Arab Emirates | AE | #cofogAE | #isicAE | #AElgu | #sdgAE |
| Country | ISO code | cofog tag | isic tag | lgu tag | sdg tag |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom | GB | #cofogGB | #isicGB | #GBlgu | #sdgGB |
| United States of America | US | #cofogUS | #isicUS | #USlgu | #sdgUS |
| United States of America Minor Outlying Islands | UM | #cofogUM | #isicUM | #UMlgu | #sdgUM |
| Uruguay | UY | #cofogUY | #isicUY | #UYlgu | #sdgUY |
| Uzbekistan | UZ | #cofogUZ | #isicUZ | #UZlgu | #sdgUZ |
| Vanuatu | VU | #cofogVU | #isicVU | #VUlgu | #sdgVU |
| Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of | VE | #cofogVE | #isicVE | #VElgu | #sdgVE |
| Vietnam | VN | #cofogVN | #isicVN | #VNlgu | #sdgVN |
| Virgin Islands, British* | VG | #cofogVG | #isicVG | #VGlgu | #sdgVG |
| Virgin Islands, U.S.* | VI | #cofogVI | #isicVI | #VIlgu | #sdgVI |
| Wallis and Futuna* | WF | #cofogWF | #isicWF | #WFlgu | #sdgWF |
| Western Sahara* | EH | #cofogEH | #isicEH | #EHlgu | #sdgEH |
| Yemen | YE | #cofogYE | #isicYE | #YElgu | #sdgYE |
| Zambia | ZM | #cofogZM | #isicZM | #ZMlgu | #sdgZM |
| Zimbabwe | ZW | #cofogZW | #isicZW | #ZWlgu | #sdgZW |
Annex 2 - Classification of the Functions of Government (COFOG)
COFOG is the abbreviation of Classification of the Functions of Government. The full structure and definition of each of the over 100 classes can be found in a publication of the United Nations Statistics Division: Classifications of Expenditure According to Purpose: Classification of the Functions of Government (COFOG); Classification of Individual Consumption According to Purpose (COICOP); Classification of the Purposes of Non-Profit Institutions Serving Households (COPNI); Classification of the Outlays of Producers According to Purpose (COPP) at the website of the United Nations Statistics Division. In the below list of the COFOG sections and classes there is a link to their definitions in the Ens wiki.
A first table lists the sections in the classification. Next the classes are listed for each of the tens sections. In the COFOG class names, four abbreviations are frequently used: CS, IS, R&D and n.e.c. CS means collective services, IS means individual services, R&D means Research and Development and n.e.c. means not elsewhere classified.
| cofog #tag | COFOG Section |
|---|---|
| #cofog01 | 01 - General Public Services |
| #cofog02 | 02 - Defence |
| #cofog03 | 03 - Public Order and Safety |
| #cofog04 | 04 - Economic Affairs |
| #cofog05 | 05 - Environmental Protection |
| #cofog06 | 06 - Housing and Community Amenities |
| #cofog07 | 07 - Health |
| #cofog08 | 08 - Recreation, Culture and Religion |
| #cofog09 | 09 - Education |
| #cofog10 | 10 - Social Protection |
COFOG 01 - General Public Services
The COFOG section 01 - General Public Services contains the classes in the below table.
| cofog #tag | Class name |
|---|---|
| #cofog0111 | Executive and legislative organs (CS) |
| #cofog0112 | Financial and fiscal affairs (CS) |
| #cofog0113 | External affairs (CS) |
| #cofog0121 | Economic aid to developing countries and countries in transition (CS) |
| #cofog0122 | Economic aid routed through international organizations (CS) |
| #cofog0131 | General personnel services (CS) |
| #cofog0132 | Overall planning and statistical services (CS) |
| #cofog0133 | Other general services (CS) |
| #cofog0140 | Basic research (CS) |
| #cofog0150 | R&D General public services (CS) |
| #cofog0160 | General public services n.e.c. (CS) |
| #cofog0170 | Public debt transactions (CS) |
| #cofog0180 | Transfers of a general character between different levels of government (CS) |
COFOG 02 - Defence
The COFOG section 02 - Defence contains the classes in the below table.
| cofog tag | Class name |
|---|---|
| #cofog0210 | Military defence (CS) |
| #cofog0220 | Civil defence (CS) |
| #cofog0230 | Foreign military aid (CS) |
| #cofog0240 | R&D Defence (CS) |
| #cofog0250 | Defence n.e.c. (CS) |
COFOG 03 - Public Order and Safety
The COFOG section 03 - Public Order and Safety contains the classes in the below table.
| cofog tag | Class name |
|---|---|
| #cofog0310 | Police services (CS) |
| #cofog0320 | Fire-protection services (CS) |
| #cofog0330 | Law courts (CS) |
| #cofog0340 | Prisons (CS) |
| #cofog0350 | R&D Public order and safety (CS) |
| #cofog0360 | Public order and safety n.e.c. (CS) |
COFOG 04 - Economic Affairs
The COFOG section 04 - Economic Affairs contains the classes in the below table.
| cofog tag | Class name |
|---|---|
| #cofog0411 | General economic and commercial affairs (CS) |
| #cofog0412 | General labour affairs (CS) |
| #cofog0421 | Agriculture (CS) |
| #cofog0422 | Forestry (CS) |
| #cofog0423 | Fishing and hunting (CS) |
| #cofog0431 | Coal and other solid mineral fuels (CS) |
| #cofog0432 | Petroleum and natural gas (CS) |
| #cofog0433 | Nuclear fuel (CS) |
| #cofog0434 | Other fuels (CS) |
| #cofog0435 | Electricity (CS) |
| #cofog0436 | Non-electric energy (CS) |
| #cofog0441 | Mining of mineral resources other than mineral fuels (CS) |
| #cofog0442 | Manufacturing (CS) |
| #cofog0443 | Construction (CS) |
| #cofog0451 | Road transport (CS) |
| #cofog0452 | Water transport (CS) |
| #cofog0453 | Railway transport (CS) |
| #cofog0454 | Air transport (CS) |
| #cofog0455 | Pipeline and other transport (CS) |
| #cofog0460 | Communication (CS) |
| #cofog0471 | Distributive trades, storage and warehousing (CS) |
| #cofog0472 | Hotels and restaurants (CS) |
| #cofog0473 | Tourism (CS) |
| #cofog0474 | Multi-purpose development projects (CS) |
| #cofog0481 | R&D General economic, commercial and labour affairs (CS) |
| #cofog0482 | R&D Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting (CS) |
| #cofog0483 | R&D Fuel and energy (CS) |
| #cofog0484 | R&D Mining, manufacturing and construction (CS) |
| #cofog0485 | R&D Transport (CS) |
| #cofog0486 | R&D Communication (CS) |
| #cofog0487 | R&D Other industries (CS) |
| #cofog0490 | Economic affairs n.e.c. (CS) |
COFOG 05 - Environmental Protection
The COFOG section 05 - Environmental Protection contains the classes in the below table.
| cofog tag | Class name |
|---|---|
| #cofog0510 | Waste management (CS) |
| #cofog0520 | Waste water management (CS) |
| #cofog0530 | Pollution abatement (CS) |
| #cofog0540 | Protection of biodiversity and landscape (CS) |
| #cofog0550 | R&D Environmental protection (CS) |
| #cofog0560 | Environmental protection n.e.c. (CS) |
COFOG 06 - Housing and Community Amenities
The COFOG section 06 - Housing and Community Amenities contains the classes in the below table.
| cofog tag | Class name |
|---|---|
| #cofog0610 | Housing development (CS) |
| #cofog0620 | Community development (CS) |
| #cofog0630 | Water supply (CS) |
| #cofog0640 | Street lighting (CS) |
| #cofog0650 | R&D Housing and community amenities (CS) |
| #cofog0660 | Housing and community amenities n.e.c. (CS) |
COFOG 07 - Health
The COFOG section 07 - Health contains the classes in the below table.
| cofog tag | Class name |
|---|---|
| #cofog0711 | Pharmaceutical products (IS) |
| #cofog0712 | Other medical products (IS) |
| #cofog0713 | Therapeutic appliances and equipment (IS) |
| #cofog0721 | General medical services (IS) |
| #cofog0722 | Specialized medical services (IS) |
| #cofog0723 | Dental services (IS) |
| #cofog0724 | General hospital services (IS) |
| #cofog0732 | Specialized hospital services (IS) |
| #cofog0733 | Medical and maternity centre services (IS) |
| #cofog0734 | Nursing and convalescent home services (IS) |
| #cofog0740 | Public health services (IS) |
| #cofog0750 | R&D Health (CS) |
| #cofog0760 | Health n.e.c. (CS) |
COFOG 08 - Recreation, Culture and Religion
The COFOG section 08 - Recreation, Culture and Religion contains the classes in the below table.
| cofog tag | Class name |
|---|---|
| #cofog0810 | Recreational and sporting services (IS) |
| #cofog0820 | Cultural services (IS) |
| #cofog0830 | Broadcasting and publishing services (CS) |
| #cofog0840 | Religious and other community services (CS) |
| #cofog0850 | R&D Recreation, culture and religion (CS) |
| #cofog0860 | Recreation, culture and religion n.e.c. (CS) |
COFOG 09 - Education
The COFOG section 09 - Education contains the classes in the below table.
| cofog tag | Class name |
|---|---|
| #cofog0911 | Pre-primary education (IS) |
| #cofog0912 | Primary education (IS) |
| #cofog0921 | Lower-secondary education (IS) |
| #cofog0922 | Upper-secondary education (IS) |
| #cofog0930 | Post-secondary non-tertiary education (IS) |
| #cofog0941 | First stage of tertiary education (IS) |
| #cofog0942 | Second stage of tertiary education (IS) |
| #cofog0950 | Education not definable by level (IS) |
| #cofog0960 | Subsidiary services to education (IS) |
| #cofog0970 | R&D Education (CS) |
| #cofog0980 | Education n.e.c. (CS) |
COFOG 10 - Social Protection
The COFOG section 10 - Social Protection contains the classes in the below table.
| cofog tag | Class name |
|---|---|
| #cofog1011 | Sickness (IS) |
| #cofog1012 | Disability (IS) |
| #cofog1020 | Old age (IS) |
| #cofog1030 | Survivors (IS) |
| #cofog1040 | Family and children (IS) |
| #cofog1050 | Unemployment (IS) |
| #cofog1060 | Housing (IS) |
| #cofog1070 | Social exclusion n.e.c. (IS) |
| #cofog1080 | R&D Social protection (CS) |
| #cofog1090 | Social protection n.e.c. (CS) |
Annex 3 - International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC)
ISIC is the abbreviation of International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities. In this booklet the tags are defined on the basis of the classes in revision 4. The full structure and definition of each of the over 400 classes is at the website of the United Nations Statistics Division. The below table lists the sections that group the classes.
| #tag | ISIC Revision 4 Sections |
|---|---|
| #a1 | A - Agriculture, forestry and fishing |
| #b1 | B - Mining and quarrying |
| #c1 | C - Manufacturing |
| #d1 | D - Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply |
| #e1 | E - Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities |
| #f1 | F - Construction |
| #g1 | G - Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles |
| #h1 | H - Transportation and storage |
| #i1 | I - Accommodation and food service activities |
| #j1 | J - Information and communication |
| #k1 | K - Financial and insurance activities |
| #l1 | L - Real estate activities |
| #m1 | M - Professional, scientific and technical activities |
| #n1 | N - Administrative and support service activities |
| #o1 | O - Public administration and defence; compulsory social security |
| #p1 | P - Education |
| #q1 | Q - Human health and social work activities |
| #r1 | R - Arts, entertainment and recreation |
| #s1 | S - Other service activities |
| #t1 | T - Activities of households |
| #u1 | U - Activities of extraterritorial organizations and bodies |
ISIC A - Agriculture, forestry and fishing
The ISIC section A - Agriculture, forestry and fishing contains the classes in the below table.
| isic tag | Class name |
|---|---|
| #isic0111 | Growing of cereals (except rice), leguminous crops and oil seeds |
| #isic0112 | Growing of rice |
| #isic0113 | Growing of vegetables and melons, roots and tubers |
| #isic0114 | Growing of sugar cane |
| #isic0115 | Growing of tobacco |
| #isic0116 | Growing of fibre crops |
| #isic0119 | Growing of other non-perennial crops |
| #isic0121 | Growing of grapes |
| #isic0122 | Growing of tropical and subtropical fruits |
| #isic0123 | Growing of citrus fruits |
| #isic0124 | Growing of pome fruits and stone fruits |
| #isic0125 | Growing of other tree and bush fruits and nuts |
| #isic0126 | Growing of oleaginous fruits |
| #isic0127 | Growing of beverage crops |
| #isic0128 | Growing of spices, aromatic, drug and pharmaceutical crops |
| #isic0129 | Growing of other perennial crops |
| #isic0130 | Plant propagation |
| #isic0141 | Raising of cattle and buffaloes |
| #isic0142 | Raising of horses and other equines |
| #isic0143 | Raising of camels and camelids |
| #isic0144 | Raising of sheep and goats |
| #isic0145 | Raising of swine/pigs |
| #isic0146 | Raising of poultry |
| #isic0149 | Raising of other animals |
| #isic0150 | Mixed farming |
| #isic0161 | Support activities for crop production |
| #isic0162 | Support activities for animal production |
| #isic0163 | Post-harvest crop activities |
| #isic0164 | Seed processing for propagation |
| #isic0170 | Hunting, trapping and related service activities |
| #isic0210 | Silviculture and other forestry activities |
| #isic0220 | Logging |
| #isic0230 | Gathering of non-wood forest products |
| #isic0240 | Support services to forestry |
| #isic0311 | Marine fishing |
| #isic0312 | Freshwater fishing |
| #isic0321 | Marineaquaculture |
| #isic0322 | Freshwater aquaculture |
ISIC B - Mining and quarrying
The ISIC section B - Mining and quarrying contains the classes in the below table.
