C++20 - The Complete Guide
C++20 - The Complete Guide
About the Book
C++20 is the next evolution in modern C++ programming, which will be supported step-by-step by the latest version of gcc, clang, and Visual C++.
C++20 is a big step, maybe even larger than C++11.
It contains a couple of new key features (modules, concepts, ranges, corountines) plus several small but valuable language and library features, which will change the way we program in C++. As usual, not everything is self-explanatory, combining new features gives even more power, and there are hidden traps.
This book presents all the new language and library features of C++20. It covers the motivation and context of each new feature with examples and background information. The focus is on how these features impact day-to-day programming, what it means to combine them, and how to benefit from C++20 in practice.
Buy early, pay less, free updates
Note that this book is published step-by-step. The first public version was published in June 2021. Since then, the contents grows with new chapters, examples, and caveats about the features of C++20 and I integrate all feedback I get for the pages already published.
The book is feature omplete now.
Just minore details and copy editing is missing.
See cppstd20.com for a detailed list of all the topics covered.
As written, once you bought it you will get all updates for free.
PDF versus Other Formats
I write the book in LaTeX and generate PDF from it (the way I wrote my other books). The other formats (epub, mobi, and online reading) come from the leanpub markdown interface, for which I generate the necessary input from LaTeX by script.
Thus, the PDF layout has a better quality than the other formats. For example, the syntax highlighting rules for the formats other than PDF have to get fixed as soon as possible and the index is missing yet. Leanpub and me are working on corresponding improvements.
I hope you enjoy and benefit.
Nico
#cpp20tcg
Table of Contents
-
Preface
- An Experiment
- Versions of This Book
- Acknowledgments
-
About This Book
- What You Should Know Before Reading This Book
- Overall Structure of the Book
- How to Read This Book
-
The Way I Implement
- Initializations
- Error Terminology
- Code Simplifications
- The C++ Standards
- Example Code and Additional Information
- Feedback
-
1. Comparisons and Operator
<=>
-
1.1 Motivation for Operator
<=>
- 1.1.1 Defining Comparison Operators Before C++20
- 1.1.2 Defining Comparison Operators Since C++20
-
1.2 Defining and Using Comparisons
-
1.2.1 Using Operator
<=>
- 1.2.2 Comparison Category Types
-
1.2.3 Using Comparison Categories with
operator<=>
-
1.2.4 Calling Operator
<=>
Directly - 1.2.5 Dealing with Multiple Ordering Criteria
-
1.2.1 Using Operator
-
1.3 Defining
operator<=>
andoperator==
-
1.3.1 Defaulted
operator==
andoperator<=>
-
1.3.2 Defaulted
operator<=>
Implies Defaultedoperator==
-
1.3.3 Implementation of the Defaulted
operator<=>
-
1.3.1 Defaulted
- 1.4 Overload Resolution with Rewritten Expressions
-
1.5 Using Operator
<=>
in Generic Code-
1.5.1
compare_three_way
