Concurrency with Modern C++
Concurrency with Modern C++
What every professional C++ programmer should know about concurrency.
About the Book
- C++11 and C++14 have the basic building blocks for creating concurrent or parallel programs.
- With C++17, we got the parallel algorithms of the Standard Template Library (STL). That means, most of the algorithms of the STL can be executed sequential, parallel, or vectorized.
- The concurrency story in C++ goes on. With C++20/23, we can hope for executors, extended futures, coroutines, transactions, and more.
This book explains the details of concurrency in modern C++ and gives you, also, more than 100 running code examples. Therefore you can combine the theory with the practices and get the most of it.
Because this book is about concurrency, I present many pitfalls and show you how to overcome them.
The book is 100 % finished, but I will update it from time to time. The next update is probably about C++20 and C++23. Furthermore, I will start the chapter on lock-free data structures.
About the Author
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Reader Testimonials
Bart Vandewoestyne
Senior Development Engineer Software at Esterline
'Concurrency with Modern C++' is your practical guide to getting familiar with concurrent programming in Modern C++. Starting with the C++ Memory Model and using many ready-to-run code examples, the book covers a good deal of what you need to improve your C++ multithreading skills. Next to the enlightening case studies that will bring you up to speed, the overview of upcoming concurrency features might even wet your appetite for more!
Ian Reeve
Senior Storage Software Engineer for Dell Inc.
Rainer Grimm's Concurrency with Modern C++ is a well written book covering the theory and practice for working with concurrency per the existing C++ standards, as well as addressing the potential changes for the upcoming C++ 20 standard. He provides a conversational discussion of the applications and best practices for concurrency along with example code to reinforce the details of each topic. An informative and worthwhile read!
Robert Badea
Technical Team Leader
Concurrency with Modern C++ is the easiest way to become an expert in the multithreading environment. This book contains both simple and advanced topics, and it has everything a developer needs, in order to become an expert in this field: Lots of content, a big number of running code examples, along with great explanation, and a whole chapter for pitfalls. I enjoyed reading it, and I highly recommend it for everyone working with C++.
Zeshuang Mi
Postgraduate
Concurrency with Modern C++ makes the multithreading's concept so clear. At the beginning of this book, it makes me know very clearly about memory model. The memory model is very important to the multithreading. The book makes me have confidence when i write my concurrent program, which makes me know what should i do or what i shouldn't do. The author elaborates the multithreading pattern which makes so helpful to me. I love it so much.
Table of Contents
-
- Reader Testimonials
-
Introduction
-
Conventions
- Special Fonts
- Special Symbols
- Special Boxes
-
Source Code
- Run the Programs
- How you should read the book?
-
Personal Notes
- Acknowledgements
- About Me
- My Special Circumstances
-
Conventions
-
A Quick Overview
-
Concurrency with Modern C++
-
C++11 and C++14: The Foundation
- Memory Model
- Multithreading
-
C++17: Parallel Algorithms of the Standard Template Library
- Execution Policy
- New Algorithms
-
The Near Future: C++20
-
std::jthread - Atomic Smart Pointers
- Latches and Barriers
- Semaphores
- Coroutines
-
-
Case Studies
- Calculating the Sum of a Vector
- Thread-Safe Initialisation of a Singleton
- Ongoing Optimisation with CppMem
-
The Future: C++23
- Executors
- Extended futures
- Transactional Memory
- Task Blocks
- Data-Parallel Vector Library
-
Patterns and Best Practices
- Synchronisation
- Concurrent Architecture
- Best Practices
- Data Structures
- Challenges
- Time Library
- CppMem
- Glossary
-
C++11 and C++14: The Foundation
-
Concurrency with Modern C++
-
The Details
-
Memory Model
-
Basics of the Memory Model
- What is a memory location?
- What happens if two threads access the same memory location?
-
The Contract
- The Foundation
- The Challenges
-
Atomics
- Strong versus Weak Memory Model
- The Atomic Flag
-
The Class Template
std::atomic - All Atomic Operations
- Free Atomic Functions
-
std::shared_ptr -
The Class Template
std::atomic_ref(C++20)
-
The Synchronisation and Ordering Constraints
- The Six Variants of Memory Orderings in C++
- Sequential Consistency
- Acquire-Release Semantic
-
std::memory_order_consume - Relaxed Semantic
-
Fences
-
std::atomic_thread_fence -
std::atomic_signal_fence
-
-
Basics of the Memory Model
-
Multithreading
-
Threads
- Thread Creation
- Thread Lifetime
- Thread Arguments
- Methods
-
Shared Data
- Mutexes
- Locks
- Thread-safe Initialisation
- Thread-Local Data
-
Condition Variables
- The Predicate
- Lost Wakeup and Spurious Wakeup
- The Wait Workflow
-
Tasks
- Tasks versus Threads
-
std::async -
std::packaged_task -
std::promiseandstd::future -
std::shared_future - Exceptions
- Notifications
-
Threads
-
Parallel Algorithms of the Standard Template Library
-
Execution Policies
- Parallel and Vectorised Execution
- Exceptions
- Hazards of Data Races and Deadlocks
- Algorithms
-
The New Algorithms
- More overloads
- The functional Heritage
- Performance
-
Execution Policies
-
The Near Future: C++20
-
A Cooperatively Interruptible Joining Thread
- Automatically Joining
-
Cooperatively Interruption of a
std::jthread - Cooperative Interruption
-
Atomic Smart Pointers
- A thread-safe singly linked list
-
Coordination Types
-
std::latch -
std::barrier
-
- Semaphores
- Synchronised Outputstreams
-
Coroutines
- A Generator Function
- Details
- The Framework
-
A Cooperatively Interruptible Joining Thread
-
Case Studies
-
Calculating the Sum of a Vector
- Single Threaded addition of a Vector
- Multithreaded Summation with a Shared Variable
- Thread-Local Summation
- Summation of a Vector: The Conclusion
-
Thread-Safe Initialisation of a Singleton
- Double-Checked Locking Pattern
- Performance Measurement
- Thread-Safe Meyers Singleton
-
std::lock_guard -
std::call_oncewithstd::once_flag - Atomics
- Performance Numbers of the various Thread-Safe Singleton Implementations
-
Ongoing Optimisation with CppMem
- CppMem: Non-Atomic Variables
- CppMem: Locks
- CppMem: Atomics with Sequential Consistency
- CppMem: Atomics with Acquire-Release Semantic
- CppMem: Atomics with Non-atomics
- CppMem: Atomics with Relaxed Semantic
- Conclusion
- Fast Synchronisation of Threads
-
Calculating the Sum of a Vector
-
The Future: C++23
-
Executors
- A long Way
- What is an Executor?
