Notes

Foreword

1In philosophical terms, axiology is metaphysics.↩

2Edwin Land as quoted in, The Vindication of Edwin Land, Forbes magazine, Vol. 139, p. 83 (May 4, 1987).↩

Leanism Further Summarized

1See e.g., Tad Crawford, The Secret Life of Money: How Money Can Be Food for the Soul, Allworth Press (1994).↩

2Such as Heuristics (Kahnman), Ockman’s Razor, Principle of Sufficient Reason (Leibniz), Cosomological argument, causa sui, a priori, and why there is something rather than nothing [i.e. teleological (Leibniz) versus ontological (Anselm) arguments].↩

3See generally, Karl Popper, The Open Universe: An Argument for Indeterminism, W.W. Bartley III (ed.) (1982).↩

4Yes, this is Hume’s Is-Ought problem; see, the Stanford Encyclopædia of Philosophy entry on, “Hume’s Moral Philosophy” (Rev. Aug. 27, 2010).↩

Value Stream 1: Headwaters to Leanism

1You might even call it an Americana “middlebrow” bricolage that mixes up high-end philosophy and art with money and power.↩

2Such as the consensus forging described by John Rawls in, A Theory of Justice, Harvard University Press (1971).↩

3John Krafcik is now an executive at Alphabet (aka Google, whose automotive division is now spun off as Waymo) leading its autonomous car development; See generally, Jim Womack, Deconstructing the Tower of Babel (accessed Oct. 7, 2004 at www.lean.org).↩

4Antoine de Saint Exupéry, p. 60, Ch. III L’Avion, Terre des Hommes (1939). ↩

5In re, the different sort of thinking Lean requires, Natalie J. Sayer and Bruce Williams state, “Involving people is what has to be done if organizations are to be truly effective, but, like so many of the Lean Six Sigma principles, it requires different thinking if it’s to happen,” in Lean For Dummies, Kindle Loc. 669-670, Wiley (2008).↩

6See, Peter Godfrey-Smith, Theory and Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science, Kindle Loc. 1650, Chicago Press (2003) and Larry Laudan Progress and its Problems: Toward a Theory of Scientific Growth, Part III, Berkley Press (1977).↩

7The 2011 Compensation Data Manufacturing & Distribution results found 71.6 percent of companies currently use lean manufacturing practices, found at http://www.compdatasurveys.com/2011/09/01/lean-practices-aid-manufacturers-in-recovery/ (accessed Mar. 2, 2015).↩

8According to S. Shapiro in Mathematics and Reality, p. 525 (1983), “for nearly every field of study there is a branch of philosophy called the philosophy of that field… Since the main purpose of a given field of study is to contribute to knowledge, the philosophy of X is, at least in part, a branch of epistemology. Its purpose is to provide an account of the goals, methodology, and subject matter of X”; what I intend to do here by describing the philosophy of Lean and our ontology is reach an epistemology of knowing how to produce pure profit; see also David Deutsch, The Beginning of Infinity: Explanations that Transform the World, p. 324, Penguin Books (2011).↩

9David Deutsch, The Beginning of Infinity, p. 202, Penguin Books (2011).↩

10For an entertaining essay and some background on this perspective, see Mike Alder, Newton’s Flaming Laser Sword Or: Why Mathematicians and Scientists Don’t like Philosophy but Do it Anyway, Philosophy Now (May/June 2004) http://philosophynow.org/issues/46/Newtons_Flaming_Laser_Sword; in this way, the philosophy of Lean is in many ways synonymous with the Philosophy of Science primarily arising from the late European Renaissance as well.↩

11Sid Shah, Surprise! There’s More To The Future Of Marketing Than Just Big Data: Creativity matters, readwrite.com (Dec. 23, 2015).↩

12Lorcan Mannion and Ciarán Crosbie, Pfizer Reinvents Lean in the Lab, Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Magazine (May 04, 2011).↩

13Jeffrey Liker, The Toyota Way: 14 Management Principles from the World’s Greatest Manufacturer, p. 2, McGraw-Hill Education (2003). ↩

14See, Alexander Osterwalder, The Business Model Ontology: A Proposition in a Design Science Approach, (Ph.D. Diss.) Universite De Lausanne, Ecole des Hautes Etudes Commerciales (2004).↩

15The U/People business model is why, beyond social justification, corporate diversity initiatives matter; companies cannot produce products and/or services that serve the broadest markets unless their corporate ontologies (i.e. the corpus of their employees) reflect the general population of intended consumers.↩

16Yuval Noah Harari, Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind, p. 30, Harper (2014), where he writes, “In the US, the technical term for a limited liability company is a ‘corporation’, which is ironic, because the term derives from ‘corpus’ (‘ body’ in Latin)… Despite their having no real bodies, the American legal system treats corporations as legal persons, as if they were flesh-and-blood human beings.”↩

17“Respect for people” in the philosophy of Lean is a form of the philosophy of “Personalism.”↩

18When reading Leanism, you must keep in mind the critical distinction between geographic, magnetic and metaphorical true-norths or else you will get completely lost when seeking consumers’ highest values.↩

19See generally, David Kord Murray, Borrowing Brilliance: The Six Steps to Business Innovation by Building on the Ideas of Others, Gotham (2009).↩

20Here I mean Optimism in both the classical sense of this being the best of all possible worlds given existing constraints, and in the anticipatory sense of estimating what could be better based on that which ought to be optimized and adjusting variables accordingly to changes future results; for background on classical philosophical optimism, see, Nicholas Rescher, On Leibniz Expanded Edition, University of Pittsburgh Press (July 2013); Panglossian of course refers to Dr. Pangloss in Voltaire’s Candide, ou l’Optimisme (1759) who Voltaire used to misrepresent the misunderstood ideas of Leibniz; interestingly, in the inverse and despite Voltaire’s mocking, optimism does in fact appear to be universal, see, MW Gallagher, SJ Lopez and SD Pressman, Optimism is universal: exploring the presence and benefits of optimism in a representative sample of the world, J Pers.; 81(5):429-40. doi: 10.1111/jopy.12026 (Apr. 12, 2013); see also David Deutsch, The Beginning of Infinity, p. 199 (2011).↩

21Much of this discussion in business ethics relates to how responsive a business ought to be to the fundamental needs of consumers and society at large. Fortunately in capitalism, by and large, business’ must specifically serve consumers’ needs in order to induce consumption and payment. Thus, with capitalism in place, the question then becomes one of business’ obligation towards society at large, which is often more of a matter of long-term societal support for a business’ or industry’s operation.↩

22Such as Garrett Hardin’s theory of the Tragedy of the Commons, pp. 1243-1248, Science #13, Vol. 162 no. 3859 DOI: 10.1126/science.162.3859.1243 (Dec. 1968).↩

23See, Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, University of Chicago Press (1962); for a direct example, consider how all of the hyperlinks referenced in this book will rot away over sufficiently long periods of time.↩

24See http://www.bwater.com/uploads/filemanager/principles/bridgewater-associates-ray-dalio-principles.pdf (accessed May 6, 2015). ↩

25Margarita Tsoutsoura, Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance, Berkley Haas School of Business (2004); Chin-Huang Lina, Ho-Li Yanga, Dian-Yan Liouc, The impact of corporate social responsibility on financial performance: Evidence from business in Taiwan, 56–63 Technology in Society 31 (2009); Michael A. Pirson, Paul R. Lawrence, Humanism in Business – Towards a Paradigm Shift?, pp 553-565, Journal of Business Ethics, Volume 93, Issue 4 (Jun. 2010).↩

26Arthur D. Little, The Business Case for Corporate Responsibility (Dec. 2003).↩

27Jim Collins and Jerry I. Porras, “Built to Last,” Kindle Loc. 1318-1319 (2011).↩

28Ibid, Kindle Loc. 65 (2011).↩

29Jeffrey Pfeffer and John F. Veiga, Putting People First for Organizational Success, The Academy of Management Executive (1993-2005), Vol. 13, No. 2, Themes: Technology, Rewards, and Commitment (May, 1999), pp. 37-48; see also, Pfeffer’s earlier book, The Human Equation: Building Profits by Putting People First, Harvard Business Review Press; 1 edition (1998).↩

30See generally, Wayne F. Cascio and John W. Boudreau, Investing in People: Financial Impact of Human Resource Initiatives, 2nd Edition, Pearson FT Press (2008).↩

31Forbes, The Real Story Behind Apples Think Different Campaign (Dec. 14, 2011).↩

32Kenneth O Stanley, Joel Lehman, Why Greatness Cannot Be Planned: The Myth of the Objective, p. 94, Springer International Publishing (2015). ↩

33See e.g., Matthew Stewart, The Management Myth, The Atlantic (Jun. 2006).↩

34For example, in Value Stream 3 I discuss the implications of work such as J. Reiskamp, J.R. Busemeyer, and B.A. Mellers, Extending the Bounds of Rationality: Evidence and Theories in Preferential Choice, Journal of Economic Literature, 44(3), 631-661 (2006); and S. Pironio et al, Random numbers certified by Bell’s theorem, Nature 464, 1021-1024 (15 April 2010) | doi:10.1038/nature09008 (Received 25 November 2009, Accepted 18 February 2010) Revised and Expanded Edition: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our Decisions, Harper Perennial, 1 Exp Rev edition (Apr. 27, 2010).↩

35David Deutsch, The Beginning of Infinity, p. 10 (2011).↩

36Peter F. Drucker, What We Can Learn from Japanese Management, Harvard Business Review (Mar.-Apr. 1971).↩

37Jeffrey Leek, First Lecture to the Data Science Track, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health (March 15, 2015); the quote from Dan Meyer comes from his 2010 TEDx talk regarding making over the mathematics curriculum http://www.ted.com/talks/dan_meyer_math_curriculum_makeover (accessed Mar. 20, 2015). ↩

38Albert Einstein and Leopold Infield, The Evolution of Physics: The Growth of Ideas From Early Concepts to Relativity and Quanta, p. 92, Cambridge University Press (1938); fascinatingly, Einstein describes new scientific theories as ‘incommensurable’ with prior ones in 1949, more than a decade before Thomas Kuhn and Paul Feyerabend, see, E. Oberheim, Rediscovering Einstein’s legacy: How Einstein anticipates Kuhn and Feyerabend on the nature of science, Stud. Hist. Philos. Sci. (2016).↩

39David Deutsch, The Beginning of Infinity, pp. 65 (2011), and where on p. 192 he notes, “if the question is interesting, then the problem is soluble.”↩

40Jon Gertner, The Idea Factory: Bell Labs and the Great Age of American Innovation, p. ix, Penguin Books (2012); and the 70,000 member of the Institute of Managerial Accountants said recently that, “the first objection we commonly encounter on the topic of truth in managerial costing is consistently obtaining an absolutely truthful number in managerial costing is cost-prohibitive, if not impossible,” in, Conceptual Framework for Managerial Costing, p. 82, Report of the IMA© Managerial Costing Conceptual Framework Task Force (2014).↩

41See generally, Hasso Plattner (Editor), Christoph Meinel (Editor), Larry Leifer (Editor), Design Thinking: Understand - Improve - Apply (Understanding Innovation), 2011 Edition, Springer (December 13, 2010); and see generally, An Introduction to Design Thinking: Process Guide, Hasso-Plattner Institute of Design Thinking, Stanford University (retrieved Jan. 24, 2016).↩

42See, Eugene F. Fama, Random Walks In Stock Market Prices, Financial Analysts Journal 21 (5): 55–59. doi:10.2469/faj.v21.n5.55. (2008-03-21); much of this is due to widely-criticized equilibrium theories, and as Nick Gogerty said, “A cow that achieves equilibrium is called a steak, and the economy closest to achieving equilibrium today is probably North Korea circa 2013,” in, The Nature of Value: How to Invest in the Adaptive Economy, Kindle Loc. 447-448, Columbia University Press (2014).↩

43Warren Berger, A More Beautiful Question: The Power of Inquiry to Spark Breakthrough Ideas, Bloomsbury (2014).↩