-
1.5.2 Algorithm
lexicographical_compare_three_way()
-
1.5.1
-
1.6 Compatibility Issues with the Comparison Operators
- 1.6.1 Delegating Free-Standing Comparison Operators
- 1.6.2 Inheritance with Protected Members
- 1.7 Afternotes
-
1.1 Motivation for Operator
-
2. Placeholder Types for Function Parameters
-
2.1
auto
for Parameters of Ordinary Functions-
2.1.1
auto
for Parameters of Member Functions
-
2.1.1
-
2.2 Using
auto
for Parameters in Practice-
2.2.1 Deferred Type Checks with
auto
-
2.2.2
auto
Functions versus Lambdas
-
2.2.1 Deferred Type Checks with
-
2.3
auto
for Parameters in Detail-
2.3.1 Basic Constraints for
auto
Parameters -
2.3.2 Combining Template and
auto
Parameters
-
2.3.1 Basic Constraints for
- 2.4 Afternotes
-
2.1
-
3. Concepts, Constraints, and Requirements
-
3.1 Motivating Example of Concepts and Requirements
- 3.1.1 Improving the Template Step-by-Step
- 3.1.2 A Complete Example with Concepts
-
3.2 Where Constraints and Concept Can be Used
- 3.2.1 Constraining Alias Templates
- 3.2.2 Constraining Variable Templates
- 3.2.3 Constraining Member Functions
- 3.2.4 Constraining Non-Type Template Parameters
-
3.3 Typical Application of Concepts and Constraints in Practice
- 3.3.1 Using Concepts to Understand Code and Error Messages
- 3.3.2 Using Concepts to Disable Generic Code
- 3.3.3 Using Requirements to Call Different Functions
- 3.3.4 The Example as a Whole
- 3.3.5 Former Workarounds
-
3.4 Semantic Constraints
- 3.4.1 Examples of Semantic Constraints
-
3.5 Design Guidelines for Concepts
- 3.5.1 Concepts Should Group Requirements
- 3.5.2 Define Concepts with Care
- 3.5.3 Concepts versus Traits and Boolean Expressions
- 3.6 Other Stuff of Concepts
- 3.7 Afternotes
-
3.1 Motivating Example of Concepts and Requirements
-
4. Concepts, Constraints, and Requirements in Detail
- 4.1 Constraints
- 4.2 Ad hoc Boolean Expressions
-
4.3
requires
Expressions- 4.3.1 Simple Requirements
- 4.3.2 Type Requirements
- 4.3.3 Compound Requirements
- 4.3.4 Nested Requirements
-
4.4 Concepts in Detail
- 4.4.1 Defining Concepts
- 4.4.2 Special Abilities of Concepts
- 4.4.3 Concepts for Non-Type Template Parameters
- 4.5 Using Concepts as Type Constraints
-
4.6 Subsuming Constraints with Concepts
- 4.6.1 Indirect Subsumptions
-
5. Standard Concepts in Detail
-
5.1 Overview of all Standard Concepts
- 5.1.1 Header Files and Namespaces
- 5.1.2 Standard Concepts Subsume
-
5.2 Language-Related Concepts
- 5.2.1 Arithmetic Concepts
- 5.2.2 Object Concepts
- 5.2.3 Concepts for Relations between Types
- 5.2.4 Comparison Concepts
-
5.3 Concepts for Iterators and Ranges
- 5.3.1 Concepts for Ranges and Views
- 5.3.2 Concepts for Pointers-Like Objects
- 5.3.3 Concepts for Iterators
- 5.3.4 Iterator Concepts for Algorithms
-
5.4 Concepts for Callables
- 5.4.1 Basic Concepts for Callables
- 5.4.2 Concepts for Callables Used by Iterators
-
5.5 Auxiliary Concepts
- 5.5.1 Concepts for Specific Type Attributes
- 5.5.2 Concepts for Incrementable Types
-
5.1 Overview of all Standard Concepts
-
6. Ranges and Views
-
6.1 A Tour of Ranges by Example