| isic tag | Class name |
|---|---|
| #isic0510 | Mining of hard coal |
| #isic0520 | Mining of lignite |
| #isic0610 | Extraction of crude petroleum |
| #isic0620 | Extraction of natural gas |
| #isic0710 | Mining of iron ores |
| #isic0721 | Mining of uranium and thorium ores |
| #isic0729 | Mining of other non-ferrous metal ores |
| #isic0810 | Quarrying of stone, sand and clay |
| #isic0891 | Mining of chemical and fertilizer minerals |
| #isic0892 | Extraction of peat |
| #isic0893 | Extraction of salt |
| #isic0899 | Other mining and quarrying n.e.c. |
| #isic0910 | Support activities for petroleum and natural gas extraction |
| #isic0990 | Support activities for other mining and quarrying |
ISIC C - Manufacturing
The ISIC section C - Manufacturing contains the classes in the below table.
| isic tag | Class name |
|---|---|
| #isic1010 | Processing and preserving of meat |
| #isic1020 | Processing and preserving of fish, crustaceans and molluscs |
| #isic1030 | Processing and preserving of fruit and vegetables |
| #isic1040 | Manufacture of vegetable and animal oils and fats |
| #isic1050 | Manufacture of dairy products |
| #isic1061 | Manufacture of grain mill products |
| #isic1062 | Manufacture of starches and starch products |
| #isic1071 | Manufacture of bakery products |
| #isic1072 | Manufacture of sugar |
| #isic1073 | Manufacture of cocoa, chocolate and sugar confectionery |
| #isic1074 | Manufacture of macaroni, noodles, couscous and similar farinaceous products |
| #isic1075 | Manufacture of prepared meals and dishes |
| #isic1079 | Manufacture of other food products n.e.c. |
| #isic1080 | Manufacture of prepared animal feeds |
| #isic1101 | Distilling, rectifying and blending of spirits |
| #isic1102 | Manufacture of wines |
| #isic1103 | Manufacture of malt liquors and malt |
| #isic1104 | Manufacture of soft drinks; production of mineral waters and other bottled waters |
| #isic1200 | Manufacture of tobacco products |
| #isic1311 | Preparation and spinning of textile fibres |
| #isic1312 | Weaving of textiles |
| #isic1313 | Finishing of textiles |
| #isic1391 | Manufacture of knitted and crocheted fabrics |
| #isic1392 | Manufacture of made-up textile articles, except apparel |
| #isic1393 | Manufacture of carpets and rugs |
| #isic1394 | Manufacture of cordage, rope, twine and netting |
| #isic1399 | Manufacture of other textiles n.e.c. |
| #isic1410 | Manufacture of wearing apparel, except fur apparel |
| #isic1420 | Manufacture of articles of fur |
| #isic1430 | Manufacture of knitted and crocheted apparel |
| #isic1511 | Tanning and dressing of leather; dressing and dyeing of fur |
| #isic1512 | Manufacture of luggage, handbags and the like, saddlery and harness |
| #isic1520 | Manufacture of footwear |
| #isic1610 | Sawmilling and planing of wood |
| #isic1621 | Manufacture of veneer sheets and wood-based panels |
| #isic1622 | Manufacture of builders’ carpentry and joinery |
| #isic1623 | Manufacture of wooden containers |
| #isic1629 | Manufacture of other products of wood; manufacture of articles of cork, straw and plaiting materials |
| #isic1701 | Manufacture of pulp, paper and paperboard |
| #isic1702 | Manufacture of corrugated paper and paperboard and of containers of paper and paperboard |
| #isic1709 | Manufacture of other articles of paper and paperboard |
| #isic1811 | Printing |
| #isic1812 | Service activities related to printing |
| #isic1820 | Reproduction of recorded media |
| #isic1910 | Manufacture of coke oven products |
| #isic1920 | Manufacture of refined petroleum products |
| #isic2011 | Manufacture of basic chemicals |
| #isic2012 | Manufacture of fertilizers and nitrogen compounds |
| #isic2013 | Manufacture of plastics and synthetic rubber in primary forms |
| #isic2021 | Manufacture of pesticides and other agrochemical products |
| #isic2022 | Manufacture of paints, varnishes and similar coatings, printing ink and mastics |
| #isic2023 | Manufacture of soap and detergents, cleaning and polishing preparations, perfumes and toilet preparations |
| #isic2029 | Manufacture of other chemical products n.e.c. |
| #isic2030 | Manufacture of man-made fibres |
| #isic2100 | Manufacture of pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemical and botanical products |
| #isic2211 | Manufacture of rubber tyres and tubes; retreading and rebuilding of rubber tyres |
| #isic2219 | Manufacture of other rubber products |
| #isic2220 | Manufacture of plastics products |
| #isic2310 | Manufacture of glass and glass products |
| #isic2391 | Manufacture of refractory products |
| #isic2392 | Manufacture of clay building materials |
| #isic2393 | Manufacture of other porcelain and ceramic products |
| #isic2394 | Manufacture of cement, lime and plaster |
| #isic2395 | Manufacture of articles of concrete, cement and plaster |
| #isic2396 | Cutting, shaping and finishing of stone |
| #isic2399 | Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products n.e.c. |
| #isic2410 | Manufacture of basic iron and steel |
| #isic2420 | Manufacture of basic precious and other non-ferrous metals |
| #isic2431 | Casting of iron and steel |
| #isic2432 | Casting of non-ferrous metals |
| #isic2511 | Manufacture of structural metal products |
| #isic2512 | Manufacture of tanks, reservoirs and containers of metal |
| #isic2513 | Manufacture of steam generators, except central heating hot water boilers |
| #isic2520 | Manufacture of weapons and ammunition |
| #isic2591 | Forging, pressing, stamping and roll-forming of metal; powder metallurgy |
| #isic2592 | Treatment and coating of metals; machining |
| #isic2593 | Manufacture of cutlery, hand tools and general hardware |
| #isic2599 | Manufacture of other fabricated metal products n.e.c. |
| #isic2610 | Manufacture of electronic components and boards |
| #isic2620 | Manufacture of computers and peripheral equipment |
| #isic2630 | Manufacture of communication equipment |
| #isic2640 | Manufacture of consumer electronics |
| #isic2651 | Manufacture of measuring, testing, navigating and control equipment |
| #isic2652 | Manufacture of watches and clocks |
| #isic2660 | Manufacture of irradiation, electromedical and electrotherapeutic equipment |
| #isic2670 | Manufacture of optical instruments and photographic equipment |
| #isic2680 | Manufacture of magnetic and optical media |
| #isic2710 | Manufacture of electric motors, generators, transformers and electricity distribution and control apparatus |
| #isic2720 | Manufacture of batteries and accumulators |
| #isic2731 | Manufacture of fibre optic cables |
| #isic2732 | Manufacture of other electronic and electric wires and cables |
| #isic2733 | Manufacture of wiring devices |
| #isic2740 | Manufacture of electric lighting equipment |
| #isic2750 | Manufacture of domestic appliances |
| #isic2790 | Manufacture of other electrical equipment |
| #isic2811 | Manufacture of engines and turbines, except aircraft, vehicle and cycle engines |
| #isic2812 | Manufacture of fluid power equipment |
| #isic2813 | Manufacture of other pumps, compressors, taps and valves |
| #isic2814 | Manufacture of bearings, gears, gearing and driving elements |
| #isic2815 | Manufacture of ovens, furnaces and furnace burners |
| #isic2816 | Manufacture of lifting and handling equipment |
| #isic2817 | Manufacture of office machinery and equipment (except computers and peripheral equipment) |
| #isic2818 | Manufacture of power-driven hand tools |
| #isic2819 | Manufacture of other general-purpose machinery |
| #isic2821 | Manufacture of agricultural and forestry machinery |
| #isic2822 | Manufacture of metal-forming machinery and machine tools |
| #isic2823 | Manufacture of machinery for metallurgy |
| #isic2824 | Manufacture of machinery for mining, quarrying and construction |
| #isic2825 | Manufacture of machinery for food, beverage and tobacco processing |
| #isic2826 | Manufacture of machinery for textile, apparel and leather production |
| #isic2829 | Manufacture of other special-purpose machinery |
| #isic2910 | Manufacture of motor vehicles |
| #isic2920 | Manufacture of bodies (coachwork) for motor vehicles; manufacture of trailers and semi-trailers |
| #isic2930 | Manufacture of parts and accessories for motor vehicles |
| #isic3011 | Building of ships and floating structures |
| #isic3012 | Building of pleasure and sporting boats |
| #isic3020 | Manufacture of railway locomotives and rolling stock |
| #isic3030 | Manufacture of air and spacecraft and related machinery |
| #isic3040 | Manufacture of military fighting vehicles |
| #isic3091 | Manufacture of motorcycles |
| #isic3092 | Manufacture of bicycles and invalid carriages |
| #isic3099 | Manufacture of other transport equipment n.e.c. |
| #isic3100 | Manufacture of furniture |
| #isic3211 | Manufacture of jewellery and related articles |
| #isic3212 | Manufacture of imitation jewellery and related articles |
| #isic3220 | Manufacture of musical instruments |
| #isic3230 | Manufacture of sports goods |
| #isic3240 | Manufacture of games and toys |
| #isic3250 | Manufacture of medical and dental instruments and supplies |
| #isic3290 | Other manufacturing n.e.c. |
| #isic3311 | Repair of fabricated metal products |
| #isic3312 | Repair of machinery |
| #isic3313 | Repair of electronic and optical equipment |
| #isic3314 | Repair of electrical equipment |
| #isic3315 | Repair of transport equipment, except motor vehicles |
| #isic3319 | Repair of other equipment |
| #isic3320 | Installation of industrial machinery and equipment |
ISIC D - Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply
The ISIC section D - Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply contains the classes in the below table.
| isic tag | Class name |
|---|---|
| #isic3510 | Electric power generation, transmission and distribution |
| #isic3520 | Manufacture of gas; distribution of gaseous fuels through mains |
| #isic3530 | Steam and air conditioning supply |
ISIC E - Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities
The ISIC section E - Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities contains the classes in the below table.
| isic tag | Class name |
|---|---|
| #isic3600 | Water collection, treatment and supply |
| #isic3700 | Sewerage |
| #isic3811 | Collection of non-hazardous waste |
| #isic3812 | Collection of hazardous waste |
| #isic3821 | Treatment and disposal of non-hazardous waste |
| #isic3822 | Treatment and disposal of hazardous waste |
| #isic3830 | Materials recovery |
| #isic3900 | Remediation activities and other waste management services |
ISIC F - Construction
The ISIC section F - Construction contains the classes in the below table.
| isic tag | Class name |
|---|---|
| #isic4100 | Construction of buildings |
| #isic4210 | Construction of roads and railways |
| #isic4220 | Construction of utility projects |
| #isic4290 | Construction of other civil engineering projects |
| #isic4311 | Demolition |
| #isic4312 | Site preparation |
| #isic4321 | Electrical installation |
| #isic4322 | Plumbing, heat and air-conditioning installation |
| #isic4329 | Other construction installation |
| #isic4330 | Building completion and finishing |
| #isic4390 | Other specialized construction activities |
ISIC G - Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles
The ISIC section G - Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles contains the classes in the below table.
| isic tag | Class name |
|---|---|
| #isic4510 | Sale of motor vehicles |
| #isic4520 | Maintenance and repair of motor vehicles |
| #isic4530 | Sale of motor vehicle parts and accessories |
| #isic4540 | Sale, maintenance and repair of motorcycles and related parts and accessories |
| #isic4610 | Wholesale on a fee or contract basis |
| #isic4620 | Wholesale of agricultural raw materials and live animals |
| #isic4630 | Wholesale of food, beverages and tobacco |
| #isic4641 | Wholesale of textiles, clothing and footwear |
| #isic4649 | Wholesale of other household goods |
| #isic4651 | Wholesale of computers, computer peripheral equipment and software |
| #isic4652 | Wholesale of electronic and telecommunications equipment and parts |
| #isic4653 | Wholesale of agricultural machinery, equipment and supplies |
| #isic4659 | Wholesale of other machinery and equipment |
| #isic4661 | Wholesale of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels and related products |
| #isic4662 | Wholesale of metals and metal ores |
| #isic4663 | Wholesale of construction materials, hardware, plumbing and heating equipment and supplies |
| #isic4669 | Wholesale of waste and scrap and other products n.e.c. |
| #isic4690 | Non-specialized wholesale trade |
| #isic4711 | Retail sale in non-specialized stores with food, beverages or tobacco predominating |
| #isic4719 | Other retail sale in non-specialized stores |
| #isic4721 | Retail sale of food in specialized stores |
| #isic4722 | Retail sale of beverages in specialized stores |
| #isic4723 | Retail sale of tobacco products in specialized stores |
| #isic4730 | Retail sale of automotive fuel in specialized stores |
| #isic4741 | Retail sale of computers, peripheral units, software and telecommunications equipment in specialized stores |
| #isic4742 | Retail sale of audio and video equipment in specialized stores |
| #isic4751 | Retail sale of textiles in specialized stores |
| #isic4752 | Retail sale of hardware, paints and glass in specialized stores |
| #isic4753 | Retail sale of carpets, rugs, wall and floor coverings in specialized stores |
| #isic4759 | Retail sale of elect. household appliances, furniture, lighting equipment and other household articles in specialised stores |
| #isic4761 | Retail sale of books, newspapers and stationary in specialized stores |
| #isic4762 | Retail sale of music and video recordings in specialized stores |
| #isic4763 | Retail sale of sporting equipment in specialized stores |
| #isic4764 | Retail sale of games and toys in specialized stores |
| #isic4771 | Retail sale of clothing, footwear and leather articles in specialized stores |
| #isic4772 | Retail sale of pharmaceutical and medical goods, cosmetic and toilet articles in specialized stores |
| #isic4773 | Other retail sale of new goods in specialized stores |
| #isic4774 | Retail sale of second-hand goods |
| #isic4781 | Retail sale via stalls and markets of food, beverages and tobacco products |
| #isic4782 | Retail sale via stalls and markets of textiles, clothing and footwear |
| #isic4789 | Retail sale via stalls and markets of other goods |
| #isic4791 | Retail sale via mail order houses or via Internet |
| #isic4799 | Other retail sale not in stores, stalls or markets |
ISIC H - Transportation and storage
The ISIC section H - Transportation and storage contains the classes in the below table.