44For further discussion of problems understanding economics with pure data, see generally, the discussion of economics problems in Nate Silver, Signal and the Noise: Why So Many Predictions Fail-but Some Don’t, Penguin Press HC, 1st edition (2012); see further Ron Miller, Lies, Damn Lies And The Myth Of Following The Data, techcrunch.com (Dec. 6, 2014).↩

45See generally, John R. Hauser and Don Clausing, The House of Quality, Harvard Business Review, The Magazine (1988); see also Kevin Meyer, The Simple Leader: Personal and Professional Leadership at the Nexus of Lean and Zen, Gemba Academy LLC (2016). ↩

46This includes most recently navigating consumer’s rate of adoption of EV vehicles, while also noting, per David Deutsch, that all prophesy is inherently biased; see The Beginning of Infinity, p. 435 (2011).↩

47As James P. Womack, Daniel T. Jones said, “The critical starting point for lean thinking is value,” in, Lean Thinking: Banish Waste and Create Wealth in Your Corporation, p. 16, Free Press (1996).↩

48Ibid, p. 19. ↩

49Ibid, p. 22.↩

50Ibid, p. 25. ↩

51See, Alex Osterwalder, Yves Pigneur, Gregory Bernarda, and Alan Smith, Value Proposition Design: How to Create Products and Services Customers Want, Wiley (2015), whose recommendations you will see reflected in Leanism simply in a more analytical fashion; the “Build-Measure-Learn” process is a popularization of Bayesian confidence building and some Popperian falsification.↩

52Jidoka-Manufacturing high-quality products: Automation with a human touch, at Toyota-Global.com/company/vision_philosophy/toyota_production_system/jidoka.html (last accessed Feb. 24, 2017).↩

53Ibid.↩

54Tadao Takahashi, EVP, Globalization of NPW (Nissan Production Way): Introduction of Global Training Center, Slide 3, Nissan Motor Co. (Nov. 19, 2006) (accessed at http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/DOCUMENT/PDF/IREVENT/PRESEN/2006/061205-1129PDF-e.pdf). ↩

55Each iteration is a hierarchy in Bayesian analysis, that simultaneously increases confidence in the result by falsifying possible alternative market solutions through an infinite process of elimination against shifting market conditions - that is the hard thing about hard things; see, particularly Chapter 7 of Ben Horowitz, The Hard Thing About Hard Things: Building a Business When There are No Easy Answers, HarperBusiness (2014).↩

56This is in allusion to Steve Blank, The Four Steps to the Epiphany, K&S Ranch, 2nd edition (2013).↩

57See generally, the Stanford Encyclopædia of Philosophy’s entry on, “Alfred North Whitehead.”↩

58Arthur Oncken Lovejoy, The Great Chain of Being, op. cit. (ref 1), 24 and 326 (1933).↩

59Business as a para-science is at least on better ground than economics as a dismal science, as Thomas Carlyle famously noted.↩

60Jim Collins, Good to Great: Why Some Companies Make the Leap…And Others Don’t, Kindle Loc. 233-235, HarperCollins (2001).↩

61Many good books have been under-written by billionaires, which touch upon their business philosophies. I most recommend Charlie Munger’s, Poor Charlie’s Almanac, Donning Company Publishers (2005); Ricardo Semler’s, The Seven-Day Weekend: Changing the Way Work Works, Penguin Group (2003); and Michael Bloomberg’s, Bloomberg by Bloomberg, Wiley (2009); some famous business people though go so far as to extend their pecuniary greatness into theological allusion, such as Andrew Carnegie and his, Gospel of Wealth.↩

62This “reflexivity” or “circularity” is exemplified by Douglas Hofstadter’s theories of consciousness in Gödel, Escher, Bach, which significantly inspired the word-play this book.↩

63Carl Celian Icahn, The Problem of Formulating an Adequate Explication of the Empiricist Criterion of Meaning, Princeton University Senior Theses (1957) (found at http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp015d86p129h).↩

64And yet, for even more well-known executives who either majored in undergraduate programs or completed graduate degrees in philosophy include Flickr.com and Slack.com founder Stewart Butterfield (B.A. and M.A. degrees in philosophy at University of Victoria and Cambridge), former Hewlett-Packard CEO Carly Fiorina (B.A., Stanford), FDIC Chair Sheila Blair (B.A., University of Kansas), Fannie Mae CEO Herbert Allison Jr. (B.A., Yale), Time Warner CEO Gerald Levin (B.A., Haverford), and PayPal co-founder, Peter Thiel (B.A., Stanford).↩

65Sam Roberts, Michael Bloomberg on How to Succeed in Business, New York Times (Feb. 1, 2017).↩

66See, Walter Isaacson, Steve Jobs, pp. 15, 34-36, 41, 48-50, 128, 262, 564, 570, Simon & Schuster (Oct. 24, 2011); Steve Jobs founded Apple, Inc. shortly after discovering Buddhism during a spiritual journey in India; according to Isaacson, during the peak of his career, Jobs met with and discussed Zen Buddhism every day with the Zen Master, Kōbun Chino Otogawa.↩

67See generally, http://www.bwater.com/uploads/filemanager/principles/bridgewater-associates-ray-dalio-principles.pdf (accessed May 6, 2015). ↩

68This association of the Apple Inc. logo with the story of Adam and Even in Genesis and the basic units of digital information as proposed by Claude Shannon, along with the stories of Sir Isaac Newton and Alan Turing, are unverified urban legend, but I find them uncanny and like referring to them for this purpose.↩

69I would like to note here with great humility that according to Daniel Dennet and Asbjørn Steglich-Petersen’s Philosophical Lexicon, a Benjamin is a philosopher who is not yet a bachelard, and a bachelard is a philosopher who has not yet attained a master level; I am sure to be guilty of any one of the pronouns or verbs defined within the Philosophical Lexicon; as Wittgenstein also said, “The difficulty in philosophy is to say no more than we know,” p. 45, The Blue Book (written between 1931-1935).↩

70See generally, Jim Collins and Jerry I. Porras, “Built to Last” (1994).↩

71Ibid.↩

72Internal Video of Steve Jobs speaking with employees at Apple’s headquarters in Cupertino, California (Sep. 23, 1997).↩

73Aristotle, Theaetetus 155d; and, Aristotle, Metaphysics, 980-985, Book Alpha (both 4th Century B.C.E.).↩

74Marcus Aurelius, The Meditations of Marcus arelius Antonius (167 A.C.E.). ↩

75Alfred North Whitehead, Science and the Modern World (1925).↩

76Marcus arelius, The Meditations of Marcus arelius Antonius, Book Ten (167 A.C.E.).↩

77Ibid.↩

78See e.g., Wilfrid Sellars, Philosophy and the Scientific Image of Man, Frontiers of Science and Philosophy, pp. 35–78, University of Pittsburgh Press (1962), who said, “The aim of philosophy, abstractly formulated, is to understand how things in the broadest possible sense of the term hang together in the broadest possible sense of the term”; and Rebecca Goldstein, How Philosophy Makes Progress, in Chronicle of Higher Education (Apr. 14, 2014), where she said, “And this is progress, progress in increasing our coherence, which is philosophy’s special domain.”↩

79Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow, The Grand Design, Bantam (2012); for further discussion, see Robert Pasnau, Why Not Just Weigh the Fish?, New York Times (Jun. 29, 2014); see also, in A Brief History of Time (1988), where Hawking wrote at p. 175, “Philosophers reduced the scope of their inquiries so much that Wittgenstein, the most famous philosopher of this century, said, ‘The sole remaining task for philosophy is the analysis of language.’ What a comedown from the great tradition of philosophy from Aristotle to Kant!” However, no known written record confirms Ludwig Wittgenstein as saying that.↩

80Ibid.↩

81From one perspective, this book may be viewed as an exercise in philosophical pragmatism, which means that it is not intended to be rigorously empirical in nature as a technical economic study would, but rather descriptive to provide the reader with a way to organize his or her thinking more accurately to produce better business results. Like Decision Theory itself, Leanism combines information from many different disciplines to provide a big picture perspective of reality that can be applied to individual decision making and action.↩

82Gödel’s Second Incompleteness Theorem naturally applies here; for false boundaries, see, David Deutsch, The Beginning of Infinity, p. 446 (2011).↩

83Interview with Steve Jobs (1994) about the creation of the Apple Macintosh, Did Steve Jobs steal from Xerox PARC? http://www.mac-history.net/computer-history/2012-03-22/apple-and-xerox-parc (retrieved June 28, 2015).↩

84See generally, Karl Popper, Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach, Oxford: Clarendon Press (1972).↩

85Cf, Lee Smolin, Time Reborn: From the crisis in physics to the future of the universe, Mariner Books (2013).↩

86David Deutsch, The Beginning of Infinity, p. 265 (2011).↩

87I.e. you might find yourself in an Ontologically Anthropocentric Sensory Immersive Simulation (an OASIS) such as described by Ernest Cline in, Ready Player One, Random House (2011); David Deutsch, The Beginning of Infinity, p. 192 (2011); one of the proponents and popularizers of this simulation concept is Nick Bostrum, a philosopher in residence at the University of Oxford; see, Nick Bostrom, Are You Living In a Computer Simulation?, pp. 243-255, Vol. 53, No. 211, Philosophical Quarterly (2003); Bank of America/Merrill Lynch in an investor report on the future of reality, citing Nick Bostrom, wrote, “Many scientists, philosophers, and business leaders believe that there is a 20-50% probability that humans are already living in a computer-simulated virtual world… It is conceivable that with advancements in artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and computing power, members of future civilizations could have decided to run a simulation of their ancestors,” as further noted by Myles Udland in, Business Insider (Sep. 8, 2016).↩

88See, Gary Gutting’s interview with Michael Ruse in, Does Evolution Explain Religious Beliefs, The Stone, New York Times (Jul. 8, 2014).↩

89Geertz definition of religion is the most widely used to day in religious studies courses in the United States; this definition was first provided in, Clifford Geertz, Religion as a Cultural System loc. in, The interpretation of cultures: selected essays, pp. 87-125, Fontana Press (1993).↩

90Ibid, pp. 87-125.↩

91Sean Carroll, From Eternity to Here: The Quest for the Ultimate Theory of Time, Kindle Loc. 978, Penguin Group US (2009).↩

92E.g. see Jim Stengel’s research found at, Grow: How Ideals Power Growth and Profit at the World’s Greatest Companies, Crown Business (2011).↩

93David Deutsch, TEDx Brussels (2011).↩

94E.g., Hey Cynics, Hold That Cold Water: Why The Ice Bucket Challenge Worked, Forbes (Aug. 15, 2014).↩

95See generally, Fred Gluck, The Essence of Strategic Management, Synthesis, Capabilities and Overlooked Insights: Next Frontiers for Strategists, McKinsey Quarterly (Sep. 2014).↩

96Accessed at the Smithsonian Institution’s website, http://americanhistory.si.edu/comphist/sj1.html, (accessed on Feb. 2, 2015).↩

97Though fairly recent examples do exist, such as the incredible John von Neumann and Marilyn vos Savant; however see any list of recent prodigies with the highest IQs, none of whom dominate any single field of knowledge.↩

98Ahmed Alkhateeb, Corey S. Powell (Ed.), Science has outgrown the human mind and its limited capacities, aeon (Apr. 24, 2017).↩

99For further motivation, some good evidence exists from a study conducted by Guy Berger, Ph.D. at LinkedIn, Inc. demonstrating that thinking cross-departmentally greatly increases your chances of becoming CEO (found at https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/how-become-executive-guy-berger-ph-d-, with article co-authored by Link Gan and Alan Fritzler and published on linkedin.com on Sep. 9, 2016).↩

100See e.g., Mark Schrope, Medicine’s Hidden Roots in an Ancient Manuscript, New York Times (Jun. 1, 2015); in a certain sense, much of the content of this book may be seen as, old wine in a new a new bottle, but it has been a robust vessel, and I think anybody would find something new here to at least consider it a blend, or an effective decanter for old ideas to pour into your value streams.↩