- 6.1.1 Passing Containers to Algorithms as Ranges
- 6.1.2 Constraints and Utilities for Ranges
- 6.1.3 Views
- 6.1.4 Sentinels
- 6.1.5 Range Definitions with Sentinels and Counts
- 6.1.6 Projections
- 6.1.7 Utilities to Implement Code for Ranges
- 6.1.8 Limitations and Drawbacks of Ranges
-
6.2 Using Views
- 6.2.1 Views on Ranges
- 6.2.2 Lazy Evaluation
- 6.2.3 Caching of Views
- 6.2.4 Performance Issues with Filters
-
6.3 Views on Ranges That Get Modified
- 6.3.1 Lifetime Dependencies Between Views and Their Ranges
- 6.3.2 Views with Write Access
-
6.4 Borrowed Iterators and Ranges
- 6.4.1 Borrowed Iterators
- 6.4.2 Borrowed Ranges
-
6.5 Views and
const
-
6.5.1 Use Non-
const
&&
for Ranges and Views -
6.5.2 Views Remove the Propagation of
const
- 6.5.3 Bringing Back Deep Constness to Views
-
6.5.1 Use Non-
- 6.6 Afternotes
-
6.1 A Tour of Ranges by Example
-
7. Utilities for Ranges and Views
-
7.1 Major Range Adaptors
-
7.1.1 Range Adaptor
all()
-
7.1.2 Range Adaptor
counted()
-
7.1.3 Range Adaptor
common()
-
7.1.1 Range Adaptor
- 7.2 New Iterator Categories
-
7.3 New Iterators
-
7.3.1
std::counted_iterator
-
7.3.2
std::common_iterator
-
7.3.3
std::default_sentinel
-
7.3.4
std::unreachable_sentinel
-
7.3.1
-
7.4 New Functions and Type Functions in
std::ranges
- 7.4.1 Auxiliary Value Functions
- 7.4.2 Auxiliary Type Functions
- 7.5 Algorithm Overview
-
7.1 Major Range Adaptors
-
8. View Types in Detail
-
8.1 Overview of all Views
- 8.1.1 Overview of Source Views
- 8.1.2 Overview of Adapting Views
- 8.2 Base Classes for Views
-
8.3 Source Views to External Elements
- 8.3.1 Subrange
- 8.3.2 Ref View
- 8.3.3 Owning View
- 8.3.4 Common View
-
8.4 Generating Views
- 8.4.1 Iota View
- 8.4.2 Single View
- 8.4.3 Empty View
- 8.4.4 IStream View
- 8.4.5 String View
- 8.4.6 Span
-
8.5 Filtering Views
- 8.5.1 Take View
- 8.5.2 Take-While View
- 8.5.3 Drop View
- 8.5.4 Drop-While View
- 8.5.5 Filter View
-
8.6 Transforming Views
- 8.6.1 Transform View
- 8.6.2 Elements View
- 8.6.3 Keys View
- 8.6.4 Values View
-
8.7 Mutating Views
- 8.7.1 Reverse View
-
8.8 Views for Multiple Ranges
- 8.8.1 Split and Lazy-Split View
- 8.8.2 Join View
- 8.9 Open
-
8.1 Overview of all Views
-
9. Spans
-
9.1 Using Spans
- 9.1.1 Fixed and Dynamic Extent
- 9.1.2 Example Using a Span with Fixed Extent
- 9.1.3 Example Using a Span with a Dynamic Extent
- 9.2 Spans Considered Harmful
-
9.3 Design Aspects of Spans
- 9.3.1 Performance of Spans
-
9.3.2
const
Correctness of Spans - 9.3.3 Using Spans as Parameters in Generic Code
-
9.4 Span Operations
- 9.4.1 Span Operations and Member Types Overview
- 9.5 Afternotes
-
9.1 Using Spans
-
10. Formatted Output
-
10.1 Formatted Output by Example
-
10.1.1 Using
std::format()
-
10.1.2 Using
std::format_to_n()
-
10.1.3 Using
std::format_to()
-
10.1.4 Using
std::formatted_size()
-
10.1.1 Using
-
10.2 Performance of the Formatting Library
-
10.2.1 Using
std::vformat()
andvformat_to()
-
10.2.1 Using
-
10.3 Formatted Output in Detail
- 10.3.1 General Format of Format Strings
- 10.3.2 Standard Format Specifiers
- 10.3.3 Width, Precision, and Fill Characters
