The correct lubricant
The correct lubricant
Understanding automotive and industrial lubricants
About the Book
'The correct lubricant' is suitable for plant and fleet personnel at all levels, from artisans to engineers and managers, as well as for oil industry representatives and field engineers.
The book covers basic practical information about lubrication and lubricants.
Viscosity, the most important lubricant characteristic in both oils and greases, is covered first, together with viscosity index. Then some other important characteristics, followed by base oils including some synthetics, and finally the critical performance requirements for various applications.
The second part of the workshop deals with applications, starting with engine oils, then automotive gear and transmission oils, greases, industrial gear oils, circulating oils, compressor oils, hydraulic fluids, fire-resistant fluids, machine tool oils, oil cleanliness, storage and storage stability, finally briefly rust preventives and cutting fluids.
In addition to the essential requirements in each application, this part focuses on the difficult question: When is it advisable, or even necessary, to use synthetic lubricants?
The last part is included for people who use the book as a textbook. They will be challenged to find the correct lubricants to solve various practical problems. If they manage to complete this task, they will show that they have learned a great deal about lubricants.
To help the learners remember important aspects of each chapter, there are many questions and also three revisions in the text. The answers are at the end of the book and on our web page.
Table of Contents
DISCLAIMER 2
OVERVIEW 3
ABOUT THE AUTHOR 6
1. THREE BASIC ASPECTS OF LUBRICATING OILS 7
1.1 Viscosity (kinematic, dynamic viscosity, ISO VG) 8
1.2 Viscosity of engine oils (SAE, multi-grade) 9
1.3 Viscosity of automotive gear oils 10
1.4 Viscosity index (and viscosity modifiers) 10
1.5 Pour point (and pour point depressant) 11
1.6 Flash point and Noack volatility 11
1.7 EXERCISE (viscosity-temperature chart) 12
1.8 Foam, entrained air and air release (and defoamant) 14
1.9 Base stocks (saturates, aromatic hydrocarbons, Group I+, II+, III+) 15
1.9.1 What does 'synthetic' mean? 16
1.9.2 Polyalphaolefins (PAO) 16
1.9.3 Other synthetic hydrocarbons 16
1.9.4 Switching to PAO 17
1.9.5 Polyalkylene glycols (PAG) (also polar compounds) 17
1.9.6 Esters (and biodegradable lubricants) 17
1.9.7 Naphthenics 18
1.10 Oil performance (and additive requirements) 18
1.11 Water separability (demulsibility) 19
1.12 Supplemental ('proprietary') additives 19
2. REVISION 1 20
3. AUTOMOTIVE LUBRICATING OILS, ENGINES
3.1 Engine oils (also ZDTP, detergents and dispersants) 21
3.2 API (American Petroleum Institute)service categories 22
3.3 Sulphated ash 22
3.4 TBN (Total Base Number) 23
3.5 ILSAC (International Lubricant Standardization and Approval Committee) 23
3.6 ACEA (Association des Constructeurs Européens d'Automobiles) 24
3.7 Equipment manufacturers (OEM, a brief note) 25
3.8 What oil to use in car engines / Engine oil selection (a brief summary) 26
3.9 Two-stroke petrol engines 27
3.10 Outboard engine and gear oils 27
3.11 Four-stroke motorcycle engines 27
3.12 Gas engines 27
3.13 Marine engines and emergency power generation 28
3.14 Railroad engine oils 28
3.15 Gas turbines 28
3.16 Automotive gear oils for manual gearboxes and axles 29
3.17 Limited-slip differentials 29
3.18 Eaton (formerlyFuller) / ZF-FreedomLine30
3.19 Caterpillar TO-4 30
3.20 Allison 30
3.21 Total Acid Number (TAN) 31
3.22 Automatic transmission fluids (ATF) 32
3.23 Farm equipment oils (UTTO, STOU) 32
3.24 Brake fluids 33
4. REVISION 2 33
5. LUBRICATION CONDITIONS
5.1 Hydrodynamic lubrication 34
5.2 Boundary lubrication (lubricity, anti-wear, EP) 34