| isic tag | Class name |
|---|---|
| #isic4911 | Passenger rail transport, interurban |
| #isic4912 | Freight rail transport |
| #isic4921 | Urban and suburban passenger land transport |
| #isic4922 | Other passenger land transport |
| #isic4923 | Freight transport by road |
| #isic4930 | Transport via pipeline |
| #isic5011 | Sea and coastal passenger water transport |
| #isic5012 | Sea and coastal freight water transport |
| #isic5021 | Inland passenger water transport |
| #isic5022 | Inland freight water transport |
| #isic5110 | Passenger air transport |
| #isic5120 | Warehousing and storage |
| #isic5221 | Service activities incidental to land transportation |
| #isic5222 | Service activities incidental to water transportation |
| #isic5223 | Service activities incidental to air transportation |
| #isic5224 | Cargo handling |
| #isic5229 | Other transportation support activities |
| #isic5310 | Postal activities |
| #isic5320 | Courier activities |
ISIC I - Accommodation and food service activities
The ISIC section I - Accommodation and food service activities contains the classes in the below table.
| isic tag | Class name |
|---|---|
| #isic5510 | Short term accommodation activities |
| #isic5520 | Camping grounds, recreational vehicle parks and trailer parks |
| #isic5590 | Other accommodation |
| #isic5610 | Restaurants and mobile food service activities |
| #isic5621 | Event catering |
| #isic5629 | Other food service activities |
| #isic5630 | Beverage serving activities |
ISIC J - Information and communication
The ISIC section J - Information and communication contains the classes in the below table.
| isic tag | Class name |
|---|---|
| #isic5811 | Book publishing |
| #isic5812 | Publishing of directories and mailing lists |
| #isic5813 | Publishing of newspapers, journals and periodicals |
| #isic5819 | Other publishing activities |
| #isic5820 | Software publishing |
| #isic5911 | Motion picture, video and television programme production activities |
| #isic5912 | Motion picture, video and television programme post-production activities |
| #isic5913 | Motion picture, video and television programme distribution activities |
| #isic5919 | Motion picture projection activities |
| #isic5920 | Sound recording and music publishing activities |
| #isic6010 | Radio broadcasting |
| #isic6020 | Television programming and broadcasting activities |
| #isic6110 | Wired telecommunications activities |
| #isic6120 | Wireless telecommunications activities |
| #isic6130 | Satellite telecommunications activities |
| #isic6190 | Other telecommunications activities |
| #isic6201 | Computer programming activities |
| #isic6202 | Computer consultancy and computer facilities management activities |
| #isic6209 | Other information technology and computer service activities |
| #isic6311 | Data processing, hosting and related activities |
| #isic6312 | Web portals |
| #isic6391 | News agency activities |
| #isic6399 | Other information service activities n.e.c. |
ISIC K - Financial and insurance activities
The ISIC section K - Financial and insurance activities contains the classes in the below table.
| isic tag | Class name |
|---|---|
| #isic6411 | Central banking |
| #isic6419 | Other monetary intermediation |
| #isic6420 | Activities of holding companies |
| #isic6430 | Trusts, funds and similar financial entities |
| #isic6491 | Financial leasing |
| #isic6492 | Other credit granting |
| #isic6499 | Other financial service activities, except insurance and pension funding activities, n.e.c. |
| #isic6511 | Life insurance |
| #isic6512 | Non-life insurance |
| #isic6520 | Reinsurance |
| #isic6530 | Pension funding |
| #isic6611 | Administration of financial markets |
| #isic6612 | Security and commodity contracts brokerage |
| #isic6619 | Other activities auxiliary to financial service activities |
| #isic6621 | Risk and damage evaluation |
| #isic6622 | Activities of insurance agents and brokers |
| #isic6629 | Other activities auxiliary to insurance and pension funding |
| #isic6630 | Fund management activities |
ISIC L - Real estate activities
The ISIC section L - Real estate activities contains the classes in the below table.
| isic tag | Class name |
|---|---|
| #isic6810 | Real estate activities with own or leased property |
| #isic6820 | Real estate activities on a fee or contract basis |
ISIC M - Professional, scientific and technical activities
The ISIC section M - Professional, scientific and technical activities contains the classes in the below table.
| isic tag | Class name |
|---|---|
| #isic6910 | Legal activities |
| #isic6920 | Accounting, bookkeeping and auditing activities; tax consultancy |
| #isic7010 | Activities of head offices |
| #isic7020 | Management consultancy activities |
| #isic7110 | Architectural and engineering activities and related technical consultancy |
| #isic7120 | Technical testing and analysis |
| #isic7210 | Research and experimental development on natural sciences and engineering |
| #isic7220 | Research and experimental development on social sciences and humanities |
| #isic7310 | Advertising |
| #isic7320 | Market research and public opinion polling |
| #isic7410 | Specialized design activities |
| #isic7420 | Photographic activities |
| #isic7490 | Other professional, scientific and technical activities n.e.c. |
| #isic7500 | Veterinary activities |
ISIC N - Administrative and support service activities
The ISIC section N - Administrative and support service activities contains the classes in the below table.
| isic tag | Class name |
|---|---|
| #isic7710 | Renting and leasing of motor vehicles |
| #isic7721 | Renting and leasing of recreational and sports goods |
| #isic7722 | Renting of video tapes and disks |
| #isic7729 | Renting and leasing of other personal and household goods |
| #isic7730 | Renting and leasing of other machinery, equipment and tangible goods |
| #isic7740 | Leasing of intellectual property and similar products, except copyrighted works |
| #isic7810 | Activities of employment placement agencies |
| #isic7820 | Temporary employment agency activities |
| #isic7830 | Other human resources provision |
| #isic7911 | Travel agency activities |
| #isic7912 | Tour operator activities |
| #isic7990 | Other reservation service and related activities |
| #isic8010 | Private security activities |
| #isic8020 | Security systems service activities |
| #isic8030 | Investigation activities |
| #isic8110 | Combined facilities support activities |
| #isic8121 | General cleaning of buildings |
| #isic8129 | Other building and industrial cleaning activities |
| #isic8130 | Landscape care and maintenance service activities |
| #isic8211 | Combined office administrative service activities |
| #isic8219 | Photocopying, document preparation and other specialized office support activities |
| #isic8220 | Activities of call centres |
| #isic8230 | Organization of conventions and trade shows |
| #isic8291 | Activities of collection agencies and credit bureaus |
| #isic8292 | Packaging activities |
| #isic8299 | Other business support service activities n.e.c. |
ISIC O - Public administration and defence; compulsory social security
The ISIC section O - Public administration and defence; compulsory social security contains the classes in the below table.
| isic tag | Class name |
|---|---|
| #isic8411 | General public administration activities |
| #isic8412 | Regulation of the activities of providing health care, education, cultural services |
| and other social services and other social services, excluding social security | |
| #isic8413 | Regulation of and contribution to more efficient operation of businesses |
| #isic8421 | Foreign affairs |
| #isic8422 | Defence activities |
| #isic8423 | Public order and safety activities |
| #isic8430 | Compulsory social security activities |
ISIC P - Education
The ISIC section P - Education contains the classes in the below table.
| isic tag | Class name |
|---|---|
| #isic8510 | Pre-primary and primary education |
| #isic8521 | General secondary education |
| #isic8522 | Technical and vocational secondary education |
| #isic8530 | Higher education |
| #isic8541 | Sports and recreation education |
| #isic8542 | Cultural education |
| #isic8549 | Other education n.e.c. |
| #isic8550 | Educational support activities |
ISIC Q - Human health and social work activities
The ISIC section Q - Human health and social work activities contains the classes in the below table.
| isic tag | Class name |
|---|---|
| #isic8610 | Hospital activities |
| #isic8620 | Medical and dental practice activities |
| #isic8690 | Other human health activities |
| #isic8710 | Residential nursing care facilities |
| #isic8720 | Residential care activities for mental retardation, mental health and substance abuse |
| #isic8730 | Residential care activities for the elderly and disabled |
| #isic8790 | Other residential care activities |
| #isic8810 | Social work activities without accommodation for the elderly and disabled |
| #isic8890 | Other social work activities without accommodation |
ISIC R - Arts, entertainment and recreation
The ISIC section R - Arts, entertainment and recreation contains the classes in the below table.
| isic tag | Class name |
|---|---|
| #isic9000 | Creative, arts and entertainment activities |
| #isic9101 | Library and archives activities |
| #isic9102 | Museums activities and operation of historical sites and buildings |
| #isic9103 | Botanical and zoological gardens and nature reserves activities |
| #isic9200 | Gambling and betting activities |
| #isic9311 | Operation of sports facilities |
| #isic9312 | Activities of sports clubs |
| #isic9319 | Other sports activities |
| #isic9321 | Activities of amusement parks and theme parks |
| #isic9329 | Other amusement and recreation activities n.e.c. |
ISIC S - Other service activities
The ISIC section S - Other service activities contains the classes in the below table.
| isic tag | Class name |
|---|---|
| #isic9411 | Activities of business and employers membership organizations |
| #isic9412 | Activities of professional membership organizations |
| #isic9420 | Activities of trade unions |
| #isic9491 | Activities of religious organizations |
| #isic9492 | Activities of political organizations |
| #isic9499 | Activities of other membership organizations n.e.c. |
| #isic9511 | Repair of computers and peripheral equipment |
| #isic9512 | Repair of communication equipment |
| #isic9521 | Repair of consumer electronics |
| #isic9522 | Repair of household appliances and home and garden equipment |
| #isic9523 | Repair of footwear and leather goods |
| #isic9524 | Repair of furniture and home furnishings |
| #isic9529 | Repair of other personal and household goods |
| #isic9601 | Washing and (dry-) cleaning of textile and fur products |
| #isic9602 | Hairdressing and other beauty treatment |
| #isic9603 | Funeral and related activities |
| #isic9609 | Other personal service activities n.e.c. |
ISIC T - Activities of households
The ISIC section T - Activities of households contains the classes in the below table.
| isic tag | Class name |
|---|---|
| #isic9700 | Activities of households as employers of domestic personnel |
| #isic9810 | Undifferentiated goods-producing activities of private households for own use |
| #isic9820 | Undifferentiated service-producing activities of private households for own use |
ISIC U - Activities of extraterritorial organizations and bodies
The ISIC section U - Activities of extraterritorial organizations and bodies contains the classes in the below table.
| isic tag | Class name |
|---|---|
| #isic9900 | Activities of extraterritorial organizations and bodies |
Annex 4 - Central Product Classification (CPC)
CPC is the abbreviation of Central Product Classification. The Central Product Classification (CPC) constitutes a complete product classification covering goods and services. It serves as an international standard for assembling and tabulating all kinds of data requiring product detail, including industrial production, national accounts, service industries, domestic and foreign commodity trade, international trade in services, balance of payments, consumption and price statistics.
At the website of the United Nations Statistics Division there is an English pdf document of 600 pages without bookmarks. It defines the product classes and describes by which ISIC classes products or services are produced. Also the correspondence to the Harmonized System used by customs is described. The below table lists the ten product sections. There is a chapter for each CPC section that lists divisions and key groups. The online Ens wiki CPC chapter contains the definitions and ISIC correspondences for each CPC section, division, group and class. Each chapter includes the link to the CPC Section page of the Ens wiki.
| #tagcoding | CPC division or group |
|---|---|
| #cpc0 | Agriculture, forestry and fishery products |
| #cpc1 | Ores and minerals; electricity, gas and water |
| #cpc2 | Food products, beverages and tobacco; textiles, apparel and leather products |
| #cpc3 | Other transportable goods, except metal products, machinery and equipment |
| #cpc4 | Metal products, machinery and equipment |
| #cpc5 | Constructions and construction services |
| #cpc6 | Distributive trade services; accommodation, food and beverage serving services; transport services; and electricity, … |
| #cpc7 | Financial and related services; real estate services; and rental and leasing services |
| #cpc8 | Business and production services |
| #cpc9 | Community, social and personal services |
CPC 0 - Agriculture, forestry and fishery products
The CPC section A - Agriculture, forestry and fishing includes the divisions and groups in the below table.
| CPC tag | CPC division or group |
|---|---|
| #cpc01 | Products of agriculture, horticulture and market gardening |
| #cpc011 | Cereals |
| #cpc012 | Vegetables |
| #cpc013 | Fruits and nuts |
| #cpc014 | Oilseeds and oleaginous fruits |
| #cpc015 | Edible roots and tubers with high starch or inulin content |
| #cpc016 | Stimulant, spice and aromatic crops |
| #cpc017 | Pulses (dried leguminous vegetables) |
| #cpc018 | Sugar crops |
| #cpc019 | Forage products; fibre crops; plants used in perfumery, pharmacy, or for insecticidal, fungicidal or similar purposes; |
| #cpc02 | Live animals and animal products (excluding meat) |
| #cpc021 | Live animals |
| #cpc022 | Raw milk |
| #cpc023 | Eggs of hens or other birds in shell, fresh |
| #cpc024 | Reproductive materials of animals |
| #cpc029 | Other animal products |
| #cpc03 | Forestry and logging products |
| #cpc031 | Wood in the rough |
| #cpc032 | Non-wood forest products |
| #cpc04 | Fish and other fishing products |
| #cpc041 | Fish, live, not for human consumption |
| #cpc042 | Fish live, fresh or chilled for human consumption |
| #cpc043 | Crustaceans, live, fresh or chilled |
| #cpc044 | Molluscs live, fresh or chilled |
| #cpc045 | Other aquatic invertebrates, live, fresh or chilled |
| #cpc049 | Other aquatic plants and animals |
CPC 1 - Ores and minerals; electricity, gas and water
The CPC section 1 - Ores and minerals; electricity, gas and water includes the divisions and groups in the below table.