101Kenneth Stanley, Joel Lehman, Why Greatness Cannot Be Planned: The Myth of the Objective, p. 136, Springer International Publishing (2015). ↩

102See e.g., “Geeks Venture Into Goldman Sachs’ World of Big Deals and Egos,” Reuters (Feb. 14, 2017).↩

103See generally, Danielle Ivory, Josh Williams, Ben Protess and Kitty Bennett, This is Your Life, Brought to You by Private Equity, New York Times (Aug. 1, 2016).↩

104In terms of the philosophy of science, making money can never be deterministic.↩

105Douglas Hofstadter, Surfaces & Essences, p. 485 (2013).↩

106See generally, Peter Thiel, Zero to One: Notes on Startups, or How to Build the Future, Crown Business, 1st edition (2014).↩

107Which may be considered both a Hegelian, Heideggerian and Sartian thesis of being, and the anti-thesis of nothingness. ↩

108David Deutsch, The Beginning of Infinity, p. 114 (2011).↩

109IQs appear to now be decreasing; see e.g., Bernt Bratsberg and Ole Rogeberg, Flynn effect and its reversal are both environmentally caused, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Jun 2018, 115 (26) 6674-6678; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1718793115; I speculate that is due to the reduced emphasis on the humanities in education, but I do not believe any evidence exists for this conjecture.↩

110Carol Dweck, Mindset: The New Psychology of Success, Random House (2006).↩

111See James Flynn discuss the Flynn effect at, James Flynn, *Why our IQ levels are higher than our grandparents”, TED2013 (Mar. 2013).↩

112Such as those proposed by Alan Hájek in, Philosophy tool kit: with heuristics anybody can think like a philosopher, aeon (Apr. 3, 2017).↩

113As Wittgenstein said, “My difficulty is only an — enormous — difficulty of expression,” at p. 40 in, Wittgenstein’s Personal Journal (May 8, 1915), and further at p. 48 of the same text, “Language is a part of our organism and no less complicated than it.”↩

114Since people generally loath both philosophy and poetry, you dear reader are very ardent indeed; people do like making money though, which may draw some fellows to the flame. ↩

115See e.g., Gallup, Inc. where they discuss their own selection process, which they also sell as a service to other corporations, at http://www.gallup.com/careers/108163/selection-process.aspx (last accessed on Dec. 4, 2016).↩

116As Wittgenstein said, “The limit of my language is the limit of my world” (“Die Grenzen meiner Sprache bedeuten die Grenzen meiner Welt”), (5.6) Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (1922); and further, “There are things that cannot be said with words. They manifest themselves instead as the mystical.” (“Es gibt allerdings Unaussprechliches. Dies zeigt sich, es ist das Mystische.”), (6.522) Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (1922).↩

117This line of Lean Thinking owes tremendous debt to ordinary language philosophers such as Ludwig Wittgenstein and his, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (1921) as noted from his quote below.↩

118The actual etymology of Truth does not support this, but I think it is a useful fiction for these purposes.↩

119Slide from AME 2002 conference, Hajime Ohba, Cindy Kuhlman-Voss, Leadership and the Toyota Production System, TSSC, Inc.↩

120Fond on IBM.com, A Business and Its Beliefs, for its IBM at 100 campaign http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/ibm100/us/en/icons/bizbeliefs/) (accessed on Nov. 5, 2015).↩

121Ibid.↩

122Besides Lean, other similar business ideologies have originated out of the East, such as Jugaad in Hindi cultures, see, Navi Radjou, Jaideep Prabhu, Simone Ahuja, Jugaad Innovation: Think Frugal, Be Flexible, Generate Breakthrough Growth, Jossey-Bass; 1 edition (Apr. 1, 2012); and in the Latin-American South, such as the open-book, bottom-up management implemented by Ricardo Semler at Semco of Brazil, see, Recardo Semler, Maverick: The Success Story Behind the World’s Most Unusual Workplace, Grand Central Publishing; Reprint edition (Apr. 1, 1995).↩

123John Krafcik, Triumph of the Lean Production System, pp. 41– 52, Sloan Management Review 30 (1), (Fall 1988).↩

124Toyota Production System and what it means for business, Toyota Material Handling Europe, Toyota (2010); Samuel Obara and Darril Wilburn, Toyota by Toyota: Reflections from the Inside Leaders on the Techniques That Revolutionized the Industry, CRC Press (2012).↩

125See, Tim Cook speak this at Apple Inc.’s 2016 Worldwide Developers’ Conference https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n5jXg_NNiCA (accessed last on Dec. 4 2016).↩

126See also, The Four Rules for TPS described by Steven Spear and H. Kent Bowen, Decoding the DNA of the Toyota Production System, Harvard Business Review (2006), which may be collapsed under items (3) waste and (4) scientific improvement.↩

127Edith Penrose was one of the first to accurately delineate the boundary between internal, administrative nature of an organization and the free market through which natural demand emerges in her book, The Theory of the Growth of the Firm, New York, John Wiley and Sons (1959). This allows us to alternatively call it the, “Penrose Pay Wall,” which we will later connect to the, “Penrose Triangle” as you will see.↩

128Herbert A. Simon, Administrative Behavior, 4th Edition: A Study of Decision-making Processes in Administrative Organisations, p. 22, Free Press (2013 (originally published in 1947)). ↩

129See generally, Amitai Etzioni, Crossing the Rubicon: Including Preference Formation in Theories of Choice Behavior, George Washington University, pp. 65–79, Challenge, vol. 57, no. 2 (Mar./Apr. 2014).↩

130John A. Byrne and Lindsey Gerdes, The Man Who Invented Management, Businessweek (Nov. 27, 2005).↩

131Peter Drucker, The Practice of Management, pp. 39-40, HarperCollins (1954).↩

132This unfinished work by Michelangelo, The Awakening Slave, is a 2.67m high marble statue dated to 1525-30 CE. This work is part of the Prisoners, the series of unfinished sculptures for the tomb of Pope Julius II that is now held in the Galleria dell’Accademia in Florence.↩

133August Rodin (French, 1840–1917), The Thinker, ca. 1880, cast ca. 1904, Bronze. Height: 6ft. 6in., Signed: A Rodin; stamped: Alexis Rudier / Fondeur. Paris., Gift of Alma de Bretteville Spreckels, 1924.18.1.↩

134Walter Andrew Shewhart, Statistical Method from the Viewpoint of Quality Control, New York: Dover (1939).↩

135Ronald Moen, Foundation and History of the PDCA Cycle, Associates in Process Improvement-Detroit (date unknown); for deeper insight into the connection of Deming’s work and its relation to Leanism, I recommend studying the, Deming System of Profound Knowledge (SoPK) produced by the W. Edwards Deming Institute.↩

136Steve Blank, The Four Steps to the Epiphany, K&S Ranch, 2nd edition (2013).↩

137This depiction of God and his angels, particularly when you see the image in full, has been interpreted as a subversive depiction of the human brain, see, Frank Lynn Meshberger, MD, An Interpretation of Michelangelo’s Creation of Adam Based on Neuroanatomy, Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 264, No. 14 (Oct. 10, 1990); notably, Steve Blank cropped the image to just show the cerebral cortex.↩

138Eric Ries, The Lean Startup, How Today’s Entrepreneurs Use Continuous Innovation to Create Radically Successful Businesses, Crown Business, First Edition edition (2011).↩

139This point was further emphasized by the American pragmatists, such as William James, Charles Pierce and John Dewey. Notably, Pierce and James formed their “Metaphysical Club” in 1872 to study this problem related to consumer insight; see for background, Louis Menand, The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America, Farrar, Straus and Giroux (2001).↩

140For some criticism of relying too much on The Lean Startup methodologies alone, see, Tomer Sharon, Validating Product Ideas Through Lean User Research, p. 75, Rosenfeld Media (2016), in regards to how it might lead you to miss true-north value by not abstracting to unobservable problems enough up front in the open problem space.↩

141At least within the Philosophy of Science.↩

142Eric Ries, The Lean Startup, p. 107 (2011).↩

143For a thorough definition of Kata, see, Mike Rother, Toyota Kata: Managing People for Improvement, Adaptiveness and Superior Results: Managing People for Improvement, Adaptiveness and Superior Results, p. 15, McGraw-Hill Education (2009); Competitive Advantage being a term introduced by Michael Porter in his same-named book, Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance (1985); I intend the term competitive advantage in this book to include all current notions of evolutionary game theory and its applications as proposed by others.↩

144See, the entry for Kata in the, Lean Lexicon: A Graphical Glossary for Lean Thinkers, 5th Ed., Lean Enterprise Institute, Inc. (2006).↩

145Charles Sanders Pierce, the principle inventor and proponent of the term, believed it to be a form of inference and guessing; see, Collected Papers of Charles S. Peirce, Vol. 7, p. 219, Charles Hartshorne, Paul Weiss, and Arthur W. Burks (eds.) Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press (1901); Charles S. Peirce, The New Elements of Mathematics, Vol. 4, 319-320, Carolyn Eisele (ed.). The Hague: Mouton Publishers, (c. 1906). ↩

146David Deutsch, The Beginning of Infinity, p. 16 (2011).↩

147For another form of this analysis, see e.g., Barbara Minto, The Minto Pyramid Principle: Logic in Writing, Thinking, & Problem Solving, Minto Intl, Expanded edition (1996).↩

148See e.g., Simon Sinek, Start with Why: How Great Leaders Inspire Everyone to Take Action, Portfolio (Oct. 29, 2009).↩

149Is it any wonder that this building is adjacent to, “Evil Corp,” as seen in Sam Esmail’s, Mr. Robot (2015)?↩

150Ipsita Priyadarshini, Code of Shu-Ha-Ri in Lean - Agile Adoption, VisionTemenos.com/blog/ (Apr 19, 2016).↩

151E.g. see, Greg Cohen, Lean Product Mangement, 280 Group (Jun 2017).↩

152Deductively legalizing value happens through the legislative process. For example, consider the movement to legalize, sell and tax cannabis/marijuana in the U.S.A., and pharmaceutical companies’ lobbying to sell other drugs without prescription. The demand for these drugs is certain; only the legality of delivery is in question.↩

153As best explained by Thomas Kuhn in, Structure (1962); this relates to every customer-centric business framework that has ever been presented. Simply search for customer focus business revolution online at any point in time to learn more.↩

154the Oxford English Dictionary, Entry 164970 (accessed on Apr. 4, 2014).↩

155Sam Grobart, Apple Chiefs Discuss Strategy, Market Share—and the New iPhones, Bloomberg Businessweek (Sep. 19, 2013).↩

156This is a bit inspired by Modig, Niklas; Åhlström, Pär, This is Lean: Resolving the Efficiency Paradox, Kindle Loc. 1059, Rheologica Publishing (2014).↩

157David Packard, speech given to HP’s training group on 8 March 1960, courtesy of Hewlett-Packard Company archives; Jim Collins and Jerry I. Porras, p. 56, “Built to Last” (2011).↩

158Jim Collins and Jerry I. Porras, “Built to Last,” p. 62 (2011).↩

159Ibid.↩

160See generally, Hirotaka Takeuchi, Emi Osono, Norihiko Shimizu, The Contradictions That Drive Toyota’s Success, Harvard Business Review (Jun. 2008).↩

161Natalie Wolchover, Mathematicians Bridge Finite-Infinite Divide, Quanta Magazine (May 24, 2016).↩

162Michael Porter, Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance, Free Press (1985).↩

163See generally, Michael Porter, Competitive Advantage (1985).↩

164Ibid.↩

165For further background, see, Nick Gogerty, The Nature of Value, Kindle Loc. 611-612 (2014); Eric D. Schneider, Dorion Sagan, Into the Cool: Energy Flow, Thermodynamics, and Life, p. 60, University Of Chicago Press (2006); and A.J. Lotka, Contribution to the Energetics of Evolution, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 8: 147–151 (1922); and originally Boltzmann in 1886.↩

166This being a combination of Edith Penrose’s work and Michael Porter’s Generic Value Chain.↩