5.3 Elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) 35
6. INDUSTRIAL GEAR OILS 36
6.1 Worm gears (PAG) 37
6.2 Continuously variable transmissions (small, industrial type) 38
6.3 Open gears 38
7. GREASES 39
7.1 Grease thickeners 39
7.2 Grease compatibility 39
7.3 Grease consistency 40
7.4 Grease lubricated rolling element bearings 41
7.5 Typical replenishment instructions for big electric motors 42
7.6 Grease-filled gearboxes 42
7.7 Grease selection 42
7.8 Grease or oil? 43
8. BEARINGS, CIRCULATING OILS 44
8.1 Rolling element bearings 44
8.2 Plain bearings 44
8.3 Paper machines 45
8.4 Steam turbines 45
9. COMPRESSORS
9.1 Air compressors (also coalescer filters) 46
9.2 Vacuum pumps 48
9.3 Other gases 48
9.4 Refrigeration compressors 49
10. HYDRAULIC FLUIDS 50
10.1 Fire-resistant fluids 53
10.2 Oil cleanliness 53
11. LUBRICANT STORAGE 54
12. TRANSFORMER OILS 54
13. SHELF LIFE OF LUBRICANTS 54
14. MACHINE TOOLS 55
15. CUTTING FLUIDS (for grinding and metal cutting) 55
16. RUST PREVENTIVES 55
17. REVISION 3 56
18. CHALLENGE 57
ANSWERS 58
CHARTS 67
The Leanpub 60-day 100% Happiness Guarantee
Within 60 days of purchase you can get a 100% refund on any Leanpub purchase, in two clicks.
See full terms
Do Well. Do Good.
Authors have earned$11,600,486writing, publishing and selling on Leanpub, earning 80% royalties while saving up to 25 million pounds of CO2 and up to 46,000 trees.
Learn more about writing on Leanpub
Free Updates. DRM Free.
If you buy a Leanpub book, you get free updates for as long as the author updates the book! Many authors use Leanpub to publish their books in-progress, while they are writing them. All readers get free updates, regardless of when they bought the book or how much they paid (including free).
Most Leanpub books are available in PDF (for computers), EPUB (for phones and tablets) and MOBI (for Kindle). The formats that a book includes are shown at the top right corner of this page.
Finally, Leanpub books don't have any DRM copy-protection nonsense, so you can easily read them on any supported device.
Learn more about Leanpub's ebook formats and where to read them
Top Books
C++20 - The Complete Guide
Nicolai M. JosuttisAll new language and library features of C++20 (for those who know previous C++ versions).
The book presents all new language and library features of C++20. Learn how this impacts day-to-day programming, to benefit in practice, to combine new features, and to avoid all new traps.
Buy early, pay less, free updates.
Other books:
Cronache di Domain-Driven Design
Francesco Strazzullo, Matteo Baglini, Gianluca Padovani, Emanuele DelBono, Marco Consolaro, Alessandro Colla, Uberto Barbini, Alberto Acerbis, Julie Camosseto, DDD Open, and Alberto BrandoliniCronache di Domain-Driven Design: un libro corale in italiano fatto di storie indipendenti tra loro, che sono il risultato dell’applicazione di Domain-Driven Design su progetti reali.
Ansible for DevOps
Jeff GeerlingAnsible is a simple, but powerful, server and configuration management tool. Learn to use Ansible effectively, whether you manage one server—or thousands.
Jetpack Compose internals
Jorge CastilloJetpack Compose is the future of Android UI. Master how it works internally and become a more efficient developer with it. You'll also find it valuable if you are not an Android dev. This book provides all the details to understand how the Compose compiler & runtime work, and how to create a client library using them.
OpenIntro Statistics
David Diez, Christopher Barr, Mine Cetinkaya-Rundel, and OpenIntroA complete foundation for Statistics, also serving as a foundation for Data Science.
Leanpub revenue supports OpenIntro (US-based nonprofit) so we can provide free desk copies to teachers interested in using OpenIntro Statistics in the classroom and expand the project to support free textbooks in other subjects.
