C++20
C++20
About the Book
My book C++20 is a tutorial and a reference for the C++20 standard. It teaches you C++20 and provides you with the details of this new thrilling C++ standard. The thrilling factor is mainly due to the big four of C++20.
- Concepts change the way we think and program templates. They are semantic categories for the template parameters and enable you to express your intention directly in the type system. If something goes wrong, you get a clear error message.
- The new ranges library enables it to perform algorithms directly on the container, compose the algorithm with the pipe symbol, and apply them to infinite data streams.
- Thanks to coroutines, asynchronous programming in C++ has become mainstream. Coroutines are the base for cooperative tasks, event loops, infinite data streams, or pipelines.
- Modules overcome the restrictions of header files. They promise a lot. For example, the separation of header and source files becomes obsolete as the preprocessor. In the end, we have faster built time and an easier way to build packages.
About the Author
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Get five copies to the price of three. This package includes all code examples.
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Reader Testimonials
Sandor Dargo
Senior Software Development Engineer at Amadeus
'C++ 20: Get the details' is exactly the book you need right now if you want to immerse yourself in the latest version of C++. It's a complete guide, Rainer doesn't only discuss the flagship features of C++20, but also every minor addition to the language. Luckily, the book includes tons of example code, so even if you don't have direct access yet to the latest compilers, you will have a very good idea of what you can expect from the different features. A highly recommended read!
Adrian Tam
Director of Data Science, Synechron Inc.
C++ has evolved a lot from its birth. With C++20, it is like a new language now. Surely this book is not a primer to teach you inheritance or overloading, but if you need to bring your C++ knowledge up to date, this is the right book. You will be surprised about the new features C++20 brought into C++. This book gives you clear explanations with concise examples. Its organization allows you to use it as a reference later. It can help you unleash the old language into its powerful future.
Harishankar Yadav
Full-time independent Trainer and Mentor for C++ and OOPs, Guidelines, and best practices.
A great work by Rainer and a fantastic book on C++20. With Lots of easy-to-understand, grasp code examples. I have never thought that I will have such a wonderful book covering everything about C++20 with great details and easy language. I am sure this book will change the perception about C++ at all levels of C++ programmers. A must-have book on C++20 on your desk.
Table of Contents
-
- Reader Testimonials
-
Introduction
-
Conventions
- Special Fonts
- Special Boxes
-
Source Code
- Compilation of the Programs
- How should you read the Book?
-
Personal Notes
- Acknowledgments
- About Me
-
Conventions
-
About C++
-
1. Historical Context
- 1.1 C++98
- 1.2 C++03
- 1.3 TR1
- 1.4 C++11
- 1.5 C++14
- 1.6 C++17
-
2. Standardization
- 2.1 Stage 3
- 2.2 Stage 2
- 2.3 Stage 1
-
1. Historical Context
-
A Quick Overview of C++20
-
3. C++20
-
3.1 The Big Four
- 3.1.1 Concepts
- 3.1.2 Modules
- 3.1.3 The Ranges Library
- 3.1.4 Coroutines
-
3.2 Core Language