167Jim Collins and Jerry I. Porras, “Built to Last,” p. 58 (2011).↩

168M. Imai, Gemba Kaizen: A Commonsense Low-Cost Approach to Management, McGraw-Hill (1997).↩

169Peter F. Drucker, The Practice of Management, p. 34, HarperCollins (2010).↩

170As will be seen later, this point of purchase may also be analogized to a Penrose Triangle, a purely hypothetical shape popularized by Lionel and Roger Penrose, due to the fact that people’s demand has both tautological as well as non-tautological characteristics.↩

171See e.g., Kenneth Thomas, Intrinsic Motivation at Work: What Really Drives Employee Engagement, Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Second Edition edition (2009).↩

172The above fully recognizes that some goods and services may be considered anti-social, such as addictive products, but they act as exceptions to the general principle.↩

173Read most any marketing book for this point, but as a suggestion, Philip Kotler, Marketing Insights from A to Z: 80 Concepts Every Manager Needs to Know, Wiley (2003).↩

174W. Chan Kim, Renee Mauborgne, Blue Ocean Strategy: How to Create Uncontested Market Space and Make Competition Irrelevant, Harvard Business Review Press; 1 edition (Feb. 3, 2005).↩

175I.e. product perfectly matches up with the formal use of money, per Yuval Noah Harari, “Money is thus a universal medium of exchange that enables people to convert almost everything into almost anything else,” in, Sapiens, p. 179 (2014).↩

176product is the name of an ancient city in central Greece (37°51′N, 21°59′E) whose boundary and perimeter wall was triangle-shaped with a natural spring located north-east of it.↩

177Specifically, we wish to avoid the naturalistic fallacy described in Moore, G.E. Principia Ethica § 10 to the extent that just because we think something is good does not automatically make it so; see also Arthur N. Prior, Chapter 1 of Logic And The Basis Of Ethics, Oxford University Press (1949).↩

178I.e. Instrumental Rationality.↩

179I.e. Epistemic Rationality.↩

180For some background on the context of customers’ intentional ignorance and irrationality, see, Brian Caplan, Rational Ignorance versus Rational Irrationality, KYKLOS, Vol. 54-2001-Fasc. 1, 3-26.↩

Value Stream 2: Money & Economics

1Madhavan Ramanujam, Georg Tacke, Monetizing Innovation: How Smart Companies Design the Product Around the Price, Loc. 407, Wiley (2016). ↩

2Conceptual Framework for Managerial Costing, Report of the IMA© Managerial Costing Conceptual Framework Task Force, loc. at http://www.imanet.org/PDFs/Public/Research/MCCF_2014.pdf (accessed on Dec. 20, 2014).↩

3Economists generally make a distinction here between Normative Economics or what is economically valuable without other structural constraint, and Positive Economics, or what is in fact deemed value in the context of real life; Nick Gogerty framed this notion as the “Nature of Value” perspective in, The Nature of Value: How to Invest in the Adaptive Economy, Kindle Loc. 212, Columbia Business School Publishing (2014).↩

4This is (to sociologists) an allusion to Claude Lévi-Strauss and his identification of the Trickster persona mediating between life and death.↩

5This notion is inspired by Jan Carlzon, Moments of Truth, HarperBusiness (1987).↩

6John Locke, Some Considerations of the Consequences of the Lowering of Interest and the Raising the Value of Money (1691); John Locke, Further Considerations Concerning Raising the Value of Money (1697), wherein Mr. Lowndes’s Arguments for it in his late Report Concerning An Essay for the Amendment of Silver Coins, are particularly examined; William Lowndes, Report Containing an Essay for the Amendment of the Silver Coins (1695); see also, J.R. McCulloch, Classical Writings on Economics. Volume II. A Select Collection of Scarce and Valuable Tracts on Money, Pickering and Chatto, London (1995).↩

7See again, John Locke, Some Considerations… (1691); and also John Maynard Keynes, 1. The Classification of Money in A Treatise on Money, New York, Harcourt, Brace and company (1930).↩

8“Currency (n.) 1650s, ‘condition of flowing,’ from Latin currens, present participle of currere ‘to run’ (see current (adj.))”; in 1699 John Locke added a sense of flow to the circulation of money; the word “money” comes from the Roman god “Juno Moneta,” in whose temple coins were minted; Online Etymology Dictionary (2015) http://www.etymonline.com/ (accessed Mar. 12, 2015).↩

9The finches of Galapogos Islands are also known as Darwin’s Finches in reference to his notation of such birds in, Charles Darwin, Journal of Researchers into the Natural History and Geology of the countries visited during the voyage round the world of H.M.S. Beagle, revised edition, p. 403-420, Henry Colburn (1845).↩

10In 1776, Adam Smith wrote, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, wherein he discusses the concepts of value in use and value in exchange, and notices how they tend to differ: “What are the rules which men naturally observe in exchanging them [goods] for money or for one another, I shall now proceed to examine. These rules determine what may be called the relative or exchangeable value of goods. The word VALUE, it is to be observed, has two different meanings, and sometimes expresses the utility of some particular object, and sometimes the power of purchasing other goods which the possession of that object conveys. The one may be called ‘value in use;’ the other, ‘value in exchange.’ The things which have the greatest value in use have frequently little or no value in exchange; on the contrary, those which have the greatest value in exchange have frequently little or no value in use. Nothing is more useful than water: but it will purchase scarcely anything; scarcely anything can be had in exchange for it. A diamond, on the contrary, has scarcely any use-value; but a very great quantity of other goods may frequently be had in exchange for it.”↩

11Ibid.↩

12Technically, price elasticity of demand is a measure used in economics to show the responsiveness, or elasticity, of the quantity demanded of a product or service to a change in its price, ceteris paribus.↩

13The paradox of water and diamonds may be found in, Adam Smith: An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, Chapter IV. Of the Origin and Use of Money, (1776); see also Scott Gordon, The Scottish Enlightenment of the eighteenth century, History and Philosophy of Social Science: An Introduction, Routledge (1991).↩

14Alludes to Hilary Putnam’s 1973 “Twin Earth” thought experiment in his paper, Meaning and Reference, in, Philosophical Papers, Vol. 2: Mind, Language and Reality, Cambridge University Press (1973).↩

15http://www.christies.com/features/2010-october-andy-warhol-campbells-soup-can-tomato-1022-1.aspx (accessed Jun. 2, 2011).↩

16E.g. for the genesis of this line of thinking, see, How Vienna produced ideas that shaped the West, The Economist (Dec. 24th, 2016).↩

17Digital Currencies: The BitCoin Debate, BusinessInsider.com (Dec. 2013).↩

18Thomas Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century, p. 105, Harvard University Press (2014).↩

19Ibid, p. 47.↩

20Denis Dutton, The Art Instinct: Beauty, Pleasure, and Human Evolution (2009); see also Denis Dutton, A Darwinian Theory of Beauty, TED Talks (Feb 2010); and Yuval Noah Harari, Sapiens, p. 173 (2014).↩

21See, Jesse McKinley, With Farm Robotics, the Cows Decide When It’s Milking Time, New York Times (Apr. 22, 2014).↩

22Keynes, General Theory, p. 36.↩

23Such as how philosophers like Jeremy Bentham described value as utility and how economists model utility through indifference curves. As a wise man once tautologically said, all utility models are wrong, but some are useful.↩

24As per the economic concept first introduced by Paul Samuelson through revealed preference substitution in P. Samuelson, A Note on the Pure Theory of Consumers’ Behaviour, Economica 5 (17): 61–71. JSTOR 2548836 (1938); see also, Stanley Wong, Foundations of Paul Samuelson’s Revealed Preference Theory: A Study by the Method of Rational Reconstruction, Routledge (1978).↩

25Lansana Keita, Revealed Preference Theory, Rationality, and Neoclassical Economics: Science or Ideology, Africa Development, pp. 73 - 116, Vol. XXXVII, No. 4 (2012).↩

26Hal R. Varian, Samuelsonian Economics and the 21st Century: Revealed Preference, Oxford University Press (Jan. 2005, Rev. Sep. 20, 2006).↩

27Christopher P. Chambers, Federico Echenique, and Eran Shmaya, *General Revealed Preference Theory, Theoretical Economics (2016); Don Ross, Game Theory, The Stanford Encyclopædia of Philosophy, Edward N. Zalta (ed.) (Winter 2012 Edition).↩

28Nate Silver, The Signal and the Noise: Why So Many Predictions Fail-but Some Don’t, Kindle Loc. 604-605, Penguin Group US (2012), see, note 63, Survey of Professional Forecasters (November 2007); See also table 5, in which the economists give a probabilistic forecast range for gross domestic product growth during 2008. The chance of a decline in GDP of 2 percent or more is listed at 0.22 percent, or about 1 chance in 500. In fact, GDP declined by 3.3 percent in 2008, found at http://www.phil.frb.org/research-and-data/real-time-center/survey-of-professional-forecasters/2007/spfq407.pdf; see also J. Bradford DeLong, Estimating World GDP, One Million B.C.—Present, Berkeley, CA, University of California Press, (1988) at http:// econ161. berkeley.edu/ TCEH/ 1998_Draft/ World_GDP/ Estimating_World_GDP.html (accessed Jun. 14, 2016).↩

29See e.g. regarding the problem of even using GDP as an accurate guage of economic activity at all in the writing of the current World Bank president, Paul Romer, The Trouble with Macroeconomics, Forthcoming in The American Economist (Jan. 5, 2016).↩

30Amartya Sen, On Ethics and Economics, New York, NY, Basil Blackwell (1987); e.g. John Lanchester, The Major Blind Spots in Macroeconomics, New York Times (Feb. 7, 2017).↩

31See again, Lansana Keita, Revealed Preference Theory…, pp. 73 – 116 (2012).↩

32See generally, Dan Ariely, Predictably Irrational, Revised and Expanded Edition: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our Decisions, HarperCollins (2009).↩

33See, Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman, Judgment Under Uncertainty Heuristics and Biases, pp. 1124– 31, Science 185 (1974); Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow, Farrar, Straus and Giroux (2011).↩

34See, Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk, Econometrica, Vol. 47, No. 2, pp. 263-292, The Econometric Society (March 1979) DOI: 10.2307/1914185 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1914185; for the intellectual precursors to Prospect Theory, see generally, Milton Friedman and Leonard J. Savage, Utility Analysis of Choices Involving Risk (1948) and Harry Markowitz, The Utility of Wealth (1952).↩

35See also, Game Theory and John Von Neumann and John Nash minimax theory or Nash Equilibrium where players find a strategy where each minimizes their own maximum losses discussed in Value Stream 4: Lives. Von Neumann proved that equilibrium is only possible in an expanding economy; otherwise, in a static economy or zero sum game, all players will constantly jockey for gain.↩

36E.g. see,fs Paul Feyeraband, Against Method: Outline of an Anarchist Theory of Knowledge, Verso Books (1975) wherein Paul said on p. 27, “… there is only one principle that can be defended under all circumstances and in all stages of human development. It is the principle: anything goes,” to which he said on p. 32, “… The best way to show this is to demonstrate the limits and even the irrationality of some rules which she, or he, is likely to regard as basic.”↩

37Susan C. Edwards and Stephen C. Pratt, Rationality in Collective Decision-Making by Ant Colonies, Proc. R. Soc. B (Jul. 22, 2009); Balaji Prabhakar, Katherine N. Dektar, Deborah M. Gordon, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002670, The Regulation of Ant Colony Foraging Activity without Spatial Information (Aug. 23, 2012); Deborah M. Gordon, The Rewards of Restraint in the Collective Regulation of Foraging by Harvester Ant Colonies, 498, 91–93, doi:10.1038/nature12137, Nature (May 15, 2013).↩

38James C. Spall, Introduction to Stochastic Search and Optimization: Estimation, Simulation, and Control, Wiley Press (2003).↩

