Programming with C++20
Programming with C++20
Concepts, Coroutines, Ranges, and more
About the Book
Programming with C++20 teaches programmers with C++ experience the new features of C++20 and how to apply them. It does so by assuming C++11 knowledge. Elements of the standards between C++11 and C++20 will be briefly introduced, if necessary. However, the focus is on teaching the features of C++20.
You will start with learning about the so-called big four Concepts, Coroutines, std::ranges, and modules. The big four a followed by smaller yet not less important features. You will learn about std::format, the new way to format a string in C++. In chapter 6, you will learn about a new operator, the so-called spaceship operator, which makes you write less code.
You then will look at various improvements of the language, ensuring more consistency and reducing surprises. You will learn how lambdas improved in C++20 and what new elements you can now pass as non-type template parameters. Your next stop is the improvements to the STL.
Of course, you will not end this book without learning about what happened in the constexpr-world.
About the Author
Table of Contents
- 1 Concepts: Predicates for strongly typed generic code
- 1.1 Programming before Concepts
- 1.2 Start using Concepts
- 1.3 Application areas for Concepts
- 1.4 The requires-expression : The runway for Concepts
- 1.5 Requirement kinds in a requires-expression
- 1.5.1 The simple requirement
- 1.5.2 The nested requirement
- 1.5.3 The compound requirement
- 1.5.4 The type requirement
- 1.6 Ad hoc constraints
- 1.7 Defining a concept
- 1.8 Testing requirements
- 1.9 Abbreviated function template with
autoas a generic parameter- 1.9.1 What does such a construct do?
- 1.9.2 Exemplary use case: Requiring a parameter type to be an invocable
- 1.10 Using a
constexprfunction in a concept - 1.11 Concepts and constrained
autotypes- 1.11.1 Constrained
autovariables - 1.11.2 Constrained
autoreturn-type
- 1.11.1 Constrained
- 1.12 The power of Concepts:
requiresinstead ofenable_if- 1.12.1 Call method based in requires
- 1.12.2 Conditional copy operations
- 1.12.3 Conditional destructor
- 1.12.4 Conditional methods
- 1.13 Concepts ordering
- 1.13.1 Subsumption rule details
- 1.13.2 One more thing, never say not
- 1.14 Improved error message
- 1.15 Existing Concepts
- 2 Coroutines: Suspending functions
- 2.1 Regular functions and their control flow
- 2.2 What are Coroutines
- 2.2.1 Generating a sequence with coroutines
- 2.3 The elements of Coroutines in C++
- 2.3.1 Stackless Coroutines in C++
- 2.3.2 The new kids on the block:
co_await,co_returnandco_yield - 2.3.3 The generator
- 2.3.4 The
promise_type - 2.3.5 An iterator for
generator - 2.3.6 Coroutine customization points
- 2.3.7 Coroutines restrictions
- 2.4 Writing a byte-stream parser the old way
- 2.5 A byte-stream parser with Coroutines
- 2.5.1 Writing the
Parsefunction as coroutine - 2.5.2 Creating an Awaitable type
- 2.5.3 A more flexible
promise_type - 2.5.4 Another generator the FSM
- 2.5.5 Simulating a network byte stream
- 2.5.6 Plugging the pieces together
- 2.5.1 Writing the
- 2.6 A different strategy of the
Parsegenerator - 2.7 Using a coroutine with custom
new/delete - 2.8 Using a coroutine with a custom allocator
- 2.9 Exceptions in coroutines
- 3 Ranges: The next generation STL
- 3.1 Motivation
- 3.1.1 Avoid code duplication
- 3.1.2 Consistency
- 3.1.3 Safety
- 3.1.4 Composability
- 3.2 The who is who of ranges
- 3.3 A range
- 3.3.1 What is a
common_range? - 3.3.2 A
sized_range
- 3.3.1 What is a
- 3.4 A range algorithm
- 3.4.1 Projections for range algorithms
- 3.5 A view into a range
- 3.6 A range adaptor
- 3.6.1 A custom range adaptor
- 3.7 The new ranges namespaces
- 3.8 Ranges Concepts
- 3.9 Views
- 3.10 Creating a custom range
- 3.10.1 Implementing the view
- 3.10.2 A range adaptor for
custom_take_view - 3.10.3 Add the pipe-syntax to
custom_take_view - 3.10.4 A more generalized pipe-syntax implementation
- 3.1 Motivation
- 4 Modules: The superior way of includes
- 4.1 Background about the need for modules
- 4.1.1 The include hell
- 4.1.2 I like to have secrets
- 4.2 Creating modules
- 4.2.1 A header unit
- 4.2.2 A named module
- 4.3 Applying modules to an existing code base
- 4.3.1 Down with namespace details
- 4.3.2 Now I can hide my secrets from you...