| CPC tag | CPC division, group or class |
|---|---|
| #cpc11 | Coal and peat |
| #cpc110 | Coal and peat |
| #cpc1101 | Hard coal |
| #cpc1102 | Patent fuel and similar solid fuels manufactured from hard coal |
| #cpc1103 | Brown coal |
| #cpc1104 | Brown coal briquettes and similar solid fuels manufactured from brown coal |
| #cpc1105 | Peat |
| #cpc12 | Crude petroleum and natural gas |
| #cpc120 | Crude petroleum and natural gas |
| #cpc1201 | Crude petroleum and natural gas |
| #cpc1202 | Natural gas, liquefied or in the gaseous state |
| #cpc1203 | Bituminous or oil shale and tar sands |
| #cpc13 | Uranium and thorium ores and concentrates |
| #cpc130 | Uranium and thorium ores and concentrates |
| #cpc14 | Metal ores |
| #cpc141 | Iron ores and concentrates, other than roasted iron pyrites |
| #cpc142 | Non-ferrous metal ores and concentrates (other than uranium or thorium ores and concentrates) |
| #cpc15 | Stone, sand and clay |
| #cpc151 | Monumental or building stone |
| #cpc152 | Gypsum; anhydrite; limestone flux; limestone and other calcareous stone, of a kind used for the manufacture of lime or cement |
| #cpc153 | Sands, pebbles, gravel, broken or crushed stone, natural bitumen and asphalt |
| #cpc154 | Clays |
| #cpc16 | Other minerals |
| #cpc161 | Chemical and fertilizer minerals |
| #cpc162 | Salt and pure sodium chloride; sea water |
| #cpc163 | Precious and semi-precious stones; pumice stone; emery; natural abrasives; other minerals |
| #cpc17 | Electricity, town gas, steam and hot water |
| #cpc171 | Electrical energy |
| #cpc172 | Coal gas, water gas, producer gas and similar gases, other than petroleum gases and other gaseous hydrocarbons |
| #cpc173 | Steam and hot water |
| #cpc174 | Ice and snow |
| #cpc18 | Natural water |
| #cpc180 | Natural water |
CPC 2 - Food products, beverages and tobacco; textiles, apparel and leather products
The CPC section 2 - Food products, beverages and tobacco; textiles, apparel and leather products includes the divisions and groups in the below table.
| CPC tag | CPC division or group |
|---|---|
| #cpc21 | Meat, fish, fruits, vegetables, oils and fats |
| #cpc211 | Meat and meat products |
| #cpc212 | Prepared and preserved fish, crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates |
| #cpc213 | Prepared and preserved vegetables, pulses and potatoes |
| #cpc214 | Prepared and preserved fruits and nuts |
| #cpc215 | Animal fats |
| #cpc216 | Vegetable oils |
| #cpc217 | Margarine and similar preparations |
| #cpc218 | Cotton linters |
| #cpc219 | Oil-cake and other residues resulting from the extraction of vegetable fats or oils; flours and meals of oil seeds oleaginous fruits, except those of mustard; vegetable waxes, except triglycerides; degras; residues resulting from the treatment of fatty substances or animal or vegetable waxes |
| #cpc22 | Dairy products and egg products |
| #cpc221 | Processed liquid milk, cream and whey |
| #cpc222 | Other dairy products |
| #cpc223 | Eggs, in shell, preserved or cooked |
| #cpc23 | Grain mill products, starches and starch products; other food products |
| #cpc231 | Grain mill products |
| #cpc232 | Starches and starch products; sugars and sugar syrups n.e.c. |
| #cpc233 | Preparations used in animal feeding; lucerne (alfalfa) meal and pellets |
| #cpc234 | Bakery products |
| #cpc235 | Sugar and molasses |
| #cpc236 | Cocoa, chocolate and sugar confectionery |
| #cpc237 | Macaroni, noodles, couscous and similar farinaceous products |
| #cpc239 | Food products n.e.c. |
| #cpc24 | Beverages |
| #cpc241 | Ethyl alcohol; spirits, liqueurs and other spirituous beverages |
| #cpc242 | Wines |
| #cpc243 | Malt liquors and malt |
| #cpc244 | Soft drinks; bottled mineral waters |
| #cpc25 | Tobacco products |
| #cpc250 | Tobacco products |
| #cpc26 | Yarn and thread; woven and tufted textile fabrics |
| #cpc261 | Natural textile fibres prepared for spinning |
| #cpc262 | Man-made textile staple fibres processed for spinning |
| #cpc263 | Textile yarn and thread of natural fibres |
| #cpc264 | Textile yarn and thread of man-made filaments or staple fibres |
| #cpc265 | Woven fabrics (except special fabrics) of natural fibres other than cotton |
| #cpc266 | Woven fabrics (except special fabrics) of cotton |
| #cpc267 | Woven fabrics (except special fabrics) of man-made filaments and staple fibres |
| #cpc268 | Special fabrics |
| #cpc27 | Textile articles other than apparel |
| #cpc271 | Made-up textile articles |
| #cpc272 | Carpets and other textile floor coverings |
| #cpc273 | Twine, cordage, ropes and cables and articles thereof (including netting) |
| #cpc279 | Textiles n.e.c. |
| #cpc28 | Knitted or crocheted fabrics; wearing apparel |
| #cpc281 | Knitted or crocheted fabrics |
| #cpc282 | Wearing apparel, except fur apparel |
| #cpc283 | Tanned or dressed furskins and artificial fur; articles thereof (except headgear) |
| #cpc29 | Leather and leather products; footwear |
| #cpc291 | Tanned or dressed leather; composition leather |
| #cpc292 | Luggage, handbags and the like; saddlery and harness; other articles of leather |
| #cpc293 | Footwear, with outer soles and uppers of rubber or plastics, or with uppers of leather or textile materials, other than sports and special footwear |
| #cpc294 | Sports footwear, except skating boots |
| #cpc295 | Other footwear, except asbestos footwear, orthopaedic footwear and skating boots |
| #cpc296 | Parts of footwear; removable insoles, heel cushions and similar articles; gaiters, leggings and similar articles, and parts thereof |
CPC 3 - Other transportable goods, except metal products, machinery and equipment
The CPC section 3 - Other transportable goods, except metal products, machinery and equipment includes the divisions and groups in the below table.
| CPC tag | CPC division or group |
|---|---|
| #cpc31 | Products of wood, cork, straw and plaiting materials |
| #cpc311 | Wood, sawn or chipped lengthwise, sliced or peeled, of a thickness exceeding 6 mm; railway or tramway sleepers (cross-ties) of wood, not impregnated |
| #cpc312 | Wood continuously shaped along any of its edges or faces; wood wool; wood flour; wood in chips or particles |
| #cpc313 | Wood in the rough, treated with paint, stains, creosote or other preservatives; railway or tramway sleepers (cross-ties) of wood, impregnated; hoopwood, split poles, wooden sticks and the like |
| #cpc314 | Boards and panels |
| #cpc315 | Veneer sheets; sheets for plywood; densified wood |
| #cpc316 | Builders’ joinery and carpentry of wood (including cellular wood panels, assembled parquet panels, shingles and shakes |
| #cpc317 | Packing cases, boxes, crates, drums and similar packings, of wood; cable-drums of wood; pallets, box pallets and other load boards, of wood; casks, barrels, vats, tubs and other coopers’ products and parts thereof, of wood (including staves) |
| #cpc319 | Other products of wood; articles of cork, plaiting materials and straw |
| #cpc32 | Pulp, paper and paper products; printed matter and related articles |
| #cpc321 | Pulp, paper and paperboard |
| #cpc322 | Books, in print |
| #cpc323 | Newspapers and periodicals, daily, in print |
| #cpc324 | Newspapers and periodicals, other than daily, in print |
| #cpc325 | Printed maps; music, printed or in manuscript; postcards, greeting cards, pictures and plans |
| #cpc326 | Stamps, cheque forms, banknotes, stock certificates, brochures and leaflets, advertising material and other printed matter |
| #cpc327 | Registers, account books, notebooks, letter pads, diaries and similar articles, blotting-pads, binders, file covers, forms and other articles of stationery, of paper or paperboard |
| #cpc328 | Composed type, prepared printing plates or cylinders, impressed lithographic stones or other impressed media for use in printing |
| #cpc33 | Coke oven products; refined petroleum products; nuclear fuel |
| #cpc331 | Coke and semi-coke of coal, of lignite or of peat; retort carbon |
| #cpc332 | Tar distilled from coal, from lignite or from peat, and other mineral tars |
| #cpc333 | Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous materials, other than crude; preparations n.e.c. containing by weight |
| #cpc3331 | Motor gasoline and aviation gasoline |
| #cpc3332 | Gasolene-type jet fuel |
| #cpc3333 | Naphtha |
| #cpc3334 | Kerosenes |
| #cpc3335 | White spirit and special boiling point industrial spirits |
| #cpc3336 | Gas oil |
| #cpc3337 | Fuel oils n.e.c. |
| #cpc3338 | Lubricants |
| #cpc3339 | Other petroleum oils n.e.c. |
| #cpc334 | Petroleum gases and other gaseous hydrocarbons, except natural gas |
| #cpc335 | Petroleum jelly; paraffin wax, micro- crystalline petroleum wax, slack wax, ozokerite, lignite wax, peat wax, other mineral waxes, and similar products; petroleum coke, petroleum bitumen and other residues of petroleum oils or of oils obtained from bituminous materials |
| #cpc336 | Radioactive elements and isotopes and compounds; alloys, dispersions, ceramic products and mixtures containing these elements, isotopes or compounds; radioactive residues |
| #cpc337 | Fuel elements (cartridges), for or of nuclear reactors |
| #cpc34 | Basic chemicals |
| #cpc341 | Basic organic chemicals |
| #cpc342 | Basic inorganic chemicals n.e.c. |
| #cpc343 | Tanning or dyeing extracts; tannins and their derivatives; colouring matter n.e.c. |
| #cpc344 | Activated natural mineral products; animal black; tall oil; terpenic oils produced by the treatment of coniferous woods; crude dipentene; crude para-cymene; pine oil; rosin and resin acids, and derivatives thereof; rosin spirit and rosin oils; rum gums; wood tar; wood tar oils; wood creosote; wood naphtha; vegetable pitch; brewers’ pitch |
| #cpc345 | Miscellaneous basic chemical products |
| #cpc346 | Fertilizers and pesticides |
| #cpc347 | Plastics in primary forms |
| #cpc348 | Synthetic rubber and factice derived from oils, and mixtures thereof with natural rubber and similar natural gums,in primary forms or in plates, sheets or strip |
| #cpc35 | Other chemical products; man-made fibres |
| #cpc351 | Paints and varnishes and related products; artists’ colours; ink |
| #cpc352 | Pharmaceutical products |
| #cpc353 | Soap, cleaning preparations, perfumes and toilet preparations |
| #cpc354 | Chemical products n.e.c. |
| #cpc355 | Man-made fibres |
| #cpc36 | Rubber and plastics products |
| #cpc361 | Rubber tyres and tubes |
| #cpc362 | Other rubber products |
| #cpc363 | Semi-manufactures of plastics |
| #cpc364 | Packaging products of plastics |
| #cpc369 | Other plastics products |
| #cpc37 | Glass and glass products and other non-metallic products n.e.c. |
| #cpc371 | Glass and glass products |
| #cpc372 | Non-structural ceramic ware |
| #cpc373 | Refractory products and structural non-refractory clay products |
| #cpc374 | Plaster, lime and cement |
| #cpc375 | Articles of concrete, cement and plaster |
| #cpc376 | Monumental or building stone and articles thereof |
| #cpc379 | Other non-metallic mineral products n.e.c. |
| #cpc38 | Furniture; other transportable goods n.e.c. |
| #cpc381 | Furniture |
| #cpc382 | Jewellery and related articles |
| #cpc383 | Musical instruments |
| #cpc384 | Sports goods |
| #cpc385 | Games and toys |
| #cpc386 | Roundabouts, swings, shooting galleries and other fairground amusements |
| #cpc387 | Prefabricated buildings |
| #cpc389 | Other manufactured articles n.e.c. |
| #cpc39 | Wastes or scraps |
| #cpc391 | Wastes from food and tobacco industry |
| #cpc392 | Non-metal wastes or scraps |
| #cpc393 | Metal wastes or scraps |
| #cpc399 | Other wastes and scraps |
CPC 4 - Metal products, machinery and equipment
The CPC section 4 - Metal products, machinery and equipment includes the divisions and groups in the below table.