- 10.3.4 Format/Type Specifiers
- 10.4 Internationalization
- 10.5 Error Handling
-
10.6 User-Defined Formatted Output
- 10.6.1 Basic Formatter API
- 10.6.2 Improved Parsing
- 10.6.3 Using Standard Formatters for User-Defined Formatters
- 10.6.4 Using Standard Formatters for Strings
- 10.7 Afternotes
-
10.1 Formatted Output by Example
-
11. Dates and Timezones for
<chrono>
-
11.1 Overview by Example
- 11.1.1 Scheduling a Meeting on the 5th of Every Month
- 11.1.2 Scheduling a Meeting on the Last Day of Every Month
- 11.1.3 Scheduling a Meeting Every First Monday
- 11.1.4 Using Different Timezones
- 11.2 Basic Chrono Concepts and Terminology
-
11.3 Basic Chrono Extensions with C++20
- 11.3.1 Duration Types
- 11.3.2 Clocks
- 11.3.3 Timepoint Types
- 11.3.4 Calendrical Types
-
11.3.5 Time Type
hh_mm_ss
-
11.4 I/O with Chrono Types
- 11.4.1 Default Output Formats
- 11.4.2 Formatted Output
- 11.4.3 Locale-Dependent Output
- 11.4.4 Formatted Input
-
11.5 Using the Chrono Extensions in Practice
- 11.5.1 Invalid Dates
-
11.5.2 Dealing with
months
andyears
- 11.5.3 Parsing Timepoints and Durations
-
11.6 Timezones
- 11.6.1 Characteristics of Timezones
- 11.6.2 The IANA Timezone Database
- 11.6.3 Using Timezones
- 11.6.4 Dealing with Timezone Abbreviations
- 11.6.5 Custom Timezones
-
11.7 Clocks in Detail
- 11.7.1 Clocks with a Specified Epoch
-
11.7.2 The Pseudo Clock
local_t
- 11.7.3 Dealing with Leap Seconds
- 11.7.4 Conversions between Clocks
- 11.7.5 Dealing with the File Clock
- 11.8 Other New Chrono Features
- 11.9 Afternotes
-
11.1 Overview by Example
-
12.
std::jthread
and Stop Tokens-
12.1 Motivation for
std::jthread
-
12.1.1 The Problem of
std::thread
-
12.1.2 Using
std::jthread
- 12.1.3 Stop Tokens and Stop Callbacks
- 12.1.4 Stop Tokens and Condition Variables
-
12.1.1 The Problem of
-
12.2 Stop Sources and Stop Tokens
- 12.2.1 Stop Sources and Stop Tokens in Detail
- 12.2.2 Using Stop Callbacks
- 12.2.3 Constraints and Guarantees of Stop Tokens
-
12.3
std::jthread
In Detail-
12.3.1 Using Stop Tokens with
std::jthread
-
12.3.1 Using Stop Tokens with
- 12.4 Afternotes
-
12.1 Motivation for
-
13. Concurrency Features
-
13.1 Thread Synchronization with Latches and Barriers
- 13.1.1 Latches
- 13.1.2 Barriers
-
13.2 Semaphores
- 13.2.1 Example of Using Counting Semaphores
- 13.2.2 Example of Using Binary Semaphores
-
13.3 Extensions Atomics
-
13.3.1 Atomic References with
std::atomic_ref<>
- 13.3.2 Atomic Shared Pointers
- 13.3.3 Atomic Floating-Point Types
- 13.3.4 Thread Synchronization with Atomic Types
-
13.3.5 Extensions for
std::atomic_flag
-
13.3.1 Atomic References with
-
13.4 Synchronized Output Streams
- 13.4.1 Motivation of Synchronized Output Streams
- 13.4.2 Using of Synchronized Output Streams
- 13.4.3 Using Synchronized Output Streams for Files
- 13.4.4 Using Synchronized Output Streams as Output Streams
- 13.4.5 Synchronized Output Streams in Practice
- 13.4.6 Synchronized Output Streams in Detail
- 13.5 Afternotes
-
13.1 Thread Synchronization with Latches and Barriers
-
14. Coroutines
- 14.1 What Are Coroutines?