- 4.3.3 What you gain
- 4.3.4 Templates in modules
- 4.3.5 Down with
DEBUG - 4.3.6 In-line definitions of class member functions
- 4.3.7 There are some limits
- 4.1 Background about the need for modules
- 5 std::format: Modern & type-safe text formatting
- 5.1 Formatting a string before C++20
- 5.1.1 Formatting a stock index with
iostreams - 5.1.2 Formatting a stock index with
printf
- 5.1.1 Formatting a stock index with
- 5.2 Formatting a string using
std::format- 5.2.1
std::formatspecifiers - 5.2.2 Escaping
- 5.2.3 Localization
- 5.2.4 Formatting floating-point numbers
- 5.2.1
- 5.3 Formatting a custom type
- 5.3.1 Writing a custom formatter
- 5.3.2 Parsing a custom format specifier
- 5.4 Referring to a format argument
- 5.5 Using a custom buffer
- 5.5.1 Formatting into a dynamically sized buffer
- 5.5.2 Formatting into a fixed sized buffer
- 5.6 Writing our own logging function
- 5.6.1 Prefer
make_format_argswhen forwarding an argument pack - 5.6.2 Create the format specifier at compile-time
- 5.6.3 Formatting the time
- 5.6.1 Prefer
- 5.1 Formatting a string before C++20
- 6 Three-way comparisons: Simplify your comparisons
- 6.1 Writing a class with equal comparison
- 6.1.1 Comparing different types
- 6.1.2 Less hand-written code with operator reverse, rewrite and
=default
- 6.2 Writing a class with ordering comparison, pre C++20
- 6.3 Writing a class with ordering comparison in C++20
- 6.3.1 Member-wise comparison with
=default
- 6.3.1 Member-wise comparison with
- 6.4 The different comparison categories
- 6.4.1 The comparison categories
- 6.4.2 The comparison strength:
strongorweak - 6.4.3 Another comparison strength: partial ordering
- 6.4.4 Named comparison functions
- 6.5 Converting between comparison categories
- 6.6 New operator abilities: reverse and rewrite
- 6.7 The power of the default spaceship
- 6.8 Applying a custom sort order
- 6.9 Spaceship-operation interaction with existing code
- 6.1 Writing a class with equal comparison
- 7 Lambdas in C++20: New features
- 7.1 [=, this] as a lambda capture
- 7.2 Default-constructible lambdas
- 7.3 Captureless lambdas in unevaluated contexts
- 7.4 Lambdas in generic code
- 7.4.1 Lambdas with templated-head
- 7.4.2 Variadic lambda arguments
- 7.4.3 Forwarding variadic lambda arguments
- 7.5 Pack expansions in lambda init-captures
- 7.6 Restricting lambdas with Concepts
- 8 Aggregates: Designated initializers and more
- 8.1 What is an aggregate
- 8.2 Designated initializers
- 8.2.1 Designated initializers in C
- 8.2.2 Designated initializers in C++20
- 8.2.3 Initializing a subset of an aggregate with designated initializers
- 8.2.4 Initialize a subset with designated initializers without in-class member initializers
- 8.2.5 Named arguments in C++: Aggregates with designated initializers
- 8.2.6 Overload resolution and designated initializers
- 8.3 Direct-initialization for aggregates
- 8.3.1 Initialization forms: Braced or parenthesis initialization
- 8.3.2 Aggregates with user-declared constructors
- 8.4 Class Template Argument Deduction for aggregates
- 9 Class-types as non-type template parameters
- 9.1 What are non-type template parameters again
- 9.2 The requirements for class types as non-type template parameters
- 9.3 Class types as non-type template parameters
- 9.3.1 A first contact with class types as NTTP
- 9.3.2 What compile-time data do we have
- 9.4 Building a format function with specifier count check
- 9.4.1 A first
printfunction - 9.4.2 Optimizing the format string creation
- 9.4.3 Checking the number of specifiers in a format string