| CPC tag | CPC division or group |
|---|---|
| #cpc41 | Basic metals |
| #cpc411 | Basic iron and steel |
| #cpc412 | Products of iron or steel |
| #cpc413 | Basic precious metals and metals clad with precious metals |
| #cpc414 | Copper, nickel, aluminium, alumina, lead, zinc and tin, unwrought |
| #cpc415 | Semi-finished products of copper, nickel, aluminium, lead, zinc and tin or their alloys |
| #cpc416 | Other non-ferrous metals and articles thereof (including waste and scrap of some metals); cermets and articles thereof |
| #cpc42 | Fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment |
| #cpc421 | Structural metal products and parts thereof |
| #cpc422 | Tanks, reservoirs and containers of iron, steel or aluminium |
| #cpc423 | Steam generators, (except central heating boilers) and parts thereof |
| #cpc429 | Other fabricated metal products |
| #cpc43 | General-purpose machinery |
| #cpc431 | Engines and turbines and parts thereof |
| #cpc432 | Pumps, compressors, hydraulic and pneumatic power engines, and valves, and parts thereof |
| #cpc433 | Bearings, gears, gearing and driving elements, and parts thereof |
| #cpc434 | Ovens and furnace burners and parts thereof |
| #cpc435 | Lifting and handling equipment and parts thereof |
| #cpc439 | Other general-purpose machinery and parts thereof |
| #cpc44 | Special-purpose machinery |
| #cpc441 | Agricultural or forestry machinery and parts thereof |
| #cpc442 | Machine-tools and parts and accessories thereof |
| #cpc443 | Machinery for metallurgy and parts thereof |
| #cpc444 | Machinery for mining, quarrying and construction, and parts thereof |
| #cpc445 | Machinery for food, beverage and tobacco processing, and parts thereof |
| #cpc446 | Machinery for textile, apparel and leather production, and parts thereof |
| #cpc447 | Weapons and ammunition and parts thereof 4471 |
| #cpc448 | Domestic appliances and parts thereof |
| #cpc449 | Other special-purpose machinery and parts thereof |
| #cpc45 | Office, accounting and computing machinery |
| #cpc451 | Office and accounting machinery, and parts and accessories thereof |
| #cpc452 | Computing machinery and parts and accessories thereof |
| #cpc46 | Electrical machinery and apparatus |
| #cpc461 | Electric motors, generators and transformers, and parts thereof |
| #cpc462 | Electricity distribution and control apparatus, and parts thereof |
| #cpc463 | Insulated wire and cable; optical fibre cables |
| #cpc464 | Accumulators, primary cells and primary batteries, and parts thereof |
| #cpc465 | Electric filament or discharge lamps; arc lamps; lighting equipment; parts thereof |
| #cpc469 | Other electrical equipment and parts thereof |
| #cpc47 | Radio, television and communication equipment and apparatus |
| #cpc471 | Electronic valves and tubes; electronic components; parts thereof |
| #cpc472 | Television and radio transmitters; television, video and digital cameras; telephone sets |
| #cpc473 | Radio broadcast and television receivers; apparatus for sound and video recording and reproducing; microphones, loudspeakers, amplifiers, etc. |
| #cpc474 | Parts for the goods of classes 4721 to 4733 and 4822 |
| #cpc475 | Disks, tapes, solid-state non-volatile storage devices and other media, not recorded |
| #cpc476 | Audio, video and other disks, tapes and other physical media, recorded |
| #cpc478 | Packaged software |
| #cpc479 | Cards with magnetic strips or chip |
| #cpc48 | Medical appliances, precision and optical instruments, watches and clocks |
| #cpc481 | Medical and surgical equipment and orthopaedic appliances |
| #cpc482 | Instruments and appliances for measuring, checking, testing, navigating and other purposes, , except optical instruments; industrial process control equipment; parts and accessories thereof |
| #cpc483 | Optical instruments and photographic equipment, and parts and accessories thereof |
| #cpc484 | Watches and clocks, and parts thereof |
| #cpc49 | Transport equipment |
| #cpc491 | Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers; parts and accessories thereof |
| #cpc492 | Bodies (coachwork) for motor vehicles; trailers and semi-trailers; parts and accessories thereof |
| #cpc493 | Ships |
| #cpc494 | Pleasure and sporting boats |
| #cpc495 | Railway and tramway locomotives and rolling stock, and parts thereof |
| #cpc496 | Aircraft and spacecraft, and parts thereof |
| #cpc499 | Other transport equipment and parts thereof |
CPC 5 - Constructions and construction services
The CPC section 5 - Constructions and construction services includes the divisions, groups and classes in the below table.
| CPC tag | *CPC division, group or class |
|---|---|
| #cpc53 | Constructions |
| #cpc531 | Buildings |
| #cpc5311 | Residential buildings |
| #cpc5312 | Non-residential buildings |
| #cpc532 | Civil engineering works |
| #cpc5321 | Highways (except elevated highways), streets, roads, railways and airfield runways |
| #cpc5322 | Bridges, elevated highways and tunnels |
| #cpc5323 | Harbours, waterways, dams, irrigation and other waterworks |
| #cpc5324 | Long-distance pipelines, communication and power lines (cables) |
| #cpc5325 | Local pipelines and cables and related works |
| #cpc5326 | Mines and industrial plants |
| #cpc5327 | Outdoor sport and recreation facilities |
| #cpc5329 | Other civil engineering works |
| #cpc54 | Construction services |
| #cpc541 | General construction services of buildings |
| #cpc542 | General construction services of civil engineering works |
| #cpc543 | Site preparation services |
| #cpc544 | Assembly and erection of prefabricated constructions |
| #cpc545 | Special trade construction services |
| #cpc546 | Installation services |
| #cpc547 | Building completion and finishing services |
CPC 6 - Distributive trade services; accommodation, food and beverage serving services; transport services; and electricity, gas and water distribution services
The CPC section 6 - Distributive trade services; accommodation, food and beverage serving services; transport services; and electricity, gas and water distribution services includes the divisions and groups in the below table.
| CPC tag | CPC division or group |
|---|---|
| #cpc61 | Wholesale trade services |
| #cpc611 | Wholesale trade services, except on a fee or contract basis |
| #cpc612 | Wholesale trade services on a fee or contract basis |
| #cpc62 | Retail trade services |
| #cpc621 | Non-specialized store retail trade services |
| #cpc622 | Specialized store retail trade services |
| #cpc623 | Mail order or Internet retail trade services |
| #cpc624 | Other non-store retail trade services |
| #cpc625 | Retail trade services on a fee or contract basis |
| #cpc63 | Accommodation, food and beverage services |
| #cpc631 | Accommodation services for visitors |
| #cpc632 | Other accommodation services for visitors and others |
| #cpc633 | Food serving services |
| #cpc634 | Beverage serving services |
| #cpc64 | Passenger transport services |
| #cpc641 | Local transport and sightseeing transportation services of passengers |
| #cpc642 | Long-distance transport services of passengers |
| #cpc65 | Freight transport services |
| #cpc651 | Land transport services of freight |
| #cpc652 | Water transport services of freight |
| #cpc653 | Air and space transport services of freight |
| #cpc66 | Rental services of transport vehicles with operators |
| #cpc660 | Rental services of transport vehicles with operators |
| #cpc67 | Supporting transport services |
| #cpc671 | Cargo handling services |
| #cpc672 | Storage and warehousing services |
| #cpc673 | Supporting services for railway transport |
| #cpc674 | Supporting services for road transport |
| #cpc675 | Supporting services for water transport |
| #cpc676 | Supporting services for air or space transport |
| #cpc679 | Other supporting transport services |
| #cpc68 | Postal and courier services |
| #cpc680 | Postal and courier services |
| #cpc69 | Electricity, gas and water distribution (on own account) |
| #cpc691 | Electricity and gas distribution (on own account) |
| #cpc692 | Water distribution (on own account) |
CPC 7 - Financial and related services; real estate services; and rental and leasing services
The CPC section 7 - Financial and related services; real estate services; and rental and leasing services includes the divisions and groups in the below table.
| CPC tag | CPC division or group |
|---|---|
| #cpc71 | Financial and related services |
| #cpc711 | Financial services, except investment banking, insurance services and pension services |
| #cpc712 | Investment banking services |
| #cpc713 | Insurance and pension services (excluding reinsurance services), except compulsory social security services |
| #cpc714 | Reinsurance services |
| #cpc715 | Services auxiliary to financial services other than to insurance and pensions |
| #cpc716 | Services auxiliary to insurance and pensions |
| #cpc717 | Services of holding financial assets |
| #cpc72 | Real estate services |
| #cpc721 | Real estate services involving own or leased property |
| #cpc722 | Real estate services on a fee or contract basis |
| #cpc73 | Leasing or rental services without operator |
| #cpc731 | Leasing or rental services concerning machinery and equipment without operator |
| #cpc732 | Leasing or rental services concerning other goods |
| #cpc733 | Licensing services for the right to use intellectual property and similar products |
CPC 8 - Business and production services
The CPC section 8 - Business and production services includes the divisions and groups in the below table.
| CPC tag | CPC division or group |
|---|---|
| #cpc81 | Research and development services |
| #cpc811 | Research and experimental development services in natural sciences and engineering |
| #cpc812 | Research and experimental development services in social sciences and humanities |
| #cpc813 | Interdisciplinary research and experimental development services |
| #cpc814 | Research and development originals |
| #cpc82 | Legal and accounting services |
| #cpc821 | Legal services |
| #cpc822 | Accounting, auditing and bookkeeping services |
| #cpc823 | Tax consultancy and preparation services |
| #cpc824 | Insolvency and receivership services |
| #cpc83 | Professional, technical and business services (except research, development, legal and accounting services) |
| #cpc831 | Management consulting and management services; information technology services |
| #cpc832 | Architectural services, urban and land planning and landscape architectural services |
| #cpc833 | Engineering services |
| #cpc834 | Scientific and other technical services |
| #cpc835 | Veterinary services |
| #cpc836 | Advertising services and provision of advertising space or time |
| #cpc837 | Market research and public opinion polling services |
| #cpc838 | Photography services and photographic processing services |
| #cpc839 | Other professional, technical and business services |
| #cpc84 | Telecommunications, broadcasting and information supply services |
| #cpc841 | Telephony and other telecommunications services |
| #cpc842 | Internet telecommunications services |
| #cpc843 | On-line content |
| #cpc844 | News agency services |
| #cpc845 | Library and archive services |
| #cpc846 | Broadcasting, programming and programme distribution services |
| #cpc85 | Support services |
| #cpc851 | Employment services |
| #cpc852 | Investigation and security services |
| #cpc853 | Cleaning services |
| #cpc854 | Packaging services |
| #cpc855 | Travel arrangement, tour operator and related services |
| #cpc859 | Other support services |
| #cpc86 | Support and operation services to agriculture, hunting, forestry, fishing, mining and utilities |
| #cpc861 | Support and operation services to agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing |
| #cpc862 | Support and operation services to mining |
| #cpc863 | Support and operation services to electricity, gas and water distribution |
| #cpc87 | Maintenance, repair and installation (except construction) services |
| #cpc871 | Maintenance and repair services of fabricated metal products, machinery and equipment |
| #cpc872 | Repair services of other goods |
| #cpc873 | Installation services (other than construction) |
| #cpc88 | Manufacturing services on physical inputs owned by others |
| #cpc881 | Food, beverage and tobacco manufacturing services |
| #cpc882 | Textile, wearing apparel and leather manufacturing services |
| #cpc883 | Wood and paper manufacturing services |
| #cpc884 | Petroleum, chemical and pharmaceutical product manufacturing services |
| #cpc885 | Rubber, plastic and other non-metallic mineral product manufacturing services |
| #cpc886 | Basic metal manufacturing services |
| #cpc887 | Fabricated metal product, machinery and equipment manufacturing services |
| #cpc888 | Transport equipment manufacturing services |
| #cpc889 | Other manufacturing services; publishing, printing and reproduction services; materials recovery services |
| #cpc89 | Other manufacturing services; publishing, printing and reproduction services; materials recovery services |
| #cpc891 | Publishing, printing and reproduction services |
| #cpc892 | Moulding, pressing, stamping, extruding and similar plastic manufacturing services |
| #cpc893 | Casting, forging, stamping and similar metal manufacturing services |
| #cpc894 | Materials recovery (recycling) services, on a fee or contract basis |
CPC 9 - Community, social and personal services
The CPC section 9 - Community, social and personal services includes the divisions and groups in the below table.
| CPC tag | CPC division or group |
|---|---|
| #cpc91 | Public administration and other services provided to the community as a whole; compulsory social security services |
| #cpc911 | Administrative services of the government |
| #cpc912 | Public administrative services provided to the community as a whole |
| #cpc913 | Administrative services related to compulsory social security schemes |
| #cpc92 | Education services |
| #cpc921 | Pre-primary education services |
| #cpc922 | Primary education services |
| #cpc923 | Secondary education services |
| #cpc924 | Post-secondary non-tertiary education services |
| #cpc925 | Tertiary education services |
| #cpc929 | Other education and training services and educational support services |
| #cpc93 | Human health and social care services |
| #cpc931 | Human health services |
| #cpc932 | Residential care services for the elderly and disabled |
| #cpc933 | Other social services with accommodation |
| #cpc934 | Social services without accommodation for the elderly and disabled |
| #cpc935 | Other social services without accommodation |
| #cpc94 | Sewage and waste collection, treatment and disposal and other environmental protection services |
| #cpc941 | Sewerage, sewage treatment and septic tank cleaning services |
| #cpc942 | Waste collection services |
| #cpc943 | Waste treatment and disposal services |
| #cpc944 | Remediation services |
| #cpc945 | Sanitation and similar services |
| #cpc949 | Other environmental protection services n.e.c. |
| #cpc95 | Services of membership organizations |
| #cpc951 | Services furnished by business, employers and professional organizations |
| #cpc952 | Services furnished by trade unions |
| #cpc959 | Services furnished by other membership organizations |
| #cpc96 | Recreational, cultural and sporting services |
| #cpc961 | Audiovisual and related services |
| #cpc962 | Performing arts and other live entertainment event presentation and promotion services |
| #cpc963 | Services of performing and other artists |
| #cpc964 | Museum and preservation services |
| #cpc965 | Sports and recreational sports services |
| #cpc966 | Services of athletes and related support services |
| #cpc969 | Other amusement and recreational services |
| #cpc97 | Other services |
| #cpc971 | Washing, cleaning and dyeing services |
| #cpc972 | Beauty and physical well-being services |
| #cpc973 | Funeral, cremation and undertaking services |
| #cpc979 | Other miscellaneous services |
| #cpc98 | Domestic services |
| #cpc980 | Domestic services |
| #cpc99 | Services provided by extraterritorial organizations and bodies |
| #cpc990 | Services provided by extraterritorial organizations and bodies |
Annex 5 - The Sustainable Development Goals and Targets
The Sustainable development goals which were approved by the United Nations General Assembly in September 2015 are usually abbreviated as SDGs, with hashtag #SDGs. The full definition of each of the 17 goals and 169 targets is taken from the UN resolution document Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (UN General Assembly, 2015).