-
14.2 A First Coroutine Example
- 14.2.1 Defining the Coroutine
- 14.2.2 Using the Coroutine
- 14.2.3 Lifetime Issues with Call-by-Reference
- 14.2.4 Coroutines calling Coroutines
- 14.2.5 Implementing the Coroutine Interface
- 14.2.6 Bootstrapping Interface, Handle, and Promise
- 14.2.7 Memory Management
-
14.3 Coroutines That Yield or Return Values
-
14.3.1 Using
co_yield
-
14.3.2 Using
co_return
-
14.3.1 Using
-
14.4 Coroutine Awaitables and Awaiters
- 14.4.1 Awaiters
- 14.4.2 Standard Awaiters
- 14.4.3 Resuming Sub-Coroutines
- 14.4.4 Passing Values From Suspension Back to the Coroutine
- 14.5 Afternotes
-
15. Coroutines in Detail
-
15.1 Coroutine Constraints
- 15.1.1 Coroutine Lambdas
-
15.2 The Coroutine Frame and the Promises
- 15.2.1 How Coroutine Interfaces, Promises, and Awaitables Interact
-
15.3 Coroutine Promises in Detail
- 15.3.1 Promise Operations
-
15.4 Coroutine Handles in Detail
-
15.4.1
std::coroutine_handle<void>
-
15.4.1
- 15.5 Exceptions in Coroutines
-
15.6 Allocating Memory for the Coroutine Frame
- 15.6.1 How Coroutines Allocate Memory
- 15.6.2 Avoiding Heap Memory Allocation
-
15.6.3
get_return_object_on_allocation_failure()
-
15.7
co_await
and Awaiters in Detail- 15.7.1 Details of the Awaiter Interface
-
15.7.2 Let
co_await
Update Running Coroutines - 15.7.3 Symmetric Transfer with Awaiters for Continuation
-
15.8 Other Ways to Deal with
co_await
-
15.8.1
await_transform()
-
15.8.2
operator co_await()
-
15.8.1
-
15.9 Concurrent Use of Coroutines
-
15.9.1
co_await
Coroutines - 15.9.2 A Thread Pool for Coroutine Tasks
- 15.9.3 What C++ Libraries Will Provide After C++20
-
15.9.1
- 15.10 Coroutine Traits
-
15.1 Coroutine Constraints
-
16. Modules
-
16.1 Motivation of Modules by a First Example
- 16.1.1 Implementing and Exporting a Module
- 16.1.2 Compiling Module Units
- 16.1.3 Importing and Using a Module
- 16.1.4 Reachable versus Visible
- 16.1.5 Modules and Namespaces
-
16.2 Modules with Multiple Files
- 16.2.1 Module Units
- 16.2.2 Implementation Units
- 16.2.3 Internal Partitions
- 16.2.4 Interface Partitions
- 16.2.5 Summary of Splitting Modules into Different Files
-
16.3 Dealing with Modules in Practice
- 16.3.1 Dealing with Module Files with Different Compilers
- 16.3.2 Dealing with Header Files
-
16.4 Modules in Detail
- 16.4.1 Private Module Fragments
- 16.4.2 Module Declaration/Export in Detail
- 16.4.3 Umbrella Modules
- 16.4.4 Module Import in Detail
- 16.4.5 Reachable versus Visible Symbols in Detail
- 16.5 Afternotes
-
16.1 Motivation of Modules by a First Example
-
17. Lambda Extensions
-
17.1 Generic Lambdas with Template Parameters
- 17.1.1 Using Template Parameters for Generic Lambdas in Practice
- 17.1.2 Explicit Specification of Lambda Template Parameters
- 17.2 Calling the Default Constructor of Lambdas
- 17.3 Lambdas as Non-Type Template Parameters
-
17.4
consteval
Lambdas -
17.5 Changes for Capturing
-
17.5.1 Capturing
this
and*this
- 17.5.2 Capturing Structured Bindings
- 17.5.3 Capturing Parameter Packs of Variadic Templates
- 17.5.4 Lambdas as Coroutines
-
17.5.1 Capturing
- 17.6 Afternotes
-
17.1 Generic Lambdas with Template Parameters
-
18. Compile-Time Computing
-
18.1 Keyword
constinit
-
18.1.1 Using
constinit
in Practice -
18.1.2 How
constinit
Solves the Static Initialization Order Fiasco
-
18.1.1 Using
-
18.2 Keyword
consteval
-
18.2.1 A First