- 9.4.4 Checking if type and specifiers do match
- 9.4.5 Enable more use-cases and prevent mistakes
- 9.4.1 A first
- 10 New STL elements
- 10.1
bit_cast: Reinterpreting your objects - 10.2
endian: Endianness detection at compile time - 10.3
to_array - 10.4
span: A view of continuous memory - 10.5
source_location: The modern way for__FUNCTION__- 10.5.1 Writing a custom assert function
- 10.5.2 Writing a custom assert function with C++20
- 10.5.3 Writing a custom log function with C++20
- 10.6
containsfor all associative containers - 10.7
starts_withandends_withforstd::string
- 10.1
- 11 Language Updates
- 11.1 Range-based for-loops with initializers
- 11.1.1 Using a counter-variable in a range-based for-loop
- 11.1.2 A workaround for temporaries
- 11.2 New Attributes
- 11.2.1
likely/unlikely - 11.2.2
no_unique_address
- 11.2.1
- 11.3 using enums
- 11.4 conditional
explicit- 11.4.1 Writing a well-behaved wrapper
- 11.4.2 Communicate your intention, explicitly
- 11.1 Range-based for-loops with initializers
- 12 Doing (more) things at compile-time
- 12.1 The two worlds: compile- vs. run-time
- 12.1.1 The benefit of compile-time execution
- 12.2
is_constant_evaluated: Is this aconstexpr-context?- 12.2.1 Different things at compile- and run-time
- 12.2.2
is_constant_evaluatedis a run-time value
- 12.3 Less restrictive
constexpr-function requirements- 12.3.1
new/delete: Dynamic allocations during compile-time - 12.3.2 A
constexprstd::vector
- 12.3.1
- 12.4 Utilizing the new compile-time world: Sketching a car racing game
- 12.5
consteval: Do things guaranteed at compile-time- 12.5.1
as_constanta use-case forconsteval - 12.5.2 Force compile-time evaluation for compile-time checks
- 12.5.3
is_constant_evaluateddoesn't make it compile-time
- 12.5.1
- 12.6
constinit: Initialize a non-constobject at compile-time- 12.6.1 The static initialization order problem
- 12.6.2 Ensure compile-time initialization
- 12.1 The two worlds: compile- vs. run-time
- Acronyms
- Bibliography
- Index
The Leanpub 60-day 100% Happiness Guarantee
Within 60 days of purchase you can get a 100% refund on any Leanpub purchase, in two clicks.
See full terms
Do Well. Do Good.
Authors have earned$11,205,532writing, publishing and selling on Leanpub, earning 80% royalties while saving up to 25 million pounds of CO2 and up to 46,000 trees.
Learn more about writing on Leanpub
Free Updates. DRM Free.
If you buy a Leanpub book, you get free updates for as long as the author updates the book! Many authors use Leanpub to publish their books in-progress, while they are writing them. All readers get free updates, regardless of when they bought the book or how much they paid (including free).
Most Leanpub books are available in PDF (for computers), EPUB (for phones and tablets) and MOBI (for Kindle). The formats that a book includes are shown at the top right corner of this page.
Finally, Leanpub books don't have any DRM copy-protection nonsense, so you can easily read them on any supported device.
Learn more about Leanpub's ebook formats and where to read them
Top Books
- #1
OpenIntro Statistics
David Diez, Christopher Barr, Mine Cetinkaya-Rundel, and OpenIntroA complete foundation for Statistics, also serving as a foundation for Data Science.
Leanpub revenue supports OpenIntro (US-based nonprofit) so we can provide free desk copies to teachers interested in using OpenIntro Statistics in the classroom and expand the project to support free textbooks in other subjects.
More resources: openintro.org.