More resources: openintro.org.
R Programming for Data Science
Roger D. PengThis book brings the fundamentals of R programming to you, using the same material developed as part of the industry-leading Johns Hopkins Data Science Specialization. The skills taught in this book will lay the foundation for you to begin your journey learning data science. Printed copies of this book are available through Lulu.
Functional event-driven architecture: Powered by Scala 3
Gabriel VolpeExplore the event-driven architecture (EDA) in a purely functional way, mainly powered by Fs2 streams in Scala 3!
Leverage your functional programming skills by designing and writing stateless microservices that scale, powered by stateful message brokers.
Mastering STM32 - Second Edition
Carmine NovielloWith more than 1200 microcontrollers, STM32 is probably the most complete ARM Cortex-M platform on the market. This book aims to be the first guide around that introduces the reader to this exciting MCU portfolio from ST Microelectronics and its official CubeHAL and STM32CubeIDE development environment.
CCIE Service Provider Version 4 Written and Lab Exam Comprehensive Guide
Nicholas RussoThe service provider landscape has changed rapidly over the past several years. Networking vendors are continuing to propose new standards, techniques, and procedures for overcoming new challenges while concurrently reducing costs and delivering new services. Cisco has recently updated the CCIE Service Provider track to reflect these changes; this book represents the author's personal journey in achieving that certification.
CCIE SP v5.0
Łukasz Bromirski, Piotr Jablonski, and Nicholas RussoAre you striving to prepare to and pass CCIE SP lab exam? Take the opportunity and get this workbook! With the attached initial cfg files you will prepare yourself for the CCIE SP exam as well as learn SP technologies applicable to all kinds of today modern networks! This workbook covers blueprint topics and provides challenging examples.
Top Bundles
- #1
Software Architecture for Developers: Volumes 1 & 2 - Technical leadership and communication
2 Books
"Software Architecture for Developers" is a practical and pragmatic guide to modern, lightweight software architecture, specifically aimed at developers. You'll learn:The essence of software architecture.Why the software architecture role should include coding, coaching and collaboration.The things that you really need to think about before... - #2
Practical FP in Scala + Functional event-driven architecture
2 Books
Practical FP in Scala (A hands-on approach) & Functional event-driven architecture, aka FEDA, (Powered by Scala 3), together as a bundle! The content of PFP in Scala is a requirement to understand FEDA so why not take advantage of this bundle!? - #3
All the Books of The Medical Futurist
6 Books
We put together the most popular books from The Medical Futurist to provide a clear picture about the major trends shaping the future of medicine and healthcare. Digital health technologies, artificial intelligence, the future of 20 medical specialties, big pharma, data privacy, digital health investments and how technology giants such as Amazon... - #4
CCIE Service Provider Ultimate Study Bundle
2 Books
Piotr Jablonski, Lukasz Bromirski, and Nick Russo have joined forces to deliver the only CCIE Service Provider training resource you'll ever need. This bundle contains a detailed and challenging collection of workbook labs, plus an extensively detailed technical reference guide. All of us have earned the CCIE Service Provider certification... - #6
Pattern-Oriented Memory Forensics and Malware Detection
2 Books
This training bundle for security engineers and researchers, malware and memory forensics analysts includes two accelerated training courses for Windows memory dump analysis using WinDbg. It is also useful for technical support and escalation engineers who analyze memory dumps from complex software environments and need to check for possible... - #7
Modern C++ Collection
3 Books
Get All about Modern C++C++ Standard Library, including C++20Concurrency with Modern C++, including C++20C++20Each book has about 200 complete code examples. Updates are included. When I update one of the books, you immediately get the updated bundle. You can expect significant updates to each new C++ standard (C++23, C++26, .. ) and also... - #9
Retromat eBook Bundle for Agile Retrospectives
2 Books
If you facilitate retrospectives this bundle is for you: "Plans for Retrospectives" helps beginners learn the lay of the land with tried-and-true plans. Once you know your way around, "Run great agile retrospectives" contains all 135+ activities in Retromat for you to mix and match.