consteval
Example -
18.2.2
constexpr
versusconsteval
-
18.2.3 Using
consteval
in Practice - 18.2.4 Compile-Time Value versus Compile-Time Context
-
18.2.1 A First
-
18.3 Relaxed Constraints for
constexpr
Functions -
18.4
std::is_constant_evaluated()
-
18.4.1
std::is_constant_evaluated()
in Detail
-
18.4.1
-
18.5 Using Heap Memory, Vectors, and Strings at Compile Time
- 18.5.1 Using Vectors at Compile Time
- 18.5.2 Returning a Collection at Compile Time
- 18.5.3 Using Strings at Compile Time
-
18.6 Other
constexpr
Extensions-
18.6.1
constexpr
Language Extensions -
18.6.2
constexpr
Library Extensions
-
18.6.1
- 18.7 Afternotes
-
18.1 Keyword
-
19. Non-Type Template Parameter (NTTP) Extensions
-
19.1 New Types for Non-Type Template Parameters
-
19.1.1
double
Values as Non-Type Template Parameters - 19.1.2 Objects as Non-Type Template Parameters
- 19.1.3 Lambdas as Non-Type Template Parameters
-
19.1.1
- 19.2 Details of Floating-Point Values as NTTP’s
- 19.3 Details of Objects as NTTP’s
- 19.4 Afternotes
-
19.1 New Types for Non-Type Template Parameters
-
20. New Type Traits
-
- 20.0.1 Type Traits for Type Classification
-
20.0.2
is_bounded_array_v<>
andis_unbounded_array_v
- 20.0.3 Type Traits for Type Inspection
-
20.0.4
is_nothrow_convertible_v<>
- 20.0.5 Type Traits for Type Conversion
-
20.0.6
remove_cvref_t<>
-
20.0.7
unwrap_reference<>
andunwrap_ref_decay_t
-
20.0.8
common_reference<>_t
-
20.0.9
type_identity_t<>
- 20.0.10 Type Traits for iterators
-
20.0.11
iter_difference_t<>
-
20.0.12
iter_value_t<>
-
20.0.13
iter_reference_t<>
anditer_rvalue_reference_t<>
-
20.1 Type Traits for Layout Compatibility
-
20.1.1
is_layout_compatible_v<>
-
20.1.2
is_layout_pointer_interconvertible_base_of_v<>
-
20.1.1
-
20.2
is_pointer_interconvertible_with_class<>()
andis_corresponding_member<>()
- 20.3 Afternotes
-
-
21. Small Improvements for the Core Language
-
21.1 Range-Based
for
Loop with Initialization -
21.2
using
for Enumeration Values - 21.3 Delegate Enumerations Types to different Scopes
-
21.4 New Character Type
char8_t
-
21.4.1 Changes in the C++ Standard Library for
char8_t
- 21.4.2 Broken Backward Compatibility
-
21.4.1 Changes in the C++ Standard Library for
-
21.5 Improvements for Aggregates
- 21.5.1 Designated Initializers
- 21.5.2 Aggregate Initialization with Parentheses
- 21.5.3 Definition of Aggregates
-
21.6 New Attributes and Attribute Features
-
21.6.1 Attributes
[[likely]]
and[[unlikely]]
-
21.6.2 Attribute
[[no_unique_address]]
-
21.6.3 Attribute
[[nodiscard]]
with Parameter
-
21.6.1 Attributes
- 21.7 Feature Test Macros
- 21.8 Afternotes
-
21.1 Range-Based
-
22. Small Improvements for Generic Programming
-
22.1 Implicit
typename
for Type Members of Template Parameters-
22.1.1 Rules for Implicit
typename
in Detail
-
22.1.1 Rules for Implicit
-
22.2 Improvements for Aggregates in Generic Code
- 22.2.1 Class Template Argument Deduction (CTAD) for Aggregates
-
22.3 Conditional
explicit
-
22.3.1 Conditional
explicit
in the Standard Library
-
22.3.1 Conditional
- 22.4 Afternotes
-
22.1 Implicit
-
23. Small Improvements for the C++ Standard Library
-
23.1 Updates for String Types
-
23.1.1 String Members
starts_with()
andends_with()
-
23.1.2 Restricted String Member
reserve()
-
23.1.1 String Members
-
23.2
std::source_location
-
23.3 Safe Comparisons of Integral Values and Sizes
- 23.3.1 Safe Comparisons of Integral Values