- 3.2.1 Three-Way Comparison Operator
- 3.2.2 Designated Initialization
-
3.2.3
constevalandconstinit - 3.2.4 Template Improvements
- 3.2.5 Lambda Improvements
- 3.2.6 New Attributes
-
3.3 The Standard Library
-
3.3.1
std::span - 3.3.2 Container Improvements
- 3.3.3 Arithmetic Utilities
- 3.3.4 Formatting Library
- 3.3.5 Calendar and Time Zones
-
3.3.1
-
3.4 Concurrency
- 3.4.1 Atomics
- 3.4.2 Semaphores
- 3.4.3 Latches and Barriers
- 3.4.4 Cooperative Interruption
-
3.4.5
std::jthread - 3.4.6 Synchronized Outputstreams
-
3.1 The Big Four
-
3. C++20
-
The Details
-
4. Core Language
-
4.1 Concepts
- 4.1.1 Two Wrong Approaches
- 4.1.2 Advantages of Concepts
- 4.1.3 The long, long History
- 4.1.4 Use of Concepts
- 4.1.5 Constrained and Unconstrained Placeholders
- 4.1.6 Abbreviated Function Templates
- 4.1.7 Predefined Concepts
- 4.1.8 Define Concepts
- 4.1.9 Requires Expressions
- 4.1.10 User-Defined Concepts
-
4.2 Modules
- 4.2.1 A First Example
- 4.2.2 Advantages
- 4.2.3 The Details
- 4.2.4 Further Aspects
-
4.3 Equality Comparison and Three-Way Comparison
- 4.3.1 Comparison before C++20
- 4.3.2 Comparison since C++20
- 4.3.3 Comparison Categories
- 4.3.4 Compiler-Generated Equality and Spaceship Operator
- 4.3.5 Rewriting Expressions
- 4.3.6 User-Defined and Auto-Generated Comparison Operators
-
4.4 Designated Initialization
- 4.4.1 Aggregate Initialization
- 4.4.2 Named Initialization of Class Members
-
4.5
constevalandconstinit-
4.5.1
consteval -
4.5.2
constinit -
4.5.3 Comparison of
const,constexpr,consteval, andconstinit - 4.5.4 Solving the Static Initialization Order Fiasco
-
4.5.1
-
4.6 Template Improvements
- 4.6.1 Conditionally Explicit Constructor
- 4.6.2 Non-Type Template Parameters (NTTP)
-
4.7 Lambda Improvements
- 4.7.1 Template Parameter for Lambdas
-
4.7.2 Detection of the Implicit Copy of the
thisPointer - 4.7.3 Lambdas in an Unevaluated Context and Stateless Lambdas can be Default-Constructed and Copy-Assigned
-
4.7.4
constevalLambdas - 4.7.5 Pack Expansion in Init-Capture
-
4.8 New Attributes
-
4.8.1
[[nodiscard("reason")]] -
4.8.2
[[likely]]and[[unlikely]] -
4.8.3
[[no_unique_address]]
-
4.8.1
-
4.9 Further Improvements
-
4.9.1
volatile - 4.9.2 Range-based for loop with Initializers
-
4.9.3 Virtual
constexprfunction -
4.9.4 The new Character Type of UTF-8 Strings:
char8_t -
4.9.5
usingenumin Local Scopes - 4.9.6 Default Member Initializers for Bit Fields
-
4.9.1
-
4.1 Concepts
-
5. The Standard Library
-
5.1 The Ranges Library
- 5.1.1 Ranges
- 5.1.2 Views
- 5.1.3 Range Adaptors
- 5.1.4 Direct on the Container
- 5.1.5 Function Composition
- 5.1.6 Lazy Evaluation
- 5.1.7 Define a View
-
5.1.8
stdAlgorithms versusstd::rangesAlgorithms - 5.1.9 Design Choices
-
5.2
std::span- 5.2.1 Static versus Dynamic Extent
- 5.2.2 Creation
- 5.2.3 Automatically Deduces the Size of a Contiguous Sequence of Objects
- 5.2.4 Modifying the Referenced Objects
-
5.2.5
std::span’s Operations - 5.2.6 A Constant Range of Modifiable Elements
-
5.2.7 Dangers of
std::span
-
5.3 Container and Algorithm Improvements
-
5.3.1
constexprContainers and Algorithms -
5.3.2
std::array - 5.3.3 Consistent Container Erasure
-
5.3.4
containsfor Associative Containers - 5.3.5 Shift the Content of a Container
- 5.3.6 String prefix and suffix checking
-
5.3.7 Vectorized Execution Policy:
std::execution::unseq
-
5.3.1
-
5.4 Arithmetic Utilities
- 5.4.1 Safe Comparison of Integers
- 5.4.2 Mathematical Constants
