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Objects","#leanpub-auto-value-objects-1","The Essential Tools","#leanpub-auto-the-essential-tools","Motivation – the first step to learning TDD","#leanpub-auto-motivation----the-first-step-to-learning-tdd-1","Further Reading","#FurtherReading","Data builders","#leanpub-auto-data-builders","Actors","#leanpub-auto-actors","Driver","#leanpub-auto-driver","Adapting screenplay pattern","#leanpub-auto-adapting-screenplay-pattern","Designing automation layer","#leanpub-auto-designing-automation-layer","Part 5: TDD on application architecture level","#leanpub-auto-part-5-tdd-on-application-architecture-level","Ports are not a layer","#leanpub-auto-ports-are-not-a-layer","Data transfer objects","#leanpub-auto-data-transfer-objects","What goes into ports?","#leanpub-auto-what-goes-into-ports","Application and other layers","#leanpub-auto-application-and-other-layers","What goes into application?","#leanpub-auto-what-goes-into-application","Physical separation of layers","#leanpub-auto-physical-separation-of-layers","Ports and adapters","#leanpub-auto-ports-and-adapters","On stable/architectural boundaries","#leanpub-auto-on-stablearchitectural-boundaries","Part 4: Application architecture","#leanpub-auto-part-4-application-architecture","#leanpub-auto-maintainable-mock-based-statements","Triangulation","#leanpub-auto-triangulation","Behavioral boundaries","#leanpub-auto-behavioral-boundaries","Constrained non-determinism in OO world","#leanpub-auto-constrained-non-determinism-in-oo-world","Specifying private members","#leanpub-auto-specifying-private-members","Lots of stubbing","#leanpub-auto-lots-of-stubbing","Long Statements","#leanpub-auto-long-statements","Guidance of test smells","#leanpub-auto-guidance-of-test-smells","Responsibility-Driven Design","#leanpub-auto-responsibility-driven-design","Mock objects as a design tool","#leanpub-auto-mock-objects-as-a-design-tool","THIS IS ALL I HAVE FOR NOW. WHAT FOLLOWS IS RAW, UNORDERED MATERIAL THAT’S NOT YET READY TO BE CONSUMED AS PART OF THIS TUTORIAL","#leanpub-auto-this-is-all-i-have-for-now-what-follows-is-raw-unordered-material-thats-not-yet-ready-to-be-consumed-as-part-of-this-tutorial","Flavors","#leanpub-auto-flavors","General description","#leanpub-auto-general-description","Design smells’ catalog","#leanpub-auto-design-smells-catalog","Design smells visible in the Specification","#leanpub-auto-design-smells-visible-in-the-specification","Summary","#leanpub-auto-summary-20","Examples of internals","#leanpub-auto-examples-of-internals","What are object’s internals?","#leanpub-auto-what-are-objects-internals","What are object’s peers?","#leanpub-auto-what-are-objects-peers","What’s inside the object?","#leanpub-auto-whats-inside-the-object","Others","#leanpub-auto-others","Threads","#leanpub-auto-threads","Timers","#leanpub-auto-timers","What time is it?","#leanpub-auto-what-time-is-it","Reaching the web of objects boundaries","#leanpub-auto-reaching-the-web-of-objects-boundaries","#leanpub-auto-summary-19","Input validation","#leanpub-auto-input-validation","Case-insensitive comparison","#leanpub-auto-case-insensitive-comparison","Value semantics","#leanpub-auto-value-semantics","Initial value object","#leanpub-auto-initial-value-object","Test-driving value objects","#leanpub-auto-test-driving-value-objects","#leanpub-auto-summary-18","Test-driving application logic","#leanpub-auto-test-driving-application-logic","#leanpub-auto-summary-17","Value object creation","#leanpub-auto-value-object-creation","What do we specify in the creational Statements?","#leanpub-auto-what-do-we-specify-in-the-creational-statements","Why specify object creation?","#leanpub-auto-why-specify-object-creation","Limits of creation specification","#leanpub-auto-limits-of-creation-specification","Test-driving object creation – a retrospective","#leanpub-auto-test-driving-object-creation----a-retrospective","Test-driving object creation","#leanpub-auto-test-driving-object-creation","What’s next?","#leanpub-auto-whats-next","Do I need all of this to do