The correct lubricant
The correct lubricant
Understanding automotive and industrial lubricants
About the Book
'The correct lubricant' is suitable for plant and fleet personnel at all levels, from artisans to engineers and managers, as well as for oil industry representatives and field engineers.
The book covers basic practical information about lubrication and lubricants.
Viscosity, the most important lubricant characteristic in both oils and greases, is covered first, together with viscosity index. Then some other important characteristics, followed by base oils including some synthetics, and finally the critical performance requirements for various applications.
The second part of the workshop deals with applications, starting with engine oils, then automotive gear and transmission oils, greases, industrial gear oils, circulating oils, compressor oils, hydraulic fluids, fire-resistant fluids, machine tool oils, oil cleanliness, storage and storage stability, finally briefly rust preventives and cutting fluids.
In addition to the essential requirements in each application, this part focuses on the difficult question: When is it advisable, or even necessary, to use synthetic lubricants?
The last part is included for people who use the book as a textbook. They will be challenged to find the correct lubricants to solve various practical problems. If they manage to complete this task, they will show that they have learned a great deal about lubricants.
To help the learners remember important aspects of each chapter, there are many questions and also three revisions in the text. The answers are at the end of the book and on our web page.
About the Author
Table of Contents
DISCLAIMER 2
OVERVIEW 3
ABOUT THE AUTHOR 6
1. THREE BASIC ASPECTS OF LUBRICATING OILS 7
1.1 Viscosity (kinematic, dynamic viscosity, ISO VG) 8
1.2 Viscosity of engine oils (SAE, multi-grade) 9
1.3 Viscosity of automotive gear oils 10
1.4 Viscosity index (and viscosity modifiers) 10
1.5 Pour point (and pour point depressant) 11
1.6 Flash point and Noack volatility 11
1.7 EXERCISE (viscosity-temperature chart) 12
1.8 Foam, entrained air and air release (and defoamant) 14
1.9 Base stocks (saturates, aromatic hydrocarbons, Group I+, II+, III+) 15
1.9.1 What does 'synthetic' mean? 16
1.9.2 Polyalphaolefins (PAO) 16
1.9.3 Other synthetic hydrocarbons 16
1.9.4 Switching to PAO 17
1.9.5 Polyalkylene glycols (PAG) (also polar compounds) 17
1.9.6 Esters (and biodegradable lubricants) 17
1.9.7 Naphthenics 18
1.10 Oil performance (and additive requirements) 18
1.11 Water separability (demulsibility) 19
1.12 Supplemental ('proprietary') additives 19
2. REVISION 1 20
3. AUTOMOTIVE LUBRICATING OILS, ENGINES
3.1 Engine oils (also ZDTP, detergents and dispersants) 21
3.2 API (American Petroleum Institute)service categories 22
3.3 Sulphated ash 22
3.4 TBN (Total Base Number) 23
3.5 ILSAC (International Lubricant Standardization and Approval Committee) 23
3.6 ACEA (Association des Constructeurs Européens d'Automobiles) 24
3.7 Equipment manufacturers (OEM, a brief note) 25
3.8 What oil to use in car engines / Engine oil selection (a brief summary) 26
3.9 Two-stroke petrol engines 27
3.10 Outboard engine and gear oils 27
3.11 Four-stroke motorcycle engines 27
3.12 Gas engines 27
3.13 Marine engines and emergency power generation 28
3.14 Railroad engine oils 28
3.15 Gas turbines 28
3.16 Automotive gear oils for manual gearboxes and axles 29
3.17 Limited-slip differentials 29
3.18 Eaton (formerlyFuller) / ZF-FreedomLine30
3.19 Caterpillar TO-4 30
3.20 Allison 30
3.21 Total Acid Number (TAN) 31
3.22 Automatic transmission fluids (ATF) 32
3.23 Farm equipment oils (UTTO, STOU) 32
3.24 Brake fluids 33
4. REVISION 2 33
5. LUBRICATION CONDITIONS
5.1 Hydrodynamic lubrication 34
5.2 Boundary lubrication (lubricity, anti-wear, EP) 34
5.3 Elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) 35
6. INDUSTRIAL GEAR OILS 36
6.1 Worm gears (PAG) 37
6.2 Continuously variable transmissions (small, industrial type) 38
6.3 Open gears 38
7. GREASES 39
7.1 Grease thickeners 39
7.2 Grease compatibility 39
7.3 Grease consistency 40
7.4 Grease lubricated rolling element bearings 41
7.5 Typical replenishment instructions for big electric motors 42
7.6 Grease-filled gearboxes 42
7.7 Grease selection 42
7.8 Grease or oil? 43
8. BEARINGS, CIRCULATING OILS 44
8.1 Rolling element bearings 44
8.2 Plain bearings 44
8.3 Paper machines 45
8.4 Steam turbines 45
9. COMPRESSORS
9.1 Air compressors (also coalescer filters) 46
9.2 Vacuum pumps 48
9.3 Other gases 48
9.4 Refrigeration compressors 49
10. HYDRAULIC FLUIDS 50
10.1 Fire-resistant fluids 53
10.2 Oil cleanliness 53
11. LUBRICANT STORAGE 54
12. TRANSFORMER OILS 54
13. SHELF LIFE OF LUBRICANTS 54
14. MACHINE TOOLS 55
15. CUTTING FLUIDS (for grinding and metal cutting) 55
16. RUST PREVENTIVES 55
17. REVISION 3 56
18. CHALLENGE 57
ANSWERS 58
CHARTS 67
The Leanpub 60-day 100% Happiness Guarantee
Within 60 days of purchase you can get a 100% refund on any Leanpub purchase, in two clicks.