- 5.4.3 Midpoint and Linear Interpolation
- 5.4.4 Bit Manipulation
-
5.5 Formatting Library
- 5.5.1 Formatting Functions
- 5.5.2 Format String
- 5.5.3 User-Defined Types
- 5.5.4 Internationalization
-
5.6 Calendar and Time Zones
- 5.6.1 Basic Chrono Terminology
- 5.6.2 Basic Types and Literals
- 5.6.3 Time of Day
- 5.6.4 Calendar Dates
- 5.6.5 Time Zones
- 5.6.6 Chrono I/O
-
5.7 Further Improvements
-
5.7.1
std::bind_front -
5.7.2
std::is_constant_evaluated -
5.7.3
std::ssize -
5.7.4
std::source_location -
5.7.5
std::to_address
-
5.7.1
-
5.1 The Ranges Library
-
6. Concurrency
-
6.1 Coroutines
- 6.1.1 A Generator Function
- 6.1.2 Characteristics
- 6.1.3 The Framework
- 6.1.4 Awaitables and Awaiters
- 6.1.5 The Workflows
-
6.1.6
co_return -
6.1.7
co_yield -
6.1.8
co_await
-
6.2 Atomics
-
6.2.1
std::atomic_ref - 6.2.2 Atomic Smart Pointer
-
6.2.3
std::atomic_flagExtensions -
6.2.4
std::atomicExtensions
-
6.2.1
- 6.3 Semaphores
-
6.4 Latches and Barriers
-
6.4.1
std::latch -
6.4.2
std::barrier
-
6.4.1
-
6.5 Cooperative Interruption
-
6.5.1
std::stop_source -
6.5.2
std::stop_token -
6.5.3
std::stop_callback - 6.5.4 A General Mechanism to Send Signals
- 6.5.5 Joining Threads
-
6.5.6 New
waitOverloads for thecondition_variable_any
-
6.5.1
-
6.6
std::jthread- 6.6.1 Automatically Joining
-
6.6.2 Cooperative Interruption of a
std::jthread
- 6.7 Synchronized Output Streams
-
6.1 Coroutines
-
7. Case Studies
-
7.1 A Flavor of Python
-
7.1.1
filter -
7.1.2
map - 7.1.3 List Comprehension
-
7.1.1
-
7.2 Variations of Futures
- 7.2.1 A Lazy Future
- 7.2.2 Execution on Another Thread
-
7.3 Modification and Generalization of a Generator
- 7.3.1 Modifications
- 7.3.2 Generalization
- 7.3.3 Iterator Protocol
-
7.4 Various Job Workflows
- 7.4.1 The Transparent Awaiter Workflow
- 7.4.2 Automatically Resuming the Awaiter
- 7.4.3 Automatically Resuming the Awaiter on a Separate Thread
-
7.5 Fast Synchronization of Threads
- 7.5.1 Condition Variables
-
7.5.2
std::atomic_flag -
7.5.3
std::atomic<bool> - 7.5.4 Semaphores
- 7.5.5 All Numbers
-
7.1 A Flavor of Python
-
4. Core Language
- Epilogue
-
Further Information
-
8. C++23 and Beyond
-
8.1 C++23
- 8.1.1 Core Language
- 8.1.2 The Standard Library
-
8.2 Beyond C++23
- 8.2.1 Contracts
- 8.2.2 Reflection
- 8.2.3 Pattern Matching
-
8.1 C++23
- 9. Feature Testing
-
10. Glossary
- 10.1 Aggregate
- 10.2 Automatic Storage Duration
- 10.3 Awaitable
- 10.4 Awaiter
- 10.5 Callable
- 10.6 Callable Unit
- 10.7 Concurrency
- 10.8 Critical Section
- 10.9 Data Race
- 10.10 Deadlock
- 10.11 Dynamic Storage Duration
- 10.12 Eager Evaluation
- 10.13 Executor
- 10.14 Function Objects
- 10.15 Lambda Expressions
- 10.16 Lazy Evaluation
- 10.17 Literal Type
- 10.18 Lock-free
- 10.19 Lost Wakeup
- 10.20 Math Laws
- 10.21 Memory Location
- 10.22 Memory Model
- 10.23 Non-blocking
- 10.24 Object
- 10.25 Parallelism
- 10.26 POD (Plain Old Data)
- 10.27 Predicate
- 10.28 RAII
- 10.29 Race Conditions
- 10.30 Regular Type
- 10.31 Scalar Type
- 10.32 SemiRegular
- 10.33 Short-Circuit Evaluation
- 10.34 Standard-Layout Type
- 10.35 Static Storage Duration
- 10.36 Spurious Wakeup
- 10.37 The Big Four
- 10.38 The Big Six
- 10.39 Thread
- 10.40 Thread Storage Duration
- 10.41 Time Complexity
- 10.42 Translation Unit
- 10.43 Trivial Type
- 10.44 Type Erasure
- 10.45 Undefined Behavior
-
Index
- A
- B
- C
- DE
- FG
- HIJKL
- M
- NOPR
- S
- T
- UV
- WYZ
-
8. C++23 and Beyond
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