The goals with their ‘global’ #SDGs coding hashtag are listed in table SDGs. Each goal has a number of targets. The targets for each goal are listed in the following sections. For each target an #sdt coding hashtag is included in the table per goal.
| SDG tag | goal description |
|---|---|
| #SDG1 | End poverty in all its forms everywhere |
| #SDG2 | End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture |
| #SDG3 | Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages |
| #SDG4 | Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote life-long learning opportunities for all |
| #SDG5 | Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls |
| #SDG6 | Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all |
| #SDG7 | Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all |
| #SDG8 | Promote sustained, inclusive & sustainable economic growth, full & productive employment & decent work for all |
| #SDG9 | Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation |
| #SDG10 | Reduce inequality within and among countries |
| #SDG11 | Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable |
| #SDG12 | Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns |
| #SDG13 | Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts |
| #SDG14 | Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development |
| #SDG15 | Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss |
| #SDG16 | Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels |
| #SDG17 | Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development |
SDG1 - End poverty in all its forms everywhere
The sustainable development goal #SDG1 - End poverty in all its forms everywhere contains the targets in the below table. For each target there is a unique coding hashtag such as #sdt011, yet also hashtags such as #sdt11 are being used.
| SDT tag | target description |
|---|---|
| #SDT011 or #SDT11 | By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than $1 |
| #SDT012 or #SDT12 | By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions |
| #SDT013 or #SDT13 | Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all, including floors, and by 2030 achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable |
| #SDT014 or #SDT14 | By 2030 ensure that all men and women, particularly the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership, and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology, and financial services including microfinance |
| #SDT015 or #SDT15 | By 2030 build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations, and reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and other economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters |
| #SDT01a or #SDT1a | Ensure significant mobilization of resources from a variety of sources, including through enhanced development cooperation to provide adequate and predictable means for developing countries, in particular LDCs, to implement programmes and policies to end poverty in all its dimensions |
| #SDT01b or #SDT1b | Create sound policy frameworks, at national, regional and international levels, based on pro-poor and gender-sensitive development strategies to support accelerated investments in poverty eradication actions |
SDG2 - End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture
The sustainable development goal #SDG2 - End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture includes the targets in the below table.
| SDT tag | target description |
|---|---|
| #SDT021 or #SDT21 | By 2030 end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round |
| #SDT022 or #SDT22 | By 2030 end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving by 2025 the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under five years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women, and older persons |
| #SDT023 or #SDT23 | By 2030 double the agricultural productivity and the incomes of small-scale food producers, particularly women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets, and opportunities for value addition and non-farm employment |
| #SDT024 or #SDT24 | By 2030 ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters, and that progressively improve land and soil quality |
| #SDT025 or #SDT25 | By 2020 maintain genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants, farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species, including through soundly managed and diversified seed and plant banks at national, regional and international levels, and ensure access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge as internationally agreed |
| #SDT02a or #SDT2a | Increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development, and plant and livestock gene banks to enhance agricultural productive capacity in developing countries, in particular in least developed countries |
| #SDT02b or #SDT2b | Correct and prevent trade restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets including through the parallel elimination of all forms of agricultural export subsidies and all export measures with equivalent effect, in accordance with the mandate of the Doha Development Round |
| #SDT02c or #SDT2c | Adopt measures to ensure the proper functioning of food commodity markets and their derivatives, and facilitate timely access to market information, including on food reserves, in order to help limit extreme food price volatility |
SDG3 - Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
The table below lists the coding hashtags for the targets of sustainable development goal #SDG3 - Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.
| SDT tag | target description |
|---|---|
| #SDT031 | By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births |
| #SDT032 | By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age, with all countries aiming to reduce neonatal mortality to at least as low as 12 per 1,000 live births and under5 mortality to at least as low as 25 per 1,000 live births |
| #SDT033 | By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases |
| #SDT034 | By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality from non-communicable diseases through prevention and treatment and promote mental health and well being |
| #SDT035 | Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol |
| #SDT036 | By 2020, halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents |
| #SDT037 | By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health-care services, including for family planning, information and education, and the integration of reproductive health into national strategies and programmes |
| #SDT038 | Achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to quality essential health-care services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all |
| #SDT039 | By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination |
| #SDT03a | Strengthen the implementation of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in all countries, as appropriate |
| #SDT03b | Support the research and development of vaccines and medicines for the communicable and non-communicable diseases that primarily affect developing countries, provide access to affordable essential medicines and vaccines, in accordance with the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, which affirms the right of developing countries to use to the full the provisions in the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights regarding flexibilities to protect public health, and, in particular, provide access to medicines for all |
| #SDT03c | Substantially increase health financing and the recruitment, development, training and retention of the health workforce in developing countries, especially in least developed countries and small island developing States |
| #SDT03d | Strengthen the capacity of all countries, in particular developing countries, for early warning, risk reduction and management of national and global health risks |
SDG4 - Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote life-long learning opportunities for all
Targets and coding hashtags for sustainable development goal #SDG4 - Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote life-long learning opportunities for all.
| SDT tag | target description |
|---|---|
| #SDT041 | By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and effective learning outcomes |
| #SDT042 | By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early childhood development, care and pre-primary education so that they are ready for primary education |
| #SDT043 | By 2030, ensure equal access for all women and men to affordable and quality technical, vocational and tertiary education, including university |
| #SDT044 | By 2030, substantially increase the number of youth and adults who have relevant skills, including technical and vocational skills, for employment, decent jobs and entrepreneurship |
| #SDT045 | By 2030, eliminate gender disparities in education and ensure equal access to all levels of education and vocational training for the vulnerable, including persons with disabilities, indigenous peoples and children in vulnerable situations |
| #SDT046 | By 2030, ensure that all youth and a substantial proportion of adults, both men and women, achieve literacy and numeracy |
| #SDT047 | By 2030, ensure that all learners acquire the knowledge and skills needed to promote sustainable development, including, among others, through education for sustainable development and sustainable lifestyles, human rights, gender equality, promotion of a culture of peace and non-violence, global citizenship and appreciation of cultural diversity and of culture’s contribution to sustainable development |
| #SDT04a | Build and upgrade education facilities that are child, disability and gender sensitive and provide safe, non-violent, inclusive and effective learning environments for all |
| #SDT04b | By 2020, substantially expand globally the number of scholarships available to developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing States and African countries, for enrolment in higher education, including vocational training and information and communications technology, technical, engineering and scientific programmes, in developed countries and other developing countries |
| #SDT04c | By 2030, substantially increase the supply of qualified teachers, including through international cooperation for teacher training in developing countries, especially least developed countries and small island developing States |
SDG5 - Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
Targets and coding hashtags for sustainable development goal #SDG5 - Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.
| SDT tag | target description |
|---|---|
| #SDT051 | End all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere |
| #SDT052 | Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres, including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation |
| #SDT053 | Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation |
| #SDT054 | Recognize and value unpaid care and domestic work through the provision of public services, infrastructure and social protection policies and the promotion of shared responsibility within the household and the family as nationally appropriate |
| #SDT055 | Ensure women’s full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision-making in political, economic and public life |
| #SDT056 | Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights as agreed in accordance with the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development and the Beijing Platform for Action and the outcome documents of their review conferences |
| #SDT05a | Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to ownership and control over land and other forms of property, financial services, inheritance and natural resources, in accordance with national laws |
| #SDT05b | Enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular information and communications technology, to promote the empowerment of women |
| #SDT05c | Adopt and strengthen sound policies and enforceable legislation for the promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls at all levels |
SDG6 - Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
Targets and coding hashtags for sustainable development goal #SDG6 - Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.
| SDT tag | target description |
|---|---|
| #SDT061 | By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all |
| #SDT062 | By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations |
| #SDT063 | By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally |
| #SDT064 | By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity |
| #SDT065 | By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate |
| #SDT066 | By 2020, protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes |
| #SDT06a | By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing countries in water- and sanitation-related activities and programmes, including water harvesting, desalination, water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse technologies |
| #SDT06b | Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water and sanitation management |
SDG7 - Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all
Targets and coding hashtags for sustainable development goal #SDG7 - Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all.
| SDT tag | target description |
|---|---|
| #SDT071 | By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services |
| #SDT072 | By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix |
| #SDT073 | By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency |
| #SDT07a | By 2030, enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy research and technology, including renewable energy, energy efficiency and advanced and cleaner fossil-fuel technology, and promote investment in energy infrastructure and clean energy technology |
| #SDT07b | By 2030, expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying modern and sustainable energy services for all in developing countries, in particular least developed countries and small island developing States |
SDG8 - Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all
Targets and coding hashtags for sustainable development goal #SDG8 - Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all.
| SDT tag | target description |
|---|---|
| #SDT081 | Sustain per capita economic growth in accordance with national circumstances and, in particular, at least 7 per cent gross domestic product growth per annum in the least developed countries |
| #SDT082 | Achieve higher levels of economic productivity through diversification, technological upgrading and innovation, including through a focus on high-valueadded and labour-intensive sectors |
| #SDT083 | Promote development-oriented policies that support productive activities, decent job creation, entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation, and encourage the formalization and growth of micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises, including through access to financial services |
| #SDT084 | Improve progressively, through 2030, global resource efficiency in consumption and production and endeavour to decouple economic growth from environmental degradation, in accordance with the 10-year framework of programmes on sustainable consumption and production, with developed countries taking the lead |
| #SDT085 | By 2030, achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women and men, including for young people and persons with disabilities, and equal pay for work of equal value |
| #SDT086 | By 2020, substantially reduce the proportion of youth not in employment, education or training |
| #SDT087 | Take immediate and effective measures to eradicate forced labour, end modern slavery and human trafficking and secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour, including recruitment and use of child soldiers, and by 2025 end child labour in all its forms |
| #SDT088 | Protect labour rights and promote safe and secure working environments for all workers, including migrant workers, in particular women migrants, and those in precarious employment |
| #SDT089 | By 2030, devise and implement policies to promote sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products |
| #SDT810 | Strengthen the capacity of domestic financial institutions to encourage and expand access to banking, insurance and financial services for all |
| #SDT08a | Increase Aid for Trade support for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, including through the Enhanced Integrated Framework for Trade-Related Technical Assistance to Least Developed Countries |
| #SDT08b | By 2020, develop and operationalize a global strategy for youth employment and implement the Global Jobs Pact of the International Labour Organization |
SDG9 - Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation
Targets and coding hashtags for sustainable development goal #SDG9 - Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation.
| SDT tag | target description |
|---|---|
| #SDT091 | Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure, including regional and transborder infrastructure, to support economic development and human well-being, with a focus on affordable and equitable access for all |
| #SDT092 | Promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and, by 2030, significantly raise industry’s share of employment and gross domestic product, in line with national circumstances, and double its share in least developed countries |
| #SDT093 | Increase the access of small-scale industrial and other enterprises, in particular in developing countries, to financial services, including affordable credit, and their integration into value chains and markets |
| #SDT094 | By 2030, upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to make them sustainable, with increased resource-use efficiency and greater adoption of clean and environmentally sound technologies and industrial processes, with all countries taking action in accordance with their respective capabilities |
| #SDT095 | Enhance scientific research, upgrade the technological capabilities of industrial sectors in all countries, in particular developing countries, including, by 2030, encouraging innovation and substantially increasing the number of research and development workers per 1 million people and public and private research and development spending |
| #SDT09a | Facilitate sustainable and resilient infrastructure development in developing countries through enhanced financial, technological and technical support to African countries, least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States |
| #SDT09b | Support domestic technology development, research and innovation in developing countries, including by ensuring a conducive policy environment for, inter alia, industrial diversification and value addition to commodities |
| #SDT09c | Significantly increase access to information and communications technology and strive to provide universal and affordable access to the Internet in least developed countries by 2020 |
SDG10 - Reduce inequality within and among countries
Targets and coding hashtags for sustainable development goal #SDG10 - Reduce inequality within and among countries.
| SDT tag | target description |
|---|---|
| #SDT101 | By 2030, progressively achieve and sustain income growth of the bottom 40 per cent of the population at a rate higher than the national average |
| #SDT102 | By 2030, empower and promote the social, economic and political inclusion of all, irrespective of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or other status |
| #SDT103 | Ensure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities of outcome, including by eliminating discriminatory laws, policies and practices and promoting appropriate legislation, policies and action in this regard |
| #SDT104 | Adopt policies, especially fiscal, wage and social protection policies, and progressively achieve greater equality |
| #SDT105 | Improve the regulation and monitoring of global financial markets and institutions and strengthen the implementation of such regulations |
| #SDT106 | Ensure enhanced representation and voice for developing countries in decision-making in global international economic and financial institutions in order to deliver more effective, credible, accountable and legitimate institutions |
| #SDT107 | Facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people, including through the implementation of planned and well-managed migration policies |
| #SDT10a | Implement the principle of special and differential treatment for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, in accordance with World Trade Organization agreements |
| #SDT10b | Encourage official development assistance and financial flows, including foreign direct investment, to States where the need is greatest, in particular least developed countries, African countries, small island developing States and landlocked developing countries, in accordance with their national plans and programmes |
| #SDT10c | By 2030, reduce to less than 3 per cent the transaction costs of migrant remittances and eliminate remittance corridors with costs higher than 5 per cent |
SDG11 - Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
Targets and coding hashtags for sustainable development goal #SDG11 - Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.
| SDT tag | target description |
|---|---|
| #SDT111 | By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums |
| #SDT112 | By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all, improving road safety, notably by expanding public transport, with special attention to the needs of those in vulnerable situations, women, children, persons with disabilities and older persons |
| #SDT113 | By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory, integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries |
| #SDT114 | Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and natural heritage |
| #SDT115 | By 2030, significantly reduce the number of deaths and the number of people affected and substantially decrease the direct economic losses relative to global gross domestic product caused by disasters, including water-related disasters, with a focus on protecting the poor and people in vulnerable situations |
| #SDT116 | By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, including by paying special attention to air quality and municipal and other waste management |
| #SDT117 | By 2030, provide universal access to safe, inclusive and accessible, green and public spaces, in particular for women and children, older persons and persons with disabilities |
| #SDT11a | Support positive economic, social and environmental links between urban, peri-urban and rural areas by strengthening national and regional development planning |
| #SDT11b | By 2020, substantially increase the number of cities and human settlements adopting and implementing integrated policies and plans towards inclusion, resource efficiency, mitigation and adaptation to climate change, resilience to disasters, and develop and implement, in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, holistic disaster risk management at all levels |
| #SDT11c | Support least developed countries, including through financial and technical assistance, in building sustainable and resilient buildings utilizing local materials |
SDG12- Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
Targets and coding hashtags for sustainable development goal SDG12- Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns.