-
23.3.2
ssize()
- 23.4 Mathematical Constants
-
23.5 Utilities to Deal with Bits
- 23.5.1 Bit Operations
-
23.5.2
std::bit_cast<>()
-
23.5.3
std::endian
-
23.6
<version>
-
23.7 Extensions for Algorithms
- 23.7.1 Range Support
- 23.7.2 New Algorithms
-
23.7.3
unseq
Execution Policy for Algorithms
- 23.8 Afternotes
-
23.1 Updates for String Types
-
24. Deprecated and Removed Features
- 24.1 Deprecated and Removed Core Language Features
-
24.2 Deprecated and Removed Library Features
- 24.2.1 Deprecated Library Features
- 24.2.2 Removed Library Features
- 24.3 Afternotes
-
Glossary
-
A
- aggregate
- argument-dependent lookup (ADL)
-
C
- class template argument deduction (CTAD)
-
F
- forwarding reference
- full specialization
- function object (functor)
-
G
- glvalue
-
I
- incomplete type
-
L
- lvalue
-
P
- partial specialization
- predicate
- prvalue
-
R
- resource acquisition is initialization (RAII)
- regular type
- rvalue
-
S
- semiregular type
- substitution failure is not an error (SFINAE)
- small/short string optimization (SSO)
- stateless
- standard template library (STL)
-
U
- universal reference
-
V
- value category
- variable template
- variadic template
-
X
- xvalue
-
A
- Notes
The Leanpub 60-day 100% Happiness Guarantee
Within 60 days of purchase you can get a 100% refund on any Leanpub purchase, in two clicks.
See full terms
Do Well. Do Good.
Authors have earned$11,812,115writing, publishing and selling on Leanpub, earning 80% royalties while saving up to 25 million pounds of CO2 and up to 46,000 trees.
Learn more about writing on Leanpub
Free Updates. DRM Free.
If you buy a Leanpub book, you get free updates for as long as the author updates the book! Many authors use Leanpub to publish their books in-progress, while they are writing them. All readers get free updates, regardless of when they bought the book or how much they paid (including free).
Most Leanpub books are available in PDF (for computers) and EPUB (for phones, tablets and Kindle). The formats that a book includes are shown at the top right corner of this page.
Finally, Leanpub books don't have any DRM copy-protection nonsense, so you can easily read them on any supported device.
Learn more about Leanpub's ebook formats and where to read them
Top Books
Stratospheric
Tom Hombergs, Björn Wilmsmann, and Philip RiecksFrom Zero to Production with Spring Boot and AWS. All you need to know to get a Spring Boot application into production with AWS. No previous AWS knowledge required.
Go to stratospheric.dev for a tour of the contents.
C++20 - The Complete Guide
Nicolai M. JosuttisAll new language and library features of C++20 (for those who know previous C++ versions).
The book presents all new language and library features of C++20. Learn how this impacts day-to-day programming, to benefit in practice, to combine new features, and to avoid all new traps.
Buy early, pay less, free updates.
Other books:
OpenIntro Statistics
David Diez, Christopher Barr, Mine Cetinkaya-Rundel, and OpenIntroA complete foundation for Statistics, also serving as a foundation for Data Science.
Leanpub revenue supports OpenIntro (US-based nonprofit) so we can provide free desk copies to teachers interested in using OpenIntro Statistics in the classroom and expand the project to support free textbooks in other subjects.
More resources: openintro.org.