- #2
Cloud Strategy
Gregor Hohpe“Strategy is the difference between making a wish and making it come true.” A successful migration to the cloud can transform your organization, but it shouldn’t be driven by wishes. This book tells you how to develop a sound strategy guided by frameworks and decision models without being overly abstract nor getting lost in product details.
- #3
Ansible for DevOps
Jeff GeerlingAnsible is a simple, but powerful, server and configuration management tool. Learn to use Ansible effectively, whether you manage one server—or thousands.
- #4
Understanding JavaScript Promises
Nicholas C. ZakasLearn all about JavaScript promises from veteran JavaScript author Nicholas C. Zakas.
- #5
Everyday Rails - RSpecによるRailsテスト入門
Junichi Ito (伊藤淳一) and Aaron SumnerRSpecを使ってRailsアプリケーションに信頼性の高いテストを書く実践的なアドバイスを提供します。詳細で丁寧な説明は本書のオリジナルコンテンツです。また、説明には実際に動かせるサンプルアプリケーションも使用します。本書は2022年版にアップデートされ、Rails 7.0やRSpec Rails 5.0といった新しい環境に対応しています！さあ、自信をもってテストできるようになりましょう！
- #6
Introducing EventStorming
Alberto BrandoliniThe deepest tutorial and explanation about EventStorming, straight from the inventor.
- #7
500 QUIZ MMG COMMENTATI (parte 2)
ALS Medicina Generale400 quiz dei concorsi degli anni precedenti + 100 quiz inediti
Suddivisi per area (cardio, gastro, endocrino etc.)
Griglia risposte vuote per esercitazioni e correttore ministeriale
Commento alla risposta con link alla fonte per facilitare lo studio
- #8
Atomic Kotlin
Bruce Eckel and Svetlana IsakovaFor both beginning and experienced programmers! From the author of the multi-award-winning Thinking in C++ and Thinking in Java and a Kotlin team member comes a book that breaks concepts into small, easy-to-digest "atoms," along with exercises supported by hints and solutions directly inside IntelliJ IDEA! Full support at www.AtomicKotlin.com.
- #9
R Programming for Data Science
Roger D. PengThis book brings the fundamentals of R programming to you, using the same material developed as part of the industry-leading Johns Hopkins Data Science Specialization. The skills taught in this book will lay the foundation for you to begin your journey learning data science. Printed copies of this book are available through Lulu.
- #10
The Hundred-Page Machine Learning Book
Andriy BurkovEverything you really need to know in Machine Learning in a hundred pages.
Top Bundles
- #1
CCIE Service Provider Ultimate Study Bundle
2 Books
Piotr Jablonski, Lukasz Bromirski, and Nick Russo have joined forces to deliver the only CCIE Service Provider training resource you'll ever need. This bundle contains a detailed and challenging collection of workbook labs, plus an extensively detailed technical reference guide. All of us have earned the CCIE Service Provider certification... - #2
Software Architecture for Developers: Volumes 1 & 2 - Technical leadership and communication
2 Books
"Software Architecture for Developers" is a practical and pragmatic guide to modern, lightweight software architecture, specifically aimed at developers. You'll learn:The essence of software architecture.Why the software architecture role should include coding, coaching and collaboration.The things that you really need to think about before... - #6
The Python Craftsman
3 Books
The Python Craftsman series comprises The Python Apprentice, The Python Journeyman, and The Python Master. The first book is primarily suitable for for programmers with some experience of programming in another language. If you don't have any experience with programming this book may be a bit daunting. You'll be learning not just a programming... - #9
Pattern-Oriented Memory Forensics and Malware Detection
2 Books
This training bundle for security engineers and researchers, malware and memory forensics analysts includes two accelerated training courses for Windows memory dump analysis using WinDbg. It is also useful for technical support and escalation engineers who analyze memory dumps from complex software environments and need to check for possible... - #10
Modern C++ Collection
3 Books
Get All about Modern C++C++ Standard Library, including C++20Concurrency with Modern C++, including C++20C++20Each book has about 200 complete code examples. Updates are included. When I update one of the books, you immediately get the updated bundle. You can expect significant updates to each new C++ standard (C++23, C++26, .. ) and also...