39This optimization may be compared to the notion of satisficing as described by Herbert A. Simon in, A Behavioral Model of Rational Choice, pp, 99–118, Quarterly Journal of Economics 69 (Feb. 1955); Reiskamp J., J. R. Busemeyer, and B.A. Mellers (2006), Extending the Bounds of Rationality: Evidence and Theories in Preferential Choice, Journal of Economic Literature, 44(3), 631-661; and S. Pironio et al, Random Numbers Certified by Bell’s Theorem, Nature 464, 1021-1024 (15 April 2010) | doi:10.1038/nature09008 (Received 25 November 2009, Accepted Feb. 18, 2010).↩

40See e.g., Xiaomin Zhong and Eugene Santos Jr., Probabilistic Reasoning Through Genetic Algorithms and Reinforcement Learning, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut (1999); Pierre-Andre´ Noe¨l, Charles D. Brummitt, and Raissa M. D’Souza, Controlling Self-Organizing Dynamics on Networks Using Models that Self-Organize; Quanta Magazine, Toward a Theory of Self-Organized Criticality in the Brain, Simons Foundation (Apr. 43, 2014).↩

41Andrew Sheng and Xiao Geng, Micro, Macro, Meso, and Meta Economics, Project Syndicate (October 9, 2012).↩

42See e.g., Journal of Evolutionary Economics, ISSN: 1432-1386.↩

43See, Kurt Dopfer, University of St. Gallen - SEPS: Economics and Political Sciences, John Foster, University of Queensland - School of Economics, Jason Potts, University of Queensland - School of Economics, Micro-Meso-Macro, Journal of Evolutionary Economics, (May 17, 2005).↩

44Such as the challenge economists have in predicting the GDP and labor market statistics every quarter, as discussed by J. Bradford DeLong, Estimating World GDP, One Million B.C.—Present, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, (1988).↩

45See generally, Gregory C. Chow, Usefulness of Adaptive and Rational Expectations in Economics, Princeton University, CEPS Working Paper No. 221 (September 2011).↩

46These concepts touch on marginal value theory along with the labor theory of value.↩

47Lean Lexicon, 5th Edition, by Lean Enterprise Institute, Inc. (2014).↩

48These notions align with current, quantum information theory and increasing quantum entanglement through equalibralization of the universe into a stable state; for references to the scientific background, see Natalie Wolchover, Time’s Arrow Traced to Quantum Source, Quanta Magazine (Apr. 16, 2014); Artur S.L. Malabarba, Luis Pedro García-Pintos, Noah Linden, Terence C. Farrelly, Anthony J. Short, Quantum Systems Equilibrate Rapidly for Most Observables, arXiv:1402.1093 [quant-ph] http://arxiv.org/abs/1402.1093 (Submitted on Feb. 5, 2014); Anthony J Short and Terence C Farrelly, Quantum equilibration in finite time, New J. Phys. 14 013063 doi:10.1088/1367-2630/14/1/013063 (2012); Noah Linden, Sandu Popescu, Anthony J. Short, and Andreas Winter, Quantum Mechanical Evolution Towards Thermal Equilibrium, Phys. Rev. E 79, 061103 (Published 4 June 2009); Seth Lloyd, Black Holes, Demons and the Loss of Coherence: How Complex Systems Get Information, and What They Do With It, Ph.D. Thesis, Theoretical Physics, The Rockefeller University (Apr. 1, 1988); and generally Sean Carroll, From Eternity to Here: The Quest for the Ultimate Theory of Time, Plume (2010).↩

Value Stream 3: Existence

1The formal term for this study is, Etiology (alternatively aetiology, aitiology), which is the study of causation. The word is derived from the Greek word αἰτιολογία, aitiologia, giving a reason for (αἰτία, aitia, cause; and -λογία, [-logia].↩

2As David Hume said at the end of, An Abstract of A Treatise of Human Nature, (1740), “These principles of association… are the only ties of our thoughts, they are really to us the cement of the universe….”↩

3Unfortunately, I am not Arthur Dent, and you will not find a “number 42” here as an, “Answer to Answer to The Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything,” as referenced in, The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, Pan Books (1979).↩

4Nicholas Rescher, Axiogenises: An Essay in Metaphysical Optimalism, p. 18, Lexington Books (2010).↩

5The Oxford English Dictionary (accessed on May 24, 2014).↩

6Ibid; see also the Stanford Encyclopædia of Philosophy entry on, “Ontology.”↩

7As earlier stated, in statistics, the circumflex is inserted to indicate and estimator, with such meaning to be seen later on in this book. For philosophy majors, the circumflex is also the same pronunciation accent used over the u as in Noûs for the title of the premier philosophy journal of that name (ISSN: 1468-0068), and is the Greek word nous, generally meaning sense or intellect, which in French means we or us, and when used twice as in nous nous, the word assumes a further, self-reflexive meaning.↩

8http://www.geneontology.org/ (accessed Nov. 15, 2015).↩

9See e.g., Catherine Roussey, Francios Pinet, Myong Ah Kang, Oscar Corcho, An Introduction to Ontologies and Ontology Engineering, Springer (Jun. 17, 2011); see again, Alexander Osterwalder, The Business Model Ontology: A Proposition in a Design Science Approach (2004). ↩

10For more information about Tom Gruber and Siri, see, http://tomgruber.org/technology/siri.htm (accessed Jul. 28, 2014).↩

11Thus, I take a positivist approach to these matters.↩

12For further discussion of “truth-value” in philosophy, please see the Stanford Encyclopædia of Philosophy entry accessible at https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/truth-values.↩

13Scientists usually discuss the notion of predictability in the inverse, as a positive assertion they prove as false.↩

14Eugene Wigner, The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences, Communications in Pure and Applied Mathematics, vol. 13, No. I, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (Feb. 1960).↩

15See e.g., Max Tegmark, Our Mathematical universe: My Quest for the Ultimate Nature of Reality, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group (2014).↩

16To read a good article on the four universal physical forces, the electromagnetic, gravitational, and strong and weak atomic forces, and your current manipulation of them, see, I Was Promised Flying Cars, New York Times (Jun. 8, 2014).↩

17The process perspective takes much of its intellectual heritage from Alfred North Whitehead’s Process Philosophy such as he described in, Process and Reality (1929c); Alfred North Whitehead’s description of Process Philosophy in Process and Reality reminds me of David Deutsch’s in Constructor Theory, arXiv:1210.7439 [physics.hist-ph] (Jan. 13, 2013), wherein he somewhat similarly says that all laws may be described in terms of possible transformations.↩

18While so commonly applied to discussions like this as to be trite, I do not know if the expression, “standing on the shoulders of intellectual giants,” could apply more than to the content of this Value Stream describing the work of those who examined these issues in depth over millennia, as well as Leanism as a whole given its overly ambitious breadth.↩

19Richard Foster, Creative Destruction Whips through Corporate America, INNOSIGHT/Standard & Poor’s (2014).↩

20A good quote about this regarding the work of philosopher of Peter Carruthers is, “Self-consciousness is just mind reading turned inward,” as stated by Alex Rosenberg in, Why You Don’t Know Your Own Mind, (July 18, 2016); see, Peter Carruthers, The Opacity of Mind: An Integrative Theory of Self-Knowledge, Oxford University Press (2011).↩

21See e.g., Derrida’s metaphysics of presence; see also, Thomas Nagel’s essay, What is it Like to Be a Bat?, The Philosophical Review (1974), which describes this presence conception well but was written before more modern developments in cognitive science and your better understanding, universal, recursive mental conceptions through AI studies; cf, the balance of essays in which Nagel’s essay is contained in Douglas Hofstadter and Daniel Dennett The Mind’s I and other more recent work on these same subject; see also, Alva Noë, Varieties of Presence, Harvard University Press (2012).↩

22To read about people’s personal perspectives being start-up businesses in and of themselves, see, Reid Hoffman, The Start-up of You, Crown Business (2012).↩

23For an interesting perspective on the Personal perspective and its relation with structure, see Christopher Alexander, Sara Ishikawa, A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction, Oxford University Press (1977); and the four volume set by Christopher Alexander, The Nature of Order, including, The Nature of Order: An Essay on the Art of Building and the Nature of the universe, Book 1 - The Phenomenon of Life (2004) (Center for Environmental Structure, Vol. 9); Book 2 - The Process of Creating Life (2006); Book 3 - A Vision of a Living World (2004); and Book 4 - The Luminous Ground, Routledge (2003).↩

24See e.g. Richard P. Feynman in the Twin Paradox at, Six Not-So-Easy Pieces: Einstein’s Relativity, Symmetry, and Space-Time, Kindle Loc. 1520, Basic Books (1961-1963).↩

25I relate physical and mathematical laws based on the principle that math has been demonstrated as having an uncanny ability to predict the operation on physics and vice versa (such as said by E.P. Wigner), such that one might seriously consider all of physics to be the empirical embodiment of mathematical relation and mathematical coherence as being the conceptual expression of physics.↩

26This list of true-north types, and much of my process oriented thinking, is greatly inspired by the work of Nicholas Rescher with his process Metaphysics and other philosophers like Hillary Putnam, What is Mathmatical Truth? Lecture at Harvard University (1975).↩

27Can be related to Buddhist absolute truth or paramartha satya; Thich Nhat Hanh, The Heart of the Buddha’s Teaching p. 121, Broadway Books (1997).↩

28CERN | Accelerating science. public.web.cern.ch (Retrieved Aug. 10, 2013).↩

29See again, I Was Promised Flying Cars, New York Times (Jun. 8, 2014).↩

30For a discussion of systems thinking in a business context, see W. Edwards Deming, Out of the Crisis, MIT Press, (2000); and Peter M. Senge, The Fifth Discipline, Doubleday (1990); this can also be related to Buddhist worldly truth or samvriti satya, Thich Nhat Hanh, The Heart of the Buddha’s Teaching, p. 121 (1997).↩

31“Best fit” basis being congruent to Karl Popper’s scientific methods of empiricism; see e.g., Karl Popper, The Logic of Scientific Discovery, p. 17, Routledge / Taylor & Francis e-Library (2005).↩

32But see, Keith DeRose, The Case for Contextualism: Knowledge, Skepticism, and Context, Oxford University Press; Reprint edition (Jun. 24, 2011).↩

33See e.g., Nate Silver, The Signal and the Noise: Why So Many Predictions Fail-but Some Don’t, p. 198, Penguin Publishing Group (2012), where he discusses the element of bias in experts’ economic models, and more particularly his research into the Survey of Professional Forecasters showing persistent bias even at the group level; see also as referenced by Silver, Stephen K. McNees, The Role of Judgment in Macroeconomic Forecasting Accuracy, pp. 287– 99, 6, no. 3, International Journal of Forecasting (Oct. 1990). ↩

34By intuition, I do not mean psychological intuition, such as that described by Daniel Kahneman as System 1 thinking in his book Thinking: Fast and Slow, but rather intuitively speculative knowledge on an absolute basis for which we do not have axiomatic or systemic answers on a Universal basis. Thus, the distinction between axiomatic and systemic propositions and intuitive propositions represents the analytic/continental philosophical divide.↩

35In fact, the scientific standard by which the efficacy of pharmaceutical drugs is demonstrated and moved beyond being an intuitive truth is by its attaining a 5% level of statistical significance (i.e. p < 0.05) from inferential hypothesis testing with a double-sided Confidence Interval (See Eye); see e.g. Dr. Rick Turner and Dr. Russell Reeve, Basic Biostats for Clinical Research - Confidence Intervals in Drug Development - An Overview of their Use and Interpretation, p. 42, International Pharmaceutical Industry (Spring 2010).↩

36See e.g., Daniel Dennett, Intuition Pumps And Other Tools for Thinking, W. W. Norton & Company (2013); c.f. truths that are held to be self-evident such as those stipulated in the second paragraph of the U.S., Declaration of Independence (Jul. 4, 1776).↩

37This notion is inspired by George Soros’ discussion of the concept of reflexivity in The Alchemy of Finance, Wiley (1987).↩

38In this way, one ought to view the degrees of truth-value like Latourian truth actor-networks arising from a “practical metaphysics”; see e.g., Bruno Latour, Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor–Network Theory, Oxford, United Kingdom (2005).↩

39CERN topic page on Higgs-Boson found at, http://home.web.cern.ch/topics/higgs-boson (accessed Mar. 12, 2016).↩