Jetpack Compose internals
Jorge CastilloJetpack Compose is the future of Android UI. Master how it works internally and become a more efficient developer with it. You'll also find it valuable if you are not an Android dev. This book provides all the details to understand how the Compose compiler & runtime work, and how to create a client library using them.
Advanced Web Application Architecture
Matthias NobackThe missing manual for making your web applications future-proof
Ansible for DevOps
Jeff GeerlingAnsible is a simple, but powerful, server and configuration management tool. Learn to use Ansible effectively, whether you manage one server—or thousands.
Maîtriser Apache JMeter
Philippe Mouawad, Bruno Demion (Milamber), and Antonio Gomes RodriguesToute la puissance d'Apache JMeter expliquée par ses commiteurs et utilisateurs experts. De l'intégration continue en passant par le Cloud, vous découvrirez comment intégrer JMeter à vos processus "Agile" et Devops.
If you're looking for the newer english version of this book, go to Master JMeter : From load testing to DevOps
Aprendiendo Git
Miguel Angel Durán GarcíaGit no es complicado... ¡Si lo entiendes! 😜
¿Sientes que sabes usarlo porque has memorizado todos los comandos que necesitas? ¡Pero no entiendes qué hace cada cosa y por qué! Así es normal que, cuando exista un problema, te cueste resolverlo.
¡Con este libro vas a entender de una vez por todas todo lo que es Git y cómo sacarle provecho!
D3 Start to Finish
Peter CookD3 Start to Finish shows you how to build a custom, interactive and beautiful data visualisation using the JavaScript library D3.js (versions 6 & 7).
The book covers D3.js concepts such as selections, joins, requests, scale functions, events & transitions. You'll put these concepts into practice by building a custom, interactive data visualisation.
R Programming for Data Science
Roger D. PengThis book brings the fundamentals of R programming to you, using the same material developed as part of the industry-leading Johns Hopkins Data Science Specialization. The skills taught in this book will lay the foundation for you to begin your journey learning data science. Printed copies of this book are available through Lulu.
Top Bundles
- #1
Software Architecture
2 Books
"Software Architecture for Developers" is a practical and pragmatic guide to modern, lightweight software architecture, specifically aimed at developers. You'll learn:The essence of software architecture.Why the software architecture role should include coding, coaching and collaboration.The things that you really need to think about before... - #2
CCIE Service Provider Ultimate Study Bundle
2 Books
Piotr Jablonski, Lukasz Bromirski, and Nick Russo have joined forces to deliver the only CCIE Service Provider training resource you'll ever need. This bundle contains a detailed and challenging collection of workbook labs, plus an extensively detailed technical reference guide. All of us have earned the CCIE Service Provider certification... - #4
Pattern-Oriented Memory Forensics and Malware Detection
2 Books
This training bundle for security engineers and researchers, malware and memory forensics analysts includes two accelerated training courses for Windows memory dump analysis using WinDbg. It is also useful for technical support and escalation engineers who analyze memory dumps from complex software environments and need to check for possible... - #6
Retromat eBook Bundle for Agile Retrospectives
2 Books
If you facilitate retrospectives this bundle is for you: "Plans for Retrospectives" helps beginners learn the lay of the land with tried-and-true plans. Once you know your way around, "Run great agile retrospectives" contains all 135+ activities in Retromat for you to mix and match. - #7
Static Analysis and Automated Refactoring
2 Books
As PHP developers we are living in the "Age of Static Analysis". We can use a tool like PHPStan to learn about potential bugs before we ship our code to production, and we can enforce our team's programming standards using custom PHPStan rules. Recipes for Decoupling by Matthias Noback teaches you in great detail how to do this, while also... - #9
Practical FP in Scala + Functional event-driven architecture
2 Books
Practical FP in Scala (A hands-on approach) & Functional event-driven architecture, aka FEDA, (Powered by Scala 3), together as a bundle! The content of PFP in Scala is a requirement to understand FEDA so why not take advantage of this bundle!?