TDD?","#leanpub-auto-do-i-need-all-of-this-to-do-tdd","Interface discovery and the sources of abstractions","#leanpub-auto-interface-discovery-and-the-sources-of-abstractions","Using a ReservationInProgress","#leanpub-auto-using-a-reservationinprogress","Data Transfer Objects and TDD","#leanpub-auto-data-transfer-objects-and-tdd","Workflow specification","#leanpub-auto-workflow-specification","Outside-in development","#leanpub-auto-outside-in-development","Test-driving at the input boundary – a retrospective","#leanpub-auto-test-driving-at-the-input-boundary----a-retrospective","#leanpub-auto-summary-16","Writing the first Statement","#leanpub-auto-writing-the-first-statement","Bootstrap","#leanpub-auto-bootstrap","Initial objects","#leanpub-auto-initial-objects","Fixing the ticket office","#leanpub-auto-fixing-the-ticket-office","Test-driving at the input boundary","#leanpub-auto-test-driving-at-the-input-boundary","#leanpub-auto-summary-15","Second behavior – specifying an error","#leanpub-auto-second-behavior----specifying-an-error","The first behavior","#leanpub-auto-the-first-behavior","Channel and DataDispatch one more time","#leanpub-auto-channel-and-datadispatch-one-more-time","Responsibility and Responsibility","#leanpub-auto-responsibility-and-responsibility","How to start? – with mock objects","#leanpub-auto-how-to-start----with-mock-objects","Test-first using mock objects","#leanpub-auto-test-first-using-mock-objects","#leanpub-auto-summary-14","Mocks as yet another context","#leanpub-auto-mocks-as-yet-another-context","Using a mock channel","#leanpub-auto-using-a-mock-channel","Filling in the roles","#leanpub-auto-filling-in-the-roles","Behaviors","#leanpub-auto-behaviors","Roles","#leanpub-auto-roles","Protocols","#leanpub-auto-protocols-1","Interfaces","#leanpub-auto-interfaces-1","A backing example","#leanpub-auto-a-backing-example","Mock Objects as a testing tool","#leanpub-auto-mock-objects-as-a-testing-tool","Part 3: TDD in Object-Oriented World","#leanpub-auto-part-3-tdd-in-object-oriented-world","#leanpub-auto-summary-13","Value types and Tell Don’t Ask","#leanpub-auto-value-types-and-tell-dont-ask","Special values","#leanpub-auto-special-values","Handling of variability","#leanpub-auto-handling-of-variability","Immutability","#leanpub-auto-immutability","Aspects of value objects design","#leanpub-auto-aspects-of-value-objects-design","#leanpub-auto-summary-12","The return of investment","#leanpub-auto-the-return-of-investment","Equality members","#leanpub-auto-equality-members","String conversion methods","#leanpub-auto-string-conversion-methods","Hidden constructor","#leanpub-auto-hidden-constructor","Hidden data","#leanpub-auto-hidden-data","Class signature","#leanpub-auto-class-signature","Value object anatomy","#leanpub-auto-value-object-anatomy","Example: money and names","#leanpub-auto-example-money-and-names","What is a value object?","#leanpub-auto-what-is-a-value-object","#leanpub-auto-value-objects","#leanpub-auto-summary-11","Some advice","#leanpub-auto-some-advice","The significance of a higher-level language","#leanpub-auto-the-significance-of-a-higher-level-language","Composition as a language","#leanpub-auto-composition-as-a-language","Refactoring for readability","#leanpub-auto-refactoring-for-readability","More readable composition root","#leanpub-auto-more-readable-composition-root","Object Composition as a Language","#leanpub-auto-object-composition-as-a-language","#leanpub-auto-summary-10","Static recipients","#leanpub-auto-static-recipients","Single Responsibility Principle","#leanpub-auto-single-responsibility-principle","Classes","#leanpub-auto-classes","#leanpub-auto-summary-9","Protocols should be small and abstract","#leanpub-auto-protocols-should-be-small-and-abstract","Most of the getters should be removed, return values should be avoided","#leanpub-auto-most-of-the-getters-should-be-removed-return-values-should-be-avoided","Message recipients should be told what to do, instead of being asked for information","#leanpub-auto-message-recipients-should-be-told-what-to-do-instead-of-being-asked-for-information","Model