40Dennis Overbye, Astronomers Hedge on Big Bang Detection Claim, New York Times (Jun. 19, 2014).↩

41By the way, with the term, “Ontologically Realized,” you often see this same sentiment or meaning reflected in Abrahamic religious texts that say something to the effect that this is the, “Word of the Lord,” with the spoken “Word” metaphorically standing for Ontological Realization in the sense of the biblical expression of, “Breathing Life,” into something.↩

42This is due to having a healthy Humean and even Popperian skepticism of induction.↩

43For an interesting study demonstrating how people’s intuitive belief may dominate their Universal and Process knowledge, see, Dan M. Kahan, Climate Science Communication and the Measurement Problem, Advances Pol. Psych., Forthcoming, Yale University - Law School; Harvard University - Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics (Jun. 25, 2014); see also Public’s Views on Human Evolution, Pew Research (Dec. 30, 2013).↩

44Google’s Ten things we know to be true https://www.google.com/about/company/philosophy/ (accessed Sep. 12, 2014).↩

45The Lean method of Root Cause Analysis, referred to as RCA, is commonly employed in business and government agencies such as NASA to identify the source of a problem; see, Root Cause Analysis Overview, NASA, Office of Safety & Mission Assurance Chief Engineers Office (Jul. 2003). ↩

46See, Stanford Encyclopædia of Philosophy entry on, “Sufficient Reason”; the PSR was so named by Leibniz but its concept extends back to antiquity, see, Nicolas Rescher, On Leibniz (2013).↩

47Sui generis per the Oxford English Dictionary, lit. Of one’s or its own kind; peculiar. Also used attrib. †Also illiterately as n., a thing apart, an isolated specimen.↩

48For example the philosopher David Hume believed that meaningful statements about the universe are always qualified by some degree of doubt in, An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (1748); see also David Deutsch, The Beginning of Infinity, p. 96 (2011).↩

49For a recent survey of American beliefs in religious intuitive true-norths regarding the origin of human existence, see http://www.gallup.com/poll/170822/believe-creationist-view-human-origins.aspx (accessed May 11, 2016).↩

50David Deutsch, The Beginning of Infinity, pp. 166, 172, 192 (2011).↩

51See, Sean Carroll, From Eternity to Here: The Quest for the Ultimate Theory of Time, Kindle Loc. 978-980, Penguin Group US (2010), where he writes, “So if someone asks you what really happened at the moment of the purported Big Bang, the only honest answer would be: ‘I don’t know.’ Once we have a reliable theoretical framework in which we can ask questions about what happens in the extreme conditions characteristic of the early universe, we should be able to figure out the answer, but we don’t yet have such a theory.”↩

52Thomas Henry Huxley wrote, “Agnosticism, in fact, is not a creed, but a method, the essence of which lies in the rigorous application of a single principle … positively the principle may be expressed: In matters of the intellect, follow your reason as far as it will take you, without regard to any other consideration. And negatively: In matters of the intellect do not pretend that conclusions are certain which are not demonstrated or demonstrable.”, in Huxley, Thomas Henry, Agnosticism, The Popular Science Monthly, 34 (46): 768, D. Appleton & Company, (April 1889); see also, Richard Dawkins, The God Delusion, pp. 72 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (2008).↩

53May Sarton, I Knew a Phoenix, pp. 40-41, W. W. Norton (1959).↩

54See e.g. Stanford Encyclopædia of Philosophy, “Aristotle on Causality.”↩

55Per the Oxford English Dictionary, Teleology is, “The doctrine or study of ends or final causes, esp. as related to the evidences of design or purpose in nature; also transf. such design as exhibited in natural objects or phenomena,” which leaves out, and yet alludes to, religious connotation in the use of “design.”↩

56Thich Nhat Hanh, The Heart of the Buddha’s Teaching, p. 221-222, Broadway Books (1973).↩

57This relates to speculation from physicists such as those of Alex Vilenkin and his theories about cosmic inflation in, Many Worlds in One: The Search for Other universes, Hill and Wang; 1st edition (2007).↩

58Stephen W. Hawking, Quantum Cosmology, M-theory and the Anthropic Principle, Lecture published at http://www.hawking.org.uk/quantum-cosmology-m-theory-and-the-anthropic-principle.html (no date for lecture given at his website, but last accessed May 2016).↩

59Following Greek notions of this concept.↩

60See, the Stanford Encyclopædia of Philosophy entry on the, “Cosmological Argument.”↩

61If you doubt whether there is a speculative, scientismic edge to science, especially when studying human beings, consider a large, recent study published in the highly respected journal, Science, that could not replicate over half of the psychological studies it retested; see, Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science, Vol. 349, Issue 6251, DOI: 10.1126/science.aac4716, Science (Aug. 28, 2015).↩

62Emerson Spartz as quoted by Andrew Marantz in The Virologist, The New Yorker, p. 26 (Jan. 5, 2015).↩

63As discussed in Value Stream 1, the modern concept of Lean in many ways began with the export of the Deming Cycle from post-war England to post-war Japan; Toyota then developed the Deming Cycle into its notion of Kaizen; the term Lean was coined by John Krafcik while at MIT to describe Toyota’s Total Quality Management (TQM) using the Deming Cycle through Kaizen; and global organizations and consultants then iteratively applied Lean as a form of TQM to other businesses until it became a universal business philosophy.↩

64Heri Bergson, Creative Evolution, Ch. IV, 276, in, The Cinematographical Mechanism of Thought and the Mechanistic Illusion — A Glance at the History of Systems — Real Becoming and False Evolutionism (1911).↩

65Hegel, G.W.F. [§ 133], Science of Logic; or in its Latin articulation, ex nihilo, nihil fit.↩

66See, John Hick, The Buddha’s ‘Undetermined Questions’ and the Religions, Article 8 (2004), found at http://www.johnhick.org.uk/article8.html (accessed Feb. 12, 2015).↩

67See also the following, Sanjaya Belatthaputta, a 5th-century BCE Indian philosopher who expressed agnosticism about any afterlife; Protagoras, a 5th-century BCE Greek philosopher who was agnostic about the gods; and the Nasadiya Sukta in the Rig Veda which is agnostic about the origin of the universe.↩

68One might likewise describe the origin of existence in epistemological sources, which is the philosophical study of knowledge. The real origin of everything in a Cartesian sense could be studied through the neologism, Epistemontology. However, since knowledge requires some medium, even if that is only within a singular, physical dimension, I will simply use the term Ontology to incorporate the entire meaning of existence from a realistic perspective. Likewise, philosophers may note some sense of Hegal’s, Being and Nothingness, throughout this discussion.↩

69Such as the Latin concept referenced earlier, ex nihil, nihilo fit.↩

70See, the Stanford Encyclopædia of Philosophy entry on, “Sufficient Reason,” for support in regards to, ex nihilo, nihil fit.↩

71In other words, your etiological speculation must be rationally agnostic.↩

72For general background reading on this topic, I suggest reading, Jim Holt’s book, Why Does the World Exist?: An Existential Detective Story, Liveright; 1 edition (Apr. 8, 2013).↩

73Stanford Encyclopædia of Philosophy entry on, “Sufficient Reason”; Hume, Treatise of Human Nature (I, 3,3); Russell, Bertrand, and Frederick Copleston, Debate on the Existence of God, (1964) in John Hick (ed.), The Existence of God, The Macmillan Company; 1st edition (Sep. 1, 1964).↩

74Emmanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason (1787).↩

75A book I recommend describing the axiomatic and systemic limits to reason is one so titled, Noson S. Yanofsky, The Outer Limits of Reason: What Science, Mathematics, and Logic Cannot Tell Us, p. 32, The MIT Press (Aug. 23, 2013).↩

76Ibid.↩

77Not to be confused with several other “Principia Mathmaticas,” most namely the one from Isaac Newton first published in a first edition on July 5th, 1687.↩

78Or as stated another way by Cantor’s Theorem, “for any set A, the set of all subsets of A (the power set of A, P(A)) has a strictly greater cardinality than A itself.”↩

79See generally, the Stanford Encyclopædia of Philosophy’s entry on, “Russell’s Paradox.”↩

80Such as, Noson S. Yanofsky, The Outer Limits of Reason (2013).↩

81This point was alluded to by Douglas R. Hofstadter in, Gödel, Escher, Bach, Basic Books (1999), that while mathematics may hold true computationally, it is not a logically cohesive system overall such that it can abstract itself in a consistent way; Douglas Hofstadter expressed this notion more concretely in, I Am a Strange Loop, Basic Books, Reprint edition (Jul. 8, 2008) (or as noted later, “I ‘AM’ a Strange Loop”).↩

82See e.g., for language paradoxes, Chapter 1 in, Yanofsky, The Outer Limits of Reason (2013).↩

83Again, not drawing any other conclusions from this fact so as not to commit a Chomsky as described by the Philosophical Lexicon, where one, “… draws extravagant metaphysical implications from scientifically established facts.”↩

84David Deutsch, The Beginning of Infinity, p. 309 (2011).↩

85Ibid at p. 196.↩

86See generally, Raffi Khatchadourian, A Star in a Bottle, The New Yorker (Mar. 3, 2014).↩

87Dan Falk, New Support for Alternative Quantum View, Quanta Magazine (May 16, 2016).↩

88Herbert A. Simon, A Behavioral Model of Rational Choice, pp. 99–118, Quarterly Journal of Economics 69 (Feb. 1955).↩

89David Deutsch, The Beginning of Infinity, p. 456 (2011).↩

90See e.g., Werner Callebaut, The Dialectics of Dis/Unity in the Evolutionary Synthesis and Its Extensions, and his essay in the anthology edited by Massimo Pigliucci and Gerd B. Mueller, Evolution – The Extended Synthesis; or as per philosopher Nicholas Rescher who said tongue in cheek that this was so Ph.D. students could write dissertations without embarrassing themselves, Nicholas Rescher, Axiogenises (2010).↩

91Nicholas Rescher, Process Philosophy, University of Pittsburgh Press (2000).↩

92As conclusively evidenced by the election of the 45th President of the U.S.A., see e.g., Casey Williams, Has Trump Stolen Philosophy’s Critical Tools?, The New York Times (Apr. 17, 2017); see, Timotheus Vermeulen and Robin van den Akker, Notes on Metamodernism, Journal of Aesthetics & Culture, Vol. 2 (2010); see also, “pseudo-modernism.”↩

93David Deutsch, The Beginning of Infinity, p. 314 (2011).↩

94Stephen Hawking, Grand Design, p. 1, Ch. 1 Mystery of Being, Bantam Books (2010), where he writes, “Traditionally these are questions for philosophy, but philosophy is dead. Philosophy has not kept up with modern developments in science, particularly in physics.”↩

95Ibid.↩

96See e.g., Simon Sinek, Start with Why: How Great Leaders Inspire Everyone to Take Action (2009).↩

97Max Tegmark, Parallel universes, p. 12, Science and Ultimate Reality: From Quantum to Cosmos, honoring John Wheeler’s 90th birthday, J.D. Barrow, P.C.W. Davies, & C.L. Harper eds., Cambridge University Press (2003).↩

98See e.g., Robbert Dijkgraaf, Quantum Questions Inspire New Math, Quanta Magazine (Mar. 30, 2017).↩

99Galileo Galilei, The Assayer: A Letter to the Illustrious and Very Reverend Don Virginio Cesarini (1623).↩

100Also referred to as fecund universes by Robert Nozick in, Philosophical Explanations, Belknap Press (1981); see also Lee Somlin in, The Life of the Cosmos (1997); see also Stephen Hawking, Grand Design (2010); see also the Stanford Encyclopædia of Philosophy entry on, “Many Worlds”; and Jim Holt, Why Does the World Exist?: An Existential Detective Story, Norton (2012).↩

101As Leibniz said in 1710 CE, “… the whole succession and the whole agglomeration of all existent things, lest it be said that several worlds could have existed in different times and different places. For they must needs be reckoned all together as one world or, if you will, as one universe,” in Part I, para. 8 of Theodicity: Essays on the Goodness of God, the Freedom of Man and the Origin of Evil.↩