| SDT tag | target description |
|---|---|
| #SDT121 | Implement the 10-year framework of programmes on sustainable consumption and production, all countries taking action, with developed countries taking the lead, taking into account the development and capabilities of developing countries |
| #SDT122 | By 2030, achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources |
| #SDT123 | By 2030, halve per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and reduce food losses along production and supply chains, including post-harvest losses |
| #SDT124 | By 2020, achieve the environmentally sound management of chemicals and all wastes throughout their life cycle, in accordance with agreed international frameworks, and significantly reduce their release to air, water and soil in order to minimize their adverse impacts on human health and the environment |
| #SDT125 | By 2030, substantially reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse |
| #SDT126 | Encourage companies, especially large and transnational companies, to adopt sustainable practices and to integrate sustainability information into their reporting cycle |
| #SDT127 | Promote public procurement practices that are sustainable, in accordance with national policies and priorities |
| #SDT128 | By 2030, ensure that people everywhere have the relevant information and awareness for sustainable development and lifestyles in harmony with nature |
| #SDT12a | Support developing countries to strengthen their scientific and technological capacity to move towards more sustainable patterns of consumption and production |
| #SDT12b | Develop and implement tools to monitor sustainable development impacts for sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products |
| #SDT12c | Rationalize inefficient fossil-fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption by removing market distortions, in accordance with national circumstances, including by restructuring taxation and phasing out those harmful subsidies, where they exist, to reflect their environmental impacts, taking fully into account the specific needs and conditions of developing countries and minimizing the possible adverse impacts on their development in a manner that protects the poor and the affected communities |
SDG13 - Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts
Targets and coding hashtags for sustainable development goal #SDG13 - Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts.
| SDT tag | target description |
|---|---|
| #SDT131 | Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries |
| #SDT132 | Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning |
| #SDT133 | Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning |
| #SDT13a | Implement the commitment undertaken by developed-country parties to the UNFCCC to a goal of mobilizing jointly $100 billion annually by 2020 from all sources to address the needs of developing countries in the context of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on implementation and fully operationalize the Green Climate Fund through its capitalization as soon as possible |
| #SDT13b | Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change-related planning and management in least developed countries, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities |
SDG14 - Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development
Targets and coding hashtags for sustainable development goal #SDG14 - Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development.
| SDT tag | target description |
|---|---|
| #SDT141 | By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds, in particular from land-based activities, including marine debris and nutrient pollution |
| #SDT142 | By 2020, sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystems to avoid significant adverse impacts, including by strengthening their resilience, and take action for their restoration in order to achieve healthy and productive oceans |
| #SDT143 | Minimize and address the impacts of ocean acidification, including through enhanced scientific cooperation at all levels |
| #SDT144 | By 2020, effectively regulate harvesting and end overfishing, illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and destructive fishing practices and implement science-based management plans, in order to restore fish stocks in the shortest time feasible, at least to levels that can produce maximum sustainable yield as determined by their biological characteristics |
| #SDT145 | By 2020, conserve at least 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, consistent with national and international law and based on the best available scientific information |
| #SDT146 | By 2020, prohibit certain forms of fisheries subsidies which contribute to overcapacity and overfishing, eliminate subsidies that contribute to illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and refrain from introducing new such subsidies, recognizing that appropriate and effective special and differential treatment for developing and least developed countries should be an integral part of the World Trade Organization fisheries subsidies negotiation |
| #SDT147 | By 2030, increase the economic benefits to Small Island developing States and least developed countries from the sustainable use of marine resources, including through sustainable management of fisheries, aquaculture and tourism |
| #SDT14a | Increase scientific knowledge, develop research capacity and transfer marine technology, taking into account the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Criteria and Guidelines on the Transfer of Marine Technology, in order to improve ocean health and to enhance the contribution of marine biodiversity to the development of developing countries, in particular small island developing States and least developed countries |
| #SDT14b | Provide access for small-scale artisanal fishers to marine resources and markets |
| #SDT14c | Enhance the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources by implementing law as reflected in UNCLOS, which provides the legal framework for the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources, as recalled in paragraph 158 of The Future We Want |
SDG15 - Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems
Targets and coding hashtags for sustainable development goal #SDG15 - Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss.
| SDT tag | target description |
|---|---|
| #SDT151 | By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and their services, in particular forests, wetlands, mountains and drylands, in line with obligations under international agreements |
| #SDT152 | By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and substantially increase afforestation and reforestation globally |
| #SDT153 | By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral world |
| #SDT154 | By 2030, ensure the conservation of mountain ecosystems, including their biodiversity, in order to enhance their capacity to provide benefits that are essential for sustainable development |
| #SDT155 | Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity, and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species |
| #SDT156 | Ensure fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and promote appropriate access to such resources |
| #SDT157 | Take urgent action to end poaching and trafficking of protected species of flora and fauna and address both demand and supply of illegal wildlife products |
| #SDT158 | By 2020, introduce measures to prevent the introduction and significantly reduce the impact of invasive alien species on land and water ecosystems and control or eradicate the priority species |
| #SDT159 | By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values into national and local planning, development processes, poverty reduction strategies and accounts |
| #SDT15a | Mobilize and significantly increase financial resources from all sources to conserve and sustainable use biodiversity and ecosystems |
| #SDT15b | Mobilize significant resources from all sources and at all levels to finance sustainable forest management and provide adequate incentives to developing countries to advance such management, including for conservation and reforestation |
| #SDT15c | Enhance global support for efforts to combat poaching and trafficking of protected species, including by increasing the capacity of local communities to pursue sustainable livelihood opportunities |
SDG16 - Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development
Targets and coding hashtags for sustainable development goal #SDG16 - Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels.
| SDT tag | target description |
|---|---|
| #SDT161 | Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhere |
| #SDT162 | End abuse, exploitations, trafficking and all forms of violence against and torture of children |
| #SDT163 | Promote the rule of law at the national and international levels and ensure equal access to justice for all |
| #SDT164 | By 2030, significantly reduce illicit financial and arms flows, strengthen the recovery and return of stolen assets and combat all forms of organized crime |
| #SDT165 | Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all their forms |
| #SDT166 | Develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions at all levels |
| #SDT167 | Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative decision-making at all levels |
| #SDT168 | Broaden and strengthen the participation of developing countries in the institutions of global governance |
| #SDT169 | By 2030, provide legal identity for all, including birth registration |
| #SDT1610 | Ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms, in accordance with national legislation and international agreements |
| #SDT16a | Strengthen relevant national institutions, including through international cooperation, for building capacity at all levels, in particular in developing countries, to prevent violence and combat terrorism and crime |
| #SDT16b | Promote and enforce non-discriminatory laws and policies for sustainable development |
SDG17 - Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development
The targets and coding hashtags for sustainable development goal #SDG17 - Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development.
| SDT tag | target description |
|---|---|
| #SDT171 | Strengthen domestic resource mobilization, including through international support to developing countries, to improve domestic capacity for tax and other revenue collection |
| #SDT172 | Developed countries to implement fully their official development assistance commitments, including the commitment by many developed countries to achieve the target of 0.7 per cent ODA/GNI to developing countries and 0.15 to 0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI to least developed countries; ODA providers are encouraged to consider setting a target to provide at least 0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI to least developed countries |
| #SDT173 | Mobilize additional financial resources for developing countries from multiple sources |
| #SDT174 | Assist developing countries in attaining long-term debt sustainability through coordinated policies aimed at fostering debt financing, debt relief and debt restructuring, as appropriate, and address the external debt of highly indebted poor countries to reduce debt distress |
| #SDT175 | Adopt and implement investment promotion regimes for least developed countries |
| #SDT176 | Enhance North-South, South-South and triangular regional and international cooperation on and access to science, technology and innovation and enhance knowledge sharing on mutually agreed terms, including through improved coordination among existing mechanisms, in particular at the United Nations level, and through a global technology facilitation mechanism |
| #SDT177 | Promote the development, transfer, dissemination and diffusion of environmentally sound technologies to developing countries on favourable terms, including on concessional and preferential terms, as mutually agreed |
| #SDT178 | Fully operationalize the technology bank and science, technology and innovation capacity-building mechanism for least developed countries by 2017 and enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular information and communications technology |
| #SDT179 | Enhance international support for implementing effective and targeted capacity-building in developing countries to support national plans to implement all the sustainable development goals, including through North-South, South-South and triangular cooperation |
| #SDT1710 | Promote a universal, rules-based, open, non-discriminatory and equitable multilateral trading system under the World Trade Organization, including through the conclusion of negotiations under its Doha Development Agenda |
| #SDT1711 | Significantly increase the exports of developing countries, in particular with a view to doubling the least developed countries’ share of global exports by 2020 |
| #SDT1712 | Realize timely implementation of duty-free and quota-free market access on a lasting basis for all least developed countries, consistent with World Trade Organization decisions, including by ensuring that preferential rules of origin applicable to imports from least developed countries are transparent and simple, and contribute to facilitating market access |
| #SDT1713 | Enhance global macroeconomic stability, including through policy coordination and policy coherence |
| #SDT1714 | Enhance policy coherence for sustainable development |
| #SDT1715 | Respect each country’s policy space and leadership to establish and implement policies for poverty eradication and sustainable development |
| #SDT1716 | Enhance the global partnership for sustainable development, complemented by multi-stakeholder partnerships that mobilize and share knowledge, expertise, technology and financial resources, to support the achievement of the sustainable development goals in all countries, in particular developing countries |
| #SDT1717 | Encourage and promote effective public, public-private and civil society partnerships, building on the experience and resourcing strategies of partnerships |
| #SDT1718 | By 2020, enhance capacity-building support to developing countries, including for least developed countries and small island developing States, to increase significantly the availability of high-quality, timely and reliable data disaggregated by income, gender, age, race, ethnicity, migratory status, disability, geographic location and other characteristics relevant in national contexts |
| #SDT1719 | By 2030, build on existing initiatives to develop measurements of progress on sustainable development that complement gross domestic product, and support statistical capacity-building in developing countries |
Annex 6 - Major languages with language code
Below list includes over 500 languages with their ISO 639 code.