interactions after the problem domain","#leanpub-auto-model-interactions-after-the-problem-domain","Craft messages to reflect the sender’s intention","#leanpub-auto-craft-messages-to-reflect-the-senders-intention","Protocol stability","#leanpub-auto-protocol-stability","Protocols exist","#leanpub-auto-protocols-exist","#leanpub-auto-protocols","Small interfaces","#leanpub-auto-small-interfaces","Events/callbacks vs interfaces – few words on roles","#leanpub-auto-eventscallbacks-vs-interfaces----few-words-on-roles","Classes vs interfaces","#leanpub-auto-classes-vs-interfaces","#leanpub-auto-interfaces","#leanpub-auto-summary-8","Factories","#leanpub-auto-factories","Composition Root","#leanpub-auto-composition-root","Where are objects composed?","#leanpub-auto-where-are-objects-composed","Receive as a registered observer","#leanpub-auto-receive-as-a-registered-observerhttpwwwoodesigncomobserver-patternhtml","Receive in response to a message (i.e. as a method return value)","#leanpub-auto-receive-in-response-to-a-message-ie-as-a-method-return-value","Receive inside a message (i.e. as a method parameter)","#leanpub-auto-receive-inside-a-message-ie-as-a-method-parameter","Receive as a constructor parameter","#leanpub-auto-receive-as-a-constructor-parameter","How does a sender obtain a reference to a recipient (i.e. how connections are made)?","#leanpub-auto-how-does-a-sender-obtain-a-reference-to-a-recipient-ie-how-connections-are-made","When are objects composed?","#leanpub-auto-when-are-objects-composed","A preview of all three answers","#leanpub-auto-a-preview-of-all-three-answers","Three important questions","#leanpub-auto-three-important-questions","Composing a web of objects","#leanpub-auto-composing-a-web-of-objects","#leanpub-auto-summary-7","Alarms, again!","#leanpub-auto-alarms-again","So, again, what does it mean to compose objects?","#leanpub-auto-so-again-what-does-it-mean-to-compose-objects","Web, messages and protocols","#leanpub-auto-web-messages-and-protocols","Summary – are you still with me?","#leanpub-auto-summary----are-you-still-with-me","The power of composition","#leanpub-auto-the-power-of-composition","Object-oriented programming to the rescue!","#leanpub-auto-object-oriented-programming-to-the-rescue","Pre-object-oriented approaches","#leanpub-auto-pre-object-oriented-approaches","Why do we need composability?","#leanpub-auto-why-do-we-need-composability","Composability… again!","#leanpub-auto-composability-again","The need for mock objects","#leanpub-auto-the-need-for-mock-objects","A Quick Retrospective","#leanpub-auto-a-quick-retrospective-1","Contractors","#leanpub-auto-contractors","Telling, not asking","#170-TellDoNotAsk","#leanpub-auto-a-quick-retrospective","Another task for Johnny and Benjamin","#leanpub-auto-another-task-for-johnny-and-benjamin","On Object Composability","#leanpub-auto-on-object-composability","Part 2: Object-Oriented World","#leanpub-auto-part-2-object-oriented-world","#leanpub-auto-summary-6","Triangulate","#leanpub-auto-triangulate","Fake it (‘til you make it)","#leanpub-auto-fake-it-til-you-make-it","Type the obvious implementation","#leanpub-auto-type-the-obvious-implementation","Driving the implementation from Specification","#leanpub-auto-driving-the-implementation-from-specification","#leanpub-auto-summary-5","Combination of boundaries – ranges","#leanpub-auto-combination-of-boundaries----ranges","Rules valid within boundaries","#leanpub-auto-rules-valid-within-boundaries","Exceptions to the rule","#leanpub-auto-exceptions-to-the-rule","Sometimes, an anonymous value is not enough","#leanpub-auto-sometimes-an-anonymous-value-is-not-enough","Specifying functional boundaries and conditions","#leanpub-auto-specifying-functional-boundaries-and-conditions","#leanpub-auto-summary-4","Constrained non-determinism","#leanpub-auto-constrained-non-determinism","Summary of the example","#leanpub-auto-summary-of-the-example","Fourth technique: Constant Specification","#leanpub-auto-fourth-technique-constant-specification","Third technique: Distinct Generated