102Geoffrey Giuliano, Lennon in America: 1971-1980, Based in Part on the Lost Lennon Diaries, p. 108, Rowman & Littlefield (2001).↩

103See generally, Stanford Encyclopædia of Philosophy entry on, “Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics.”↩

104See generally, Mark Tegmark, Parallel universes, Dept. of Physics, Univ. of Pennsylvania (Jan. 23, 2003) found at http://space.mit.edu/home/tegmark/multiverse.pdf (accessed May 12, 2014).↩

105Per the Oxford English Dictionary, the Anthropic Principle is, ‘…*any of several versions of the principle that since humans exist in the universe, the observable properties of the universe, and particularly of certain of the fundamental constants, must be compatible with the existence of intelligent life, esp. human life.”↩

106Ibid.↩

107Jim Holt, Why Does the World Exist?: An Existential Detective Story (2012).↩

108In IMVU’s case, we know it was Eric Ries who created it, but you know what I mean; see generally, Silas Beane, Zohreh Davoudi and Martin J. Savage, Constraints on the universe as a Numerical Simulation, INT-PUB-12-046, Cornell University Library (Nov. 12, 2012). ↩

109Nicholas Rescher, Process Metaphysics: An Introduction to Process Philosophy, SUNY Series in Philosophy, Publisher State University of New York Press (1996).↩

110As referenced by Steven Weinberg in Jim Holt, Why Does The World Exist: An Existential Detective Story (2012).↩

111See generally, the Stanford Encyclopædia of Philosophy entry on, “Simplicity.”↩

112For further information on the Mathematical/Computable universe Hypothesis and Ultimate Ensemble, see again, Mark Tegmark, Parallel universes, Dept. of Physics, Univ. of Pennsylvania (Jan. 23, 2003); see also Nick Bostrom, Are You Living in a Computer Simulation, Vol. 53, No. 211, pp. 243-255, Philosophical Quarterly (2003).↩

113See generally, Marcelo Gleiser, The Island Of Knowledge, Basic Books (2014).↩

114For a nice popular review of these concepts, see generally, the television series, Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey with Neil DeGrasse Tyson (2014).↩

115I am of course referring to Gödel’s Second Incompleteness Theorem, though yet again I am careful not to commit a Chomsky by recognizing that the universe is infinitely open ended.↩

116truth-value requires fully informed people because epistemic probability varies between them, which is why we generally revert to the consensus of experts.↩

117More technically, in the spirit of Karl Popper, no one has yet disproven that the universe is Ontologically Teleological, even though consumers conjecture many reasons why it isn’t.↩

118For a thorough argument in favor of the PSR being an axiomatic truth, see generally, Alexander Russ, The Principle of Sufficient Reason: A Reassessment, Cambridge Studies in Philosophy, Cambridge University Press (2006).↩

119A term often used by Karl Popper and other philosophers of science; see also David Deutsch, The Beginning of Infinity, p. 189 (2011).↩

120I provide these graphic pictograms in the spirit of Otto Neurath and Charles Bliss, to democratize knowledge so that these concepts might be universally well understood.↩

121See again, Marcelo Gleiser, The Island of Knowledge: The Limits of Science and the Search for Meaning, Basic Books (2014).↩

122This may be perceived to be analogous to existentialist Epoché bracketing objective true-north within all that we experience.↩

123See generally, Nassim Nicolas Taleb, The Bed of Procrustes: Philosophical and Practical Aphorisms, Random House (2010); The Bed of Procustes relates to the Greek allegory of a host who always amputated his guests to fit his beds.↩

124E.g. see Massimo Pigliucci, Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem, University Of Chicago Press (Aug. 16, 2013).↩

125Karl Jaspers also labelled the period where people started greatly increasing their energy consumption in the process of creating large scale social structures like religious institutions and economics departments as the “axial age”; see, Robert N. Bellah and Hans Joas, The Axial Age and Its Consequences, Harvard University Press (2012).↩

126According to their subject matter the questions can be grouped into four categories.↩

127E.g. along the lines of holism as described by Jan Christiaan Smuts in, Holism and Evolution, 2nd Ed., Macmillian and Co. (1927). ↩

128Similar conceptually to the financial term, “Assets Under Management”; as stated earlier, beyond finance, ontology has a modern use in information science and genetics relating to the systematization and standardization of concepts within a given domain of knowledge, which extended meaning I will rely on in the later parts of this volume.↩

129Naturally, I associate the logo for Toyota with the OT coincidentally with no actual endorsement by Toyota; worth reading is Toyota’s own description of the symbolism of its logo and trademark as follows: “There are three ovals in the new logo that are combined in a horizontally symmetrical configuration. The two perpendicular ovals inside the larger oval represent the heart of the customer and the heart of the company. They are overlapped to represent a mutually beneficial relationship and trust between each other. The overlapping of the two perpendicular ovals inside the outer oval symbolize ‘T’ for Toyota, as well as a steering wheel, representing the vehicle itself. The outer oval symbolizes the world embracing Toyota. Each oval is contoured with different stroke thicknesses, similar to the ‘brush’ art known in Japanese culture. The space in the background within the logo exhibits the ‘infinite values’ which Toyota conveys to its customers: superb quality, value beyond expectation, joy of driving, innovation, and integrity in safety, the environment and social responsibility,” found at, Ideas Behind the Ovals, at http://www.toyota-global.com/showroom/emblem/passion/ (retrieved on Dec. 11, 2016).↩

130See e.g., Bryan Caplan, The Myth of the Rational Voter: Why Democracies Choose Bad Policies, Princeton University Press (2008).↩

131David Deutsch, The Beginning of Infinity, p. 6 (2011).↩

132I am making an allusion here to Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman’s Prospect Theory as described in, Judgement under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases, Science, New Series, Vol. 185, No. 4157, pp. 1124-1131 (Sep. 27, 1974); and related notions such as Bernoulli’s St. Petersburg paradox whose implications will be more fully explored in Value Stream 5: People’s.↩

133For some examples of the mathematical applications of this concept, see Wolfram Alpha’s description of, “…the calculus of variations, control theory, convex optimization theory, decision theory, game theory, linear programming, Markov chains, network analysis, optimization theory, queuing systems, etc.” located at www.wolframalpha.com (accessed Jan. 20, 2013).↩

134This (crooked) arrow of time was first discussed by Sir Arthur Eddington in 1927, for which there seems to be some scientismic belief because of quantum entanglement; see, Natalie Wolchover, Time’s Arrow Traced to Quantum Source, Quanta Magazine, (April 16, 2014); Artur S.L. Malabarba, Luis Pedro García-Pintos, Noah Linden, Terence C. Farrelly, Anthony J. Short, Quantum Systems Equilibrate Rapidly for Most Observables, arXiv:1402.1093 [quant-ph] http://arxiv.org/abs/1402.1093 (Submitted on Feb. 5, 2014); Anthony J. Short and Terence C. Farrelly, Quantum Equilibration in Finite Time, New J. Phys. 14 013063 doi:10.1088/1367-2630/14/1/013063 (2012); Noah Linden, Sandu Popescu, Anthony J. Short, and Andreas Winter, Quantum Mechanical Evolution Towards Thermal Equilibrium, Phys. Rev. E 79, 061103 (Published June 4, 2009); Seth Lloyd, Black Holes, Demons and the Loss of Coherence: How Complex Systems Get Information, and What They Do With It, Ph.D. Thesis, Theoretical Physics, The Rockefeller University (April 1, 1988); Sean Carroll, From Eternity to Here: The Quest for the Ultimate Theory of Time, Plume (2010).↩

135Yuval Noah Harari, Sapiens, p. 392 (2014).↩

136Hayne W. Reese, Teleology and Teleonomy in Behavior Analysis, 17, 75-91, p. 78, The Behavior Analyst (1994).↩

137Ibid.↩

138Pittendrigh wrote, “The biologists’ long-standing confusion would be more fully removed is all end-directed systems were described by some other term, like ‘teleonomic’, in order to emphasize that the recognition and description of end-directedness does not carry a commitment to Aristotelian teleology as an efficient [sic] casual principle.,” in his essay Adaptation, Natural Selection, and Behavior, at pp. 390-416, Anne Roe and George Gaylord Simpson (eds.), Behavior and Evolution (1958).↩

139Any book discussing this such as Addy Pross’s book What is Life: How Chemistry becomes Biology, Oxford University Press, Reprint edition (2014).↩

140See generally, Nicholas S. Thompson, The Misappropriation of Teleonomy, p. 259, Perspectives on Biology, Plenum Press (1987).↩

141Timothy Ferriss, The 4-Hour Workweek, Harmony (Dec. 15, 2009).↩

142See, The Data Against Kant, New York Times, Sunday Opinion (Feb. 21, 2016).↩

143For more on this neo-Darwinistic concept of gene propagation, see, Richard Dawkins, The Selfish Gene, Oxford University Press (1976).↩

144This may be considered an anticipatory system, see generally, Robert Rosen, Anticipatory Systems; Philosophical, Mathematical, and Methodological Foundations, Springer (2012).↩

145Martin E.P. Seligman, John Tierney, We aren’t Built to Live in the Moment, New York Times (May 19, 2017).↩

146This may be considered a loose analogy to Pascal’s Wager that you should rationally believe in God just in case there is one, in that instead of believing in God, you must rationally recognize that all must be agnostic to what is Not Ontologically Teleological inside the IB, holding what you presently perceive to be Not Ontologically Teleological outside the IB on a subjective, ‘Personal’ basis, which is a rational response to the apparent circularity of the purpose of existence within the IB.↩

147The term and academic concept of “Overlapping Consensus” was popularized by the philosopher John Rawls with his book, A Theory of Justice, Harvard University Press (1971); however, Jean-Paul Sarte first articulated this concept in, The Communists and Peace, p. 201 (1968), where he writes that truth-value (a.k.a. justice) may be found from the perspective of the masses, by seeing the universe “…with the eyes of the least favored”; Sarte’s predecessors can be found in Thomas Kuhn (1962) and Karl Popper (1959) with their consensus-forging either through empiricism or revolution (see, the earlier definition of same causing consideration and reflection from change and upheaval through a circular movement).↩

148See generally, Paul Feyerabend, Farewell to Reason, Verso Books (1987).↩

149Ibid.↩

150Scopes v. State, 154 Tenn. 105, 289 S.W. 363 (1927).↩

151Bobby Henderson, The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster, HarperCollins Entertainment (2006); and Bobby Henderson, The Loose Canon, the Holy Book of the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster, self-published (Jul. 26, 2010).↩

152Touched by His Noodly Appendage, is a parody of Michelangelo’s, The Creation of Adam, as seen earlier on the cover of Steve Blank’s Four Steps, is an iconic image of the Flying Spaghetti Monster® by Arne Niklas Jansson.↩

153Stanford Encyclopædia of Philosophy, ‘Supervenience,’ (November 2011).↩

Value Stream 4: Lives

1See, Descartes’, Discourse on Method, fifth part, and his book, The World, particularly in his Chapter 9 written in 1633; see also, Steven A. Benner, Defining Life, Astrobiology, 10(10): 1021–1030. doi: 10.1089/ast.2010.0524 (Dec. 2010).↩

2Yuval Noah Harari, Sapiens, p. 109 (2014).↩

3Yuval Noah Harari, Sapiens, p. 391 (2014).↩

4See again, ‘Supervenience,’ in the Stanford Encyclopædia of Philosophy.↩

5SLOTS relate to Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel’s successive forms of evolutionary life and consciousness as he articulated throughout, Phenomenology of Spirit (Phänomenologie des Geistes) (1807). ↩

6David Deutsch, The Beginning of Infinity, p. 123 (2011).↩

7See e.g. Gretchen C. Daily, Tore Söderqvist, Sara Aniyar, Kenneth Arrow, Partha Dasgupta, Paul R. Ehrlich, Carl Folke, AnnMari Jansson, Bengt-Owe Jansson, Nils Kautsky, Simon Levin, Jane Lubchenco, Karl-Göran Mäler, David Simpson, David Starrett, David Tilman, Brian Walker, The Value of Nature and the Nature of Value, Science 21, Vol. 289 no. 5478 pp. 395-396, DOI: 10.1126/science.289.5478.395, Policy Forum, Ecology (July 2000).↩