A - abkhazian-#abk achehnese-#ace acoli-#ach adangme-#ada adhola-#adh adja-#ajg adyghe-#ady afaan-oromo-#gax afaan-oromo-#om afar-#aa afrikaans-#af aguaruna-#agr akan-#ak akuapem-#ak albanian-#sq alemannic-#als algerian-arabic-#arq alur-#alz amharic-#am angika-#anp angola anii-#blo antiguan-creole-#aig antillean-creole-#acf anuak-#anu anyuak-#anu anywa-#anu arabic-#ar arabic-#ary aragonese-#an aringa-#luc aringati-#luc armenian-#hy aromanian-#rup assamese-#as assante-twi-#ak assyrian-neo-aramaic-#aii asturian-#ast ateso-#teo avaric-#av awadhi-#awa awa-pit-#kwi aymara-#ay azerbaijani-#az
B - babanki-#bbk bahamian-creole-#bah bahasa-indonesia-#id bajan-#bjs balinese-#ban baluchi-#bal bambara-#bm banda-#bad bangla-#bn banjarese-#bjn banyumasan-#bms baoulé-#bci bar-#anu bariba-#bba bari-#bfa bashkir-#ba basque-#eu batak-#btk beja-#bej belarusian-#be belizean-creole-#bzj bemba-#bem bengali-#bn bhojpuri-#bho bikol-#bcl bikol-#bik bikol-naga-#bcl bini-#bin bislama-#bi blin-#byn bono-#ak bosnian-#bs brahui-#brh braj-#bra breton-#br buginese-#bug buksa-tharu-#tkb bukusu-#bxk bulgarian-#bg bura-#bwr bura-pabir-#bwr burjin-#anu burmese-#my burushaski-#bsk buryat-#bua
C - cameroonian-creole-#wes cañar–loja-#qxr cantonese-#yue cape-verdean-creole-#kea carib-#car catalan-#ca cebuano-#ceb central-atlas-tamazight-#tzm central-bikol-#bcl central-makhuwa-#vmw chadian-arabic-#shu chaldean-neo-aramaic-#cld cham-#cja chamic-#cmc chamorro-#ch chavacano-#cbk chayahuita-#cbt chechen-#ce cherokee#chr chewa-#ny cheyenne-#chy chibemba-#bem chichewa-#ny chimborazo-#qug chinambya-#nmq chindau-#ndc chinese-hong-kong-#zhhk chinese-macau-#zhmo chinese-prc-#zhcn chinese-singapore-#zhsg chinese-taiwan-#zhtw chinese-#zh chinkhonde-#nyy chinyanja-#ny chipewyan-#chp chishona-#sn chitonga-#toi chitumbuka-#tum chitwania-tharu-#the choctaw-#cho chol-#ctu chontal-#chf chopi-#cce ch’orti-#caa chuj-#cac chuukese-#chk chuvash-#cv chuwabu-#chw cicopi-#cce cinyungwe-#nyu circassian-west-#ady cisena-#seh citumbuka-#tum ciyawo-#yao copi-#cce corsican-#co cree-#cr creek-#mus crimean-tatar-#crh croatian-#hr cuka-#cuh cuzco-quechua-(quechuan)-#quz czech-#cs
D - dagaare-#dga dagaari-dioula-#dgd dagbani-#dag dagbanli-#dag dagur-#dta dangaura-tharu-#thl dangme-#ada danish-#da dari-#prs datooga-#tcc dazaga-#dzg dendi-#ddn dholuo-#luo dhopadhola-#adh dinka-#din divehi-#dv djerma-#dje dogri-#doi dongxiang-#sce doteli-#dty dotyali-#dty duala-#dua dutch-#nl dyula-#dyu dzongkha-#dz
E - eastern-gorkha-tamang-#tge eastern-tamang-#taj east-limba-#lma ebira-#igb echuwabo-#chw ecizinza-#zin efik-#efi ekajuk-#eka ekegusii-#guz elhomwe-#lon elomwe-#ngl emilian-#egl enga-#enq english-#en erzya-#myv estonian-#et evenki-#evn ewe-#ee ewondo-#ewo
F - fang-#fan fante-#fat faroese-#fo farsi-#fa fijian-#fj fiji-hindi-#hif filipino-#tl finnish-#fi fon-#fon forro-#cri frafra-#gur french-#fr french-guianese-creole-#gcr friulan-#fur fulah-#ff fulani-#ff fulfulde-#ff
G - gaelic-#gd ga-#gaa gagauz-#gag galician-#gl ganda-#lg gan-#gan garifuna-#cab gayo-#gay gen-#gej georgian-#ka german-#de german-#sxu gikuyu-#ki gilaki-#glk gilbertese-#gil gitonga-#toh gondi-#gon gonja-#gjn gorontalo-#gor gourmanché-#gux grebo-#grb greek-#el grenadian-creole-#gcl guarani-#gn guinea-bissau-creole-#pov gujarati-#gu gurene-#gur gurindji-#gue gusii-#guz guyanese-creole-#gyn gwere-#gwr
H - hadiyya-#hdy haitian-creole-#ht hakka-#hak hani-#hni hassanya-#mey hausa-#ha hawaiian-#haw hawaiian-pidgin-english-#hwc hazaragi-#haz hebrew-#he herero-#hz hiligaynon-#hil hindi-#hi hiri-motu-#ho hmong-#hmn ho=#hoc huastec-#hus hungarian-#hu hyam-#jab
I - iban-#iba ibibio-#ibb icelandic-#is icibemba-#bem igala-#igl igbo-#ig ikisimbëtë-kiswahili-#sw ikokolemu-#kdi ikwerre-#ikw ilokano-#ilo ilonggo-#hil imbabura-#qvi indonesian-#id ingush-#inh inuktitut-#iu iraqw-#irk irish-#ga isindebele-#nr isixhosa-#xh isizulu-#zu italian-#it
J - jamaican-patois-#jam jambo-#anu japanese-#ja javanese-#jv
K - kabardian-#kbc kabiye-#kbp kabras-#lkb kabuverdianu-#kea kabyle-#kab kachin-#kac kakwa-#keo kalanga-#kck kalanguya-#kak kallahan-#kak kalmyk-#xal kamba-#kam kanembu-#kbl kannada-#kn kanuri-#kr kaonde-#kqn kapampangan-#pam kaqchikel-#cak karachay-balkar-#krc karakalpak-#kaa karamojong-#kdj karelian-#krl karen-#kar kasem-#xsm kashmiri-#ks kashubian-#csb kassena-#xsm kassonke-#kao kathoriya-tharu-#tkt kazakh-#kk kenyi-#lke khakas-#kjh khalkha-#khk kharia-#khr khasi-#kha khayo-#lko khmer-#km khoekhoegowab-#naq khoekhoe-#naq k’iche’an-#guq kiche-#quc kidawida-#dav kiga-#cgg kigiryama-#nyf kikamba-#kam kikongo-#kg kikongo-ya-leta-#ktu kikuyu-#ki kimbundu-#kmb kîmîîrû-#mer kinyarwanda-#rw kirundi-#rn kiswahili-#sw kituba-#ktu kituba-#mkw kochila-tharu-#thq kokola-#kzn komi-#kv kongo-#kg konjo-#koo konkani-#kok konkomba-#xon konso-#kxc korean-#ko korku-#kfq koyraboro-senni-#ses kpelle-#kpe krio-#kri kru-#kro kumam-#kdi kumyk-#kum kupsabiny-#kpz kurdish-central-#ckb kurdish-#ku kurdish-northern-#kmr kurdish-southern-#sdh kurmanji-#kmr kurukh-#kru kuteb-#kub kwangali-#kwn kwanyama-#kj kyrgyz-#ky
L - ladino-#lad lak-#lbe lakota-dida-#dic lámnso-#lns lango-#laj lao-#lo latvian-#lv leblango-#laj lhukonzo-#koo liberian-kreyol-#lir ligurian-#lij likpakpaanl-#xon limburgish-#li lingala-#ln lithuanian-#lt logooli-#rag lolo-#llb lori-northern-#lrc low-german-#nds low-lugbara-#luc lozi-#loz lubukusu-#bxk luganda-#lg lugbarati-#lgg lugwere-#gwr luhya-#luy lukabarasi-#lkb lukenye-#lke lulamoogi-#xog lulogoli-#rag lumasaaba-#myx lunyole-kenya-#nyd lunyole-#nuj lunyore-#nyd lusamia-#lsm lusoga-#xog luxembourgish-#lb
M - maa-#mas macedonian-#mk ma´di-#mhi madurese-#mad magahi-#mag maindo-#cwb maithili-#mai makasar-#mak makhuwa-marrevone-#xmc makhuwa-meetto-#mgh makhuwa-saka-#xsq makhuwa-shirima-#vmk malagasy-#mg malawi-lomwe-#lon malayalam-#ml malay-#ms malgwa-#mfi malinka-western-#mlq maltese-#mt mambilla-#mzk mam-#mam mampruli-#maw mamprusi-#maw mandari-#mqu mandarin-#cmn mandar-#mdr mandinka-#mnk maninka-#emk manx-#gv manyawa-#mny maori-#mi mapudungun-#arn marathi-#mr marenje-#vmr mari-#chm marshallese-#mh marwari-#mwr masaba-#myx masai-#mas mauritian-creole-#mfe mazandarani-#mzn mbukushu-#mhw mende-#men meru-#mer minangkabau-#min mirandese-#mwl miroy-#anu miskito-#miq moba-#mfq modern-mon-#mnw moksha-#mdf mongolian-#mn mongo-#lol moojanga-#anu mopan-#mop mossi-#mos mumuye-#mzm mundari-#unr mwimbi-muthambi-#mws myanmar-#my
N - nahuatl-#nah nakhi-#nxq nambya-#nmq nandi-#niq nauru-#na navajo-#nv ndau-#ndc ndebele-north-#nd ndonga-#ng neapolitan-#nap nenets-#yrk nepal-basha-#new nepali-#ne newari-#new new-guinea-pidgin-#tpi ngakarimojong-#kdj ng’aturkana-#tuv ngbaka-minagende-#nga ngoni-#ngo nias-#nia nigerian-pidgin-#pcm nkore-#nyn nobiin-#fia nogai-#nog northern-dagara-#dgi northern-pashto-#pbu northern-sami-#se northern-sotho-#nso northwestern-otomi-#otq north-western-tamang-#tmk norwegian-#no nso-#lns nuer-#nus nuosu-#ii nupe-#nup nuro-#anu nyakyusa-#nyy nyala-#nle nyamwezi-#nym nyaneka-#nyk nyanja-#ny nyankole-#nyn nyole-kenya-#nyd nyole-#nuj nyoro-#nyo nyungwe-#nyu nzima-#nzi
O - obolo-#ann occitan-#oc odia-#or ojibwa-#oj okene-#igb oktpoto-#igb olukabarasi-#lkb olukhayo-#lko olunyala-#nle olunyaneka-#nyk olusamia-#lsm oluwanga-#lwg oria-#or oriya-#or oromiffa-#om oromo-#om oshikwanyama-#kj oshindonga-#ng ossetian-#os otetela-#tll otjiherero-#hz otomi-#oto otuho-#lot
P - paez-#pbb palauan-#pau pangasinan-#pag papantla-totonac-#top papiamento-#pap pashto-#ps pedi-#nso persian-#fa peul-#ff picard-#pcd pidgin-#tpi pilagá-#plg pohnpeian-#pon pokomo-#pkb polish-#pl portuguese-#pt pulaar-#ff pular-#fuf punjabi-#pa purepecha-#pua
Q - q’anjob’alan-#kjb qeqchi-#kek quechua-#qu querétaro-otomi-#otq
R - rajasthani-#raj ramoaaina-#rai rana-tharu-#thr rarotongan-#rar réunion-creole-#rcf romagnol-#rgn romanian-#ro romansh-#rm rufumbira-#kin rukiga-#cgg rukwangali-#kwn rundi-#rn runyankore-#nyn runyoro-#nyo runyoro-rutooro-#ttj russian-#ru rutooro-#ttj
S - sabinyi-#kpz sambaa-#ksb samia-#lsm samoan-#sm samogitian-#sgs sandawe-#sad sango-#sg sanskrit-#sa santali-#sat saraiki-#skr saramaccan-#srm sardinian-#sc sasak-#sas scots-#sco sena-#seh sepedi-#nso serbian-#sr serer-#srr sesotho-#st setswana-#tn seychellois-creole-#crs shan-#shn shilha-#shi shilluk-#shk shona-#sn sicilian-#scn sidamo-#sid sierra-leonean-creole-#kri sierra-totonac-#toc silozi-#loz silte-#stv sindhi-#sd sinhala-#si sioux-#dak siswati-#ss siyi-#yue slovak-#sk slovenian-#sl soga-#xog somali-#so sonha-#soi soninke-#snk sorani-#ckb sora-#srb sotho-#st southern-altai-#alt southern-balochi-#bcc southern-min-#nan southern-pashto-#pbt southwestern-mandarin-#xghu spanish-#es sranan-(other)-#srn sranan-(pidgins)-#srn standard-arabic-#arb sukuma-#suk sundanese-#su susu-#sus swabian-#swg swahili-#sw swazi-language-#ss swedish-#sv
T - tadaksahak-#dsq tahitian-#ty taishanese-#yue taita-#dav tajik-#tg takia-#tbc takwane-#tke tamashek-#taq tamil-#ta tarifit-#rif tatar-#tt tawellemmet-#ttq telugu-#te teso-#teo tetela-#tll tetum-#tdt thai-#th tharaka-#thk themne-#tem thimbukushu-#mhw thok-naath-#nus tibetan-#bo ticuna-#tca tigre-#tig tigrinya-#ti timne-#tem tiv-#tiv tjikalanga-#kck toba-batak-#bbc toba-#tob togo tojolabal-#toj tok-pisin-#tpi tolai-#ksd tongan-#to tonga-#toh tonga-#toi tooro-#ttj tshiluba-#lua tshivenda-#ve tsonga-#ts tswana-#tn tswa-#tsc tubu-#tuq tumbuka-#tum tunisian-#aeb turkana-#tuv turkish-#tr turkmen-#tk tuvaluan-#tvl tuvan-#tyv twi-#tw txopi-#cce tzeltal-#tzh tzotzil-#tzo
U - udmurt-#udm ukrainian-#uk umbundu-#umb upper-sorbian-#hsb urdu-#ur urhobo-#urh uyghur-#ug uzbekistan uzbek-#uz
V - vai-#vai venda-#ve vietnamese-#vi virgin-islands-creole-#vic vlax-romani-#rmy
W - walamo-#wal walloon-#wa wanga-#lwg waray-#war warlpiri-#wbp waskia-#wsk wayuu-#guc welsh-#cy west-central-limba-#lia western-punjabi-#pnb western-tamang-#tdg wolaytta-#wal wolof-#wo wu-#wuu
X - xhosa-#xh xitsonga-#ts xitswa-#tsc
Y - yakut-#sah yambo-#anu yao-#yao yaqui-#yaq yembo-#anu yiddish-#yi yi-#ii yocoboué-dida-#gud yoruba-#yo yucatec-maya-#yua yuehai-#yue
Z - zande-#zne zapotec-#zap zaramo-#zaj zarma-#dje zaza-#zza zhuang-#za zigula-#ziw zinza-#zin zulu-#zu
Considering that many languages with fewer native speakers are spoken in countries where French or Spanish are official languages, an additional utility has been identified for http://fr2.wiki and http://es2.wiki. These wikis can serve as the source for translation into the native languages of these countries. For instance for French, this would mean Afar (#aa2wiki), Aja-gbe (#ajg2wiki), Arabe algérien (#arq2wiki), Arabe tchadien (#shu2wiki), Bambara (#bam2wiki),Baoulé (#bci2wiki), Bariba (#bba2wiki), Bichelamar (#bi2wiki), Créole haïtien (#ht2wiki), Créole seychellois (#crs2wiki), Dan (#dnj2wiki), Dazaga (#dzg2wiki), Dendi (#ddn2wiki), Dioula (#dyu2wiki), Douala (#dua2wiki), Éwé (#ee2wiki), Ewondo (#ewo2wiki), Fang (#fan2wiki), Fon (#fon2wiki), Gen (#gej2wiki), Gourmantché (#gux2wiki), Haoussa (#ha2wiki), Hassanya (#mey2wiki), Kabiyè (#kbp2wiki), Kanembou (#kbi2wiki), Kanouri (#kr2wiki), Khassonké (#kao2wiki), Kikongo (#kg2wiki), Kikongo ya leta (#ktu2wiki), Kinyarwanda (#rw2wiki), Kirundi (#rn2wiki), Kituba (#ktu2wiki), Koyraboro Senni (#ses2wiki), Lingala (#ln2wiki), Malgache (#mg2wiki), Malinké de l’Ouest (#mlq2wiki), Mamara (#myk2wiki), Mandinka (#mnk2wiki), Moba (#mfq2wiki), Moré (#mos2wiki), Peul (#ff2wiki), Pidgin camerounais (#wes2wiki), Sango (#sg2wiki), Somali (#so2wiki), Soninké (#snk2wiki), Soso (#sus2wiki), Tamasheq (#taq2wiki), Tawellemmet (#ttq2wiki), Tshiluba (#lua2wiki), Wolof (#wo2wiki), Yoruba (#yo2wiki), Zandé (#zne2wiki) and Zarma (#dje2wiki).
About the author
Jan Goossenaerts is a social media entrepreneur and a business and architecture consultant specialized in aligning ICT and communications solutions to organizational and societal needs. In 2012 he founded Wikinetix which became a finalist in the 2012 Social Media Leadership Awards. In order to catalyse further the instructive and productive use of the internet and social media he invented #tagcoding and launched the Actor Atlas and the #xy2wiki programme.
Twitter: @collaboratewiki and @ActorAtlas (Actor Atlas)
LinkedIn: Jan Goossenaerts
ORCID: Jan Goossenaerts