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Table of Contents

Introduction

How is C Code Compiled ?

Eclipse vs Visual Studio Code: What are the differences?

Microsoft Visual Studio and Microsoft VSCode

Brief History of C and the C standards

Fundamental Data Types

C Integer Types

The ASCII Character Set and C

ASCII character literals

Generalised Escape Sequences

Hex Escape Sequences

Octal Escape Sequences

Literal Integer Constants

Floating Point Types

Floating point literal constants

Variables in C

Variable Types

Variable – Definition and Declaration

Summary of the Standard C Type Qualifiers

C – Stream Oriented I/O

Basic Formatted Output in C

Input and Output of Primitive Data Types in C

printf by Example

Printf - Field Formatting

A Basic C Program

C Preprocessor #define and #include

Basic C Operators

Integer Arithmetic in C

Floating Point Arithmetic in C

Mixed Floating Point and Integer Arithmetic in C

Precedence of Arithmetic Operators in C

Assignment Operator

Compound Assignment Operators

Increment and Decrement Operators

Equality and Relational Operators

Logical Operators

The C Operator Precedence Table

Shortcut Evaluation of Logical Expressions

Uses of Logical Expressions in C Programs

Functions and Function Prototypes

Functions – Concepts and Terminology

Calling and Evaluating Functions

Function Prototypes

Types of function

Functions with static Local Variables

Function Declarations and the Calling of Functions

Functions – Mini Exercises

Mechanics of function calls

Function Calls and the return statement

if, else and else-if Statements

Introduction to handling user input using scanf()

Exercise - Factorial Function

The Switch Statement

Exercise – SimpleCalculator

Iteration in C – while, do – while, and for loops

Example – Implementing a Menu using a while loop

While loop – mini exercises

The for loop (for statement)

Exercise Involving Iteration

break and continue statements in for loops, while loops,

do – while loops and switch statements

goto

The Comma operator

The Arithmetic Conditional Ternary Operator

Sizeof Operator

Sizeof Operator - Exercises

Arrays

Array CAN’T DO's

Multidimensional Arrays

Exercises in Array Manipulation

Passing Multidimensional Arrays to Functions

Pointers to Data and Pointers to Functions

Introduction to Pointers in C

Exercises - exploring pointer variable manipulation

Printing pointers

Strings and Pointers to char

Wide Characters and C

Pointer Arithmetic

Incrementing and Decrementing Pointers

Dereferencing a Pointer

Passing references to variables in C function arguments

Arrays and Pointers

How Arrays and Pointer Types Are Related in C

Examples of Working With Arrays and Pointers

Working with Strings in C

C Standard IO Functions for Getting Strings and Characters

C Standard IO Functions for Outputting (Putting)

Strings and Characters

C Functions for String Manipulation

fgets() and gets() in C Programming

Reading and Handling Command Line Arguments in C

Exercise Processing Command Line Arguments

Allocating and Managing Memory Dynamically in C

Function Pointers

Function Pointers and Callbacks

Function Pointers and Dispatch Tables

Function Pointers – Example Case Study and Exercise - Using pointers to functions to transform a vector array

Exercise – Indexing into Arrays

Data Structures in C

Structured Data Types in C

Declaring a Structure in C

Pointers to structs in C

Limitations of Operations on Structs

Extended Exercise – Data Structs

Working with Arrays of Structures and

Arrays of Pointers to Structures

Initializing an Array of Structures

Nesting of Structures

Structures Containing Pointers

enums

Specifying particular values for enums

Using enum with union

Type aliases and typedef

Opaque Structs

File I/O in C

Security Aspects of the C Standard Library Function Implementations in Windows

Working with files in C

Opening a file – File Opening Modes

Closing a File

Reading and writing to a text file

Reading and writing binary files

Example 1: Writing to a binary file using fwrite()

Example 2. Reading data from a binary file

Example 3. Getting data from a file using fseek()

Macros

Macros with arguments

Macros with Multiple arguments

Dangers of repeating arguments in macro expansion

Variadic macros – macros that may have a variable number of arguments

Macros vs. inline functions

Macros that include other macros

Specialized macros

Multiple expressions in a macro

Non-syntactic macros

Multiple statements in one macro

String expansion in macros

Big macros

Conditional compilation

The #if directive

Appendix A – Installing and Working with Visual Studio 2022 on Windows