See full terms
Do Well. Do Good.
Authors have earned$11,718,542writing, publishing and selling on Leanpub, earning 80% royalties while saving up to 25 million pounds of CO2 and up to 46,000 trees.
Learn more about writing on Leanpub
Free Updates. DRM Free.
If you buy a Leanpub book, you get free updates for as long as the author updates the book! Many authors use Leanpub to publish their books in-progress, while they are writing them. All readers get free updates, regardless of when they bought the book or how much they paid (including free).
Most Leanpub books are available in PDF (for computers), EPUB (for phones and tablets) and MOBI (for Kindle). The formats that a book includes are shown at the top right corner of this page.
Finally, Leanpub books don't have any DRM copy-protection nonsense, so you can easily read them on any supported device.
Learn more about Leanpub's ebook formats and where to read them
Top Books
- #1
Recipes for Decoupling
Matthias NobackWrite software that survives
- #2
CQRS by Example
Carlos Buenosvinos, Christian Soronellas, and Keyvan Akbary- Leverage your Software Architecture skills by learning everything about CQRS in detail with lots of examples
- Develop faster applications by applying CQRS and fostering Read Models and Projections
- Learn how to apply CQRS into a brownfield project from a pragmatic approach
- #3
OpenIntro Statistics
David Diez, Christopher Barr, Mine Cetinkaya-Rundel, and OpenIntroA complete foundation for Statistics, also serving as a foundation for Data Science.
Leanpub revenue supports OpenIntro (US-based nonprofit) so we can provide free desk copies to teachers interested in using OpenIntro Statistics in the classroom and expand the project to support free textbooks in other subjects.
More resources: openintro.org.
- #4
Jetpack Compose internals
Jorge CastilloJetpack Compose is the future of Android UI. Master how it works internally and become a more efficient developer with it. You'll also find it valuable if you are not an Android dev. This book provides all the details to understand how the Compose compiler & runtime work, and how to create a client library using them.
- #5
Maîtriser Apache JMeter
Philippe Mouawad, Bruno Demion (Milamber), and Antonio Gomes RodriguesToute la puissance d'Apache JMeter expliquée par ses commiteurs et utilisateurs experts. De l'intégration continue en passant par le Cloud, vous découvrirez comment intégrer JMeter à vos processus "Agile" et Devops.
If you're looking for the newer english version of this book, go to Master JMeter : From load testing to DevOps
- #6
Ansible for DevOps
Jeff GeerlingAnsible is a simple, but powerful, server and configuration management tool. Learn to use Ansible effectively, whether you manage one server—or thousands.
- #7
C++20 - The Complete Guide
Nicolai M. JosuttisAll new language and library features of C++20 (for those who know previous C++ versions).
The book presents all new language and library features of C++20. Learn how this impacts day-to-day programming, to benefit in practice, to combine new features, and to avoid all new traps.
Buy early, pay less, free updates.
Other books:
- #8
Mastering STM32 - Second Edition
Carmine NovielloWith more than 1200 microcontrollers, STM32 is probably the most complete ARM Cortex-M platform on the market. This book aims to be the most complete guide around introducing the reader to this exciting MCU portfolio from ST Microelectronics and its official CubeHAL and STM32CubeIDE development environment.
- #9
The PowerShell Scripting and Toolmaking Book
Don Jones and Jeff HicksLearn the patterns, practices, and details of PowerShell Scripting and Toolmaking from the industry's two most recognized experts on the subject.
- #10
Introduction to Data Science
Rafael A IrizarryThe demand for skilled data science practitioners in industry, academia, and government is rapidly growing. This book introduces concepts from probability, statistical inference, linear regression and machine learning and R programming skills. Throughout the book we demonstrate how these can help you tackle real-world data analysis challenges.
Top Bundles
- #1
Software Architecture
2 Books
"Software Architecture for Developers" is a practical and pragmatic guide to modern, lightweight software architecture, specifically aimed at developers. You'll learn:The essence of software architecture.Why the software architecture role should include coding, coaching and collaboration.The things that you really need to think about before... - #2
CCIE Service Provider Ultimate Study Bundle
2 Books
Piotr Jablonski, Lukasz Bromirski, and Nick Russo have joined forces to deliver the only CCIE Service Provider training resource you'll ever need. This bundle contains a detailed and challenging collection of workbook labs, plus an extensively detailed technical reference guide. All of us have earned the CCIE Service Provider certification... - #4
Pattern-Oriented Memory Forensics and Malware Detection
2 Books
This training bundle for security engineers and researchers, malware and memory forensics analysts includes two accelerated training courses for Windows memory dump analysis using WinDbg. It is also useful for technical support and escalation engineers who analyze memory dumps from complex software environments and need to check for possible... - #10
All the Books of The Medical Futurist
6 Books
We put together the most popular books from The Medical Futurist to provide a clear picture about the major trends shaping the future of medicine and healthcare. Digital health technologies, artificial intelligence, the future of 20 medical specialties, big pharma, data privacy, digital health investments and how technology giants such as Amazon...