Values","#leanpub-auto-third-technique-distinct-generated-values","Second technique: Derived Values","#leanpub-auto-second-technique-derived-values","First technique: Anonymous Input","#leanpub-auto-first-technique-anonymous-input","Principle: Tests As Specification","#leanpub-auto-principle-tests-as-specification","A style?","#leanpub-auto-a-style","Developing a TDD style and Constrained Non-Determinism","#leanpub-auto-developing-a-tdd-style-and-constrained-non-determinism","#leanpub-auto-summary-3","How many assertions do I need?","#leanpub-auto-how-many-assertions-do-i-need","Failing to adhere to the three rules","#leanpub-auto-failing-to-adhere-to-the-three-rules","What should be the functional scope of a single Statement?","#leanpub-auto-what-should-be-the-functional-scope-of-a-single-statement","On what level do we specify our software?","#leanpub-auto-on-what-level-do-we-specify-our-software","Scope and level","#leanpub-auto-scope-and-level","What is the scope of a unit-level Statement in TDD?","#leanpub-auto-what-is-the-scope-of-a-unit-level-statement-in-tdd","TODO list… again!","#leanpub-auto-todo-list-again","Gherkin","#leanpub-auto-gherkin","Is there a commonality between analysis and TDD?","#leanpub-auto-is-there-a-commonality-between-analysis-and-tdd","How is TDD about analysis and what does “GIVEN-WHEN-THEN” mean?","#leanpub-auto-how-is-tdd-about-analysis-and-what-does-given-when-then-mean","#leanpub-auto-summary-2","Start by invoking a method if you have one","#leanpub-auto-start-by-invoking-a-method-if-you-have-one","Start from the end","#leanpub-auto-start-from-the-end","Start by filling the GIVEN-WHEN-THEN structure with the obvious","#leanpub-auto-start-by-filling-the-given-when-then-structure-with-the-obvious","Start with a good name","#leanpub-auto-start-with-a-good-name","How to start?","#leanpub-auto-how-to-start","Sorting out the bits","#leanpub-auto-sorting-out-the-bits","Epilogue","#leanpub-auto-epilogue","Act 3: Test-Driven Development","#leanpub-auto-act-3-test-driven-development","Act 2: The Customer’s Site","#leanpub-auto-act-2-the-customers-site","Act 1: The Car","#leanpub-auto-act-1-the-car","Let me tell you a story","#leanpub-auto-let-me-tell-you-a-story","Practicing what we have already learned","#leanpub-auto-practicing-what-we-have-already-learned","#leanpub-auto-summary-1","“Test-After” often leads to design rework","#leanpub-auto-test-after-often-leads-to-design-rework","“Test-After” often ends up as “Test-Never”","#leanpub-auto-test-after-often-ends-up-as-test-never","“Test-First” means seeing a failure","#leanpub-auto-test-first-means-seeing-a-failure","What’s the point of writing a specification after the fact?","#leanpub-auto-whats-the-point-of-writing-a-specification-after-the-fact","Statement-first programming","#leanpub-auto-statement-first-programming","The differences between executable and “traditional” specifications","#leanpub-auto-the-differences-between-executable-and-traditional-specifications","A Specification rather than a test suite","#leanpub-auto-a-specification-rather-than-a-test-suite","Taking it to the software development land","#leanpub-auto-taking-it-to-the-software-development-land","When a test becomes something more","#leanpub-auto-when-a-test-becomes-something-more","It’s not (only) a test","#leanpub-auto-its-not-only-a-test","#leanpub-auto-summary","Anonymous values generator","#leanpub-auto-anonymous-values-generator","Mocking framework","#leanpub-auto-mocking-framework","Test framework","#leanpub-auto-test-framework","The essential tools","#chapter-essential-tools","Let’s get it started!","#leanpub-auto-lets-get-it-started","What TDD feels like","#leanpub-auto-what-tdd-feels-like","#leanpub-auto-motivation----the-first-step-to-learning-tdd","Part 1: Just the basics","#leanpub-auto-part-1-just-the-basics","Notes for Java users","#leanpub-auto-notes-for-java-users","Notes for C# users","#leanpub-auto-notes-for-c-users","About code examples","#leanpub-auto-about-code-examples","Thanks!","#leanpub-auto-thanks","Dedications","#leanpub-auto-dedications","Front 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