8Yuval Noah Harari, Sapiens, p. 103 (2014).↩

9David Deutsch, The Beginning of Infinity, p. 379 (2011).↩

10The HUDF shows a small section of space in the southern-hemisphere constellation Fornax. The resulting image – made from 841 orbits of telescope viewing time – contains approximately 10,000 galaxies, extending back in time to within a few hundred million years of the Big Bang. Image Credit: NASA/ESA.↩

11It was David Donaldson who first said, “[M]ental characteristics are in some sense dependent, or supervenient, on physical characteristics. Such supervenience might be taken to mean that there cannot be two events alike in all physical respects but differing in some mental respect, or that an object cannot alter in some mental respect without altering in some physical respect,” in, Philosophy of Psychology, pp. 214, Chapter 11, Mental Events (1980).↩

12See e.g., Barbara K. Lipska, The Neuroscientist Who Lost Her Mind, New York Times (Mar. 12, 2016).↩

13Harris Interactive, Americans’ Belief in God, Miracles and Heaven Declines: Belief in Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Rises (December 16, 2013) located at http://www.harrisinteractive.com.↩

14See generally, Addy Pross’s book, What is Life: How Chemistry becomes Biology, (2014), which he wrote as a follow-up to Erwin Schrödinger’s good book, What is Life?, Cambridge University Press (1944). Pross adds to Schrödinger’s thoughts by introducing the concept of, Dynamic Kinetic Stability (DKS). As Pross explains it, DKS is a system that is not stable in the ordinary use of the term but rather only from a Process perspective by constantly turning over, much like a business’ revenues not being stable but only apparently so year after year. Since a DKS system receives energy, the second law of thermodynamics is not violated, and biology and business become a particular case of good chemistry. Erwin Schrödinger also happened to be the physicist who developed the, “Schrödinger’s Cat,” thought experiment describing quantum entanglement; if you are interested in seeing these ideas discussed in popular entertainment, see the HBO show, The Sopranos, The Fleshy Part of the Thigh, Season 6, Episode 4 (2006) and the character John Schwinn. Schrödinger’s views as expressed in the episode have also been referred to as, quantum mysticism though David Deutsch certainly would argue with that characterization.↩

15Yuval Noah Harari, Sapiens, p. 30 (2014).↩

16The ARE processes are selected for Leaness through the parsimony of Occum’s Razor, the inherent entropy of The Second Law of Thermodynamics, and sophisticated elegance of Murphy’s Law. ↩

17This increasing systemic order may either be decreasing systemic entropy in a physical sense or senescence in a biological sense.↩

18Though a counterfactual example may be found in hydra, for which mortality patterns suggest a lack of senescence through perpetual regeneration; see, D.E. Martinez, Mortality patterns suggest lack of senescence in hydra, Exp Gerontol, 33(3):217-25 (May 1998).↩

19See, Natalie Wolchover, A New Physics Theory of Life, Quanta Magazine (Jan. 22, 2014) article about the work of Jeremy England; see also, Leslie Mullen, Forming a Definition for Life: Interview with Gerald Joyce, Astrobiology Magazine (Jul. 25, 2013); see also Addy Pross, What is Life?: How Chemistry becomes Biology (2012); see also, Lynn Margulis and Dorion Sagan, What is Life?, University of California Press (1995); see also Erwin Schrödinger, What is Life?, Cambridge University Press (1944).↩

20For more recent work from NASA, see the Institute for Universal Biology, a NASA Astrobiology Institute located at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and housed within the Institute for Genomic Biology at, http://astrobiology.illinois.edu/.↩

21Addy Pross, What is Life?: How Chemistry becomes Biology, p. xiv (2012).↩

22See generally, Erwin Schrödinger, What is Life? (1944). ↩

23Leslie Mullen, Forming a Definition for Life: Interview with Gerald Joyce, Astrobiology Magazine (Jul. 25, 2013).↩

24While Occum’s Razor is controversial, I personally believe that this principle is an extension of the Second Law of Thermodynamics, making it for me more appropriately named, Occum’s Lazer, so as to place a finer point on the sophisticated parsimony of the rule.↩

25This can be seen to include Robert Rosen’s (M,R) System overall as an anticipatory system Ontologically building on predictive measure and adapting to changing circumstances in the context of an ecosystem, at Ron Cottam, Willy Ranson, Roger Vounckx, Re-Mapping Robert Rosen’s (M,R)-Systems, Chemistry & Biodiversity, 4: 2352–2368. doi:10.1002/cbdv.200790192 (2007); see Ca´rdenas, M.L., et al., Closure to Efficient Causation, Computability and Artificial Life, J. Theor. Biol. doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2009.11.010 (2009); M. Mossio, G. Longo, J. Stewart, A computable expression of closure to efficient causation, J Theor Biol. 257(3):489-98. doi: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2008.12.012 (Apr. 7, 2009).↩

26Such as methylation.↩

27A.H. Louie, Robert Rosen’s Anticipatory Systems, Vol. 12 No. 3, pp. 18-29, Foresight, Emerald Group Publishing Limited (2010).↩

28Can be equated with Robert Rosen’s repair or R-System noted above.↩

29Or decrease internal systemic entropy; see, Jeremy England, Statistical Physics of Self-Replication, The Journal of Chemical Physics, p. 139, 121923 doi: 10.1063/1.4818538 (2013).↩

30Can be equated with Robert Rosen’s metabolic of M System noted above; the self-reflexive nature of Rosen’s computability can be compared to Douglas Hofstadter’s own claims for reflexivity in cognition.↩

31As Maslow wrote at p. 370 in, A Theory of Human Motivation (1943), “[T]he hunger drive (or any other physiological drive) was rejected as a centering point or model for a definitive theory of motivation. Any drive that is somatically based and localizable was shown to be atypical rather than typical in human motivation,” thus supporting the proposition that energization plays a supportive rather than primary role in customers’ ontological motivation.↩

32See again, Jeremy England, Statistical Physics of Self-Replication, The Journal of Chemical Physics, p. 139, doi: 10.1063/1.4818538 (2013).↩

33As Vaclav Smil wrote in, Energy: A Beginners Guide, p. 9, Oneworld Publications (2006), “[E]nergy is not a single, easily definable entity, but rather an abstract collective concept, adopted by nineteenth-century physicists… Its most commonly encountered forms are heat (thermal energy), motion (kinetic or mechanical energy), light (electromagnetic energy) and the chemical energy of fuels and foodstuffs.”↩

34As Vaclav Smil noted, “The word ‘Energy’ is a Greek compound. Aristotle (384–322 B.C.E.) created the term in his ‘Metaphysics,’ by joining εν (in) and έργον (work) to form ενέργεια (energeia, ‘actuality, identified with movement’) that he connected with entelechia, ‘complete reality,’” in Energy: A Beginner’s Guide, p. 1; for further background on this energizing factor of living existence, see Nick Lane, The Vital Question: Energy, Evolution, and the Origins of Complex Life, W. W. Norton & Company; 1 edition (2015).↩

35I.e., they match Endergonic and Exergonic processes.↩

36Yuval Noah Harari, Sapiens, p. 338 (2014).↩

37Egyptians intuitively understood this energetic distinction with their theistic conceptions of the Sun god Ra, and the design of the temple Abu Simbel where the other sun gods of Re-Horakhte and Amon-Re were lit by rays of light while the god of darkness, Ptah, remained in the shadows, per Lisa Krause, Sun to Illuminate Inner Sanctuary of Pharaoh’s Temple, National Geographic News (Feb. 21, 2001).↩

38See, Dalai Lama XIV, The Meaning of Life: Buddhist Perspectives on Cause and Effect, translated and edited by Jeffrey Hopkins, Wisdom Publications (1992).↩

39See, Thich Nhat Hanh, The Heart of the Buddha’s Teaching, Three River Press (1999).↩

40As said by Steve Jobs in a 1980 presentation archived by the Computer History Museum and found here http://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/steve-jobs/.↩

41©1984 Apple Computer Inc..↩

42For an example, see Apple’s statement of supplier responsibility found here, http://www.apple.com/supplier-responsibility/ (last accessed Dec. 15, 2016).↩

43As the Chief Justice John Roberts of the U.S. Supreme Court noted, “… such a pervasive and insistent part of daily life that a proverbial visitor from Mars might conclude they were an important feature of human anatomy,” in, Riley v. California, 134 S. Ct. 2473, 2477, 189 L. Ed. 2d 430, 433, 2014 BL 175779 (2014); see also, The Pocket universe, New York Magazine (Jun. 30, 2014).↩

44Ian Morris, The Measure of Civilization: How Social Development Decides the Fate of Nations, p. 40, Princeton University Press (2013).↩

45Ibid.↩

46Leslie White, Energy and the Evolution of Culture, pp. 335-356, American Anthropologist (1943); Leslie White, The Science of Culture, New York: Grove Press (1949); Leslie White, The Evolution of Culture, New York: McGraw-Hill (1959); Leslie White even created a qualitative equation for this notion being, “C = E *T,” standing for Culture equals Energy times Technology.↩

47Ian Morris, The Measure of Civilization, p. 40.↩

48Ibid, p. 62, Figure 3.2., © 2013 Ian Morris, Used with Permission.↩

49Ibid, p. 89, Figure 3.8., © 2013 Ian Morris, Used with Permission. ↩

50Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies, p. 103, W. W. Norton & Company (2009); see also, Nick Gogerty, The Nature of Value: How to Invest in the Adaptive Economy, Kindle Loc. 827-828, Columbia University Press, who said, “The story is clear: Energy consumption is highly correlated with value creation and consumption, which drives value flow throughout the economic network.”↩

51James H. Brown, et al., Energetic Limits to Economic Growth, Vol. 61 No. 1, BioScience (Jan. 2011).↩

52David Deutsch, The Beginning of Infinity, p. 74 (2011).↩

53In ironic contrast to Nietzsche’s statement, “Gott ist Tott,” or “God is Dead” in his book, The Science of Joy, in 1882. This concept is also touched on earlier by Hegel in his book, Phenomenology of Spirit (1807).↩

54This example may also be seen akin to a bubbling spring.↩

55© 2015 Coca-Cola Company (Fair Use) http://us.coca-cola.com/happiness/ (accessed 01/21/2015).↩

56Ibid.↩

57In biological terms, this is a form of hedonism, which per Harari in, Sapiens, p. 110 (2014), is enshrined in the U.S. Declaration of Independence as, “… the pursuit of Happiness.”↩

58Ibid p. 382.↩

59From Disney training script in Jim Collins and Jerry Porras, “Built to Last,” p. 128 (2011).↩

60Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow (2011).↩

61From Disney training script in Jim Collins and Jerry Porras, “Built to Last,” p. 77 (2011).↩

62Elie Wiesel, A Visit to the Wonderful Disneyland, The Forverts (1957), with further credit to Menachem Butler, Elie Wiesel Visits Disneyland, Tablet Magazine (Jun. 27, 2016).↩

63David Deutsch, The Beginning of Infinity, p. 318 (2011).↩

64©1963 Wonderland Music Company (Fair Use).↩

65Antonio Damasio, Looking for Spinoza, Harvest (2003).↩

66The concept is “Embodied Cognition” as described in the Stanford Encyclopædia of Philosophy entry on the subject; and as described by Daniel Kahneman in, Thinking, Fast and Slow (2011); the head movement study was conducted by Jens Förster as described in, How Body Feedback Influences Consumers’ Evaluation of Products, pp. 416–426, International University Bremen, Journal of Consumer Psychology (2004).↩

67See, Alva Noë, Varieties of Presence, Harvard University Press (Apr. 11, 2012).↩

68See Francisco J. Varela, Evan T. Thompson, and Eleanor Rosch, The Embodied Mind: Cognitive Science and Human