- First Examples
- Goals of an Executor Concept
- Terminology
- Execution Functions
- A Prototype Implementation
-
Extended Futures
- Concurrency TS v1
- Unified Futures
-
Transactional Memory
- ACI(D)
- Synchronized and Atomic Blocks
-
transaction_safeversustransaction_unsafeCode
-
Task Blocks
- Fork and Join
-
define_task_blockversusdefine_task_block_restore_thread - The Interface
- The Scheduler
-
Data-Parallel Vector Library
- Data-Parallel Vectors
- The Interface of the Data-Parallel Vectors
-
Executors
-
Memory Model
-
Patterns
-
Patterns and Best Practices
- History
- Invaluable Value
- Pattern versus Best Practices
- Anti-Pattern
-
Synchronisation Patterns
-
Dealing with Sharing
- Copied Value
- Thread-Specific Storage
- Future
-
Dealing with Mutation
- Scoped Locking
- Strategized Locking
- Thread-Safe Interface
- Guarded Suspension
-
Dealing with Sharing
-
Concurrent Architecture
-
Active Object
- Components
- Advantages and Disadvantages
- Implementation
- Further Information
-
Monitor Object
- Requirements
- Components
- Runtime behaviour
- Advantages and Disadvantages
- Further Information
-
Half-Sync/Half-Async
- Advantages and Disadvantages
- Reactor
- Proactor
- Further Information
-
Active Object
-
Best Practices
-
General
- Code Reviews
- Minimise Sharing of Mutable Data
- Minimise Waiting
- Prefer Immutable Data
- Use pure functions
- Look for the Right Abstraction
- Use Static Code Analysis Tools
- Use Dynamic Enforcement Tools
-
Multithreading
- Threads
- Data Sharing
- Condition Variables
- Promises and Futures
-
Memory Model
- Don’t use volatile for synchronisation
- Don’t program Lock Free
- If you program Lock-Free, use well-established patterns
- Don’t build your abstraction, use guarantees of the language
- Don’t reinvent the wheel
-
General
-
Patterns and Best Practices
-
Data Structures
-
Lock-Based Data Structures
-
General Considerations
- Locking Strategy
- Granularity of the Interface
- Typical Usage Pattern
- Avoidance of Loopholes
- Contention
- Scalability
- Invariants
- Exceptions
-
Concurrent Stack
- A Simplified Implementation
- A Complete Implementation
-
Concurrent Queue
- Coarse-Grained Locking
- Fine-Grained Locking
-
General Considerations
- Lock-Free Data Structures
-
Lock-Based Data Structures
-
Further Information
-
Challenges
- ABA Problem
- Blocking Issues
- Breaking of Program Invariants
- Data Races
- Deadlocks
- False Sharing
- Lifetime Issues of Variables
- Moving Threads
- Race Conditions
-
The Time Library
- The Interplay of Time Point, Time Duration, and Clock
-
Time Point
- From Time Point to Calendar Time
- Cross the valid Time Range
-
Time Duration
- Calculations
-
Clocks
- Accuracy and Steadiness
- Epoch
- Sleep and Wait
-
CppMem - An Overview
-
The simplified Overview
- 1. Model
- 2. Program
- 3. Display Relations
- 4. Display Layout
- 5. Model Predicates
- The Examples
-
The simplified Overview
-
Glossary
- ACID
- CAS
- Callable Unit
- Complexity
- Concurrency
- Critical Section
- Eager Evaluation
- Executor
- Function Objects
- Lambda Functions
- Lazy evaluation
- Lock-free
- Lost Wakeup
- Math Laws
- Memory Location
- Memory Model
- Modification Order
- Monad
- Non-blocking
- Parallelism
- Predicate
- Pattern
- RAII
- Release Sequence
- Sequential Consistency
- Sequence Point
- Spurious Wakeup
- Thread
- Total order
- TriviallyCopyable
- volatile
- wait-free
- Index
-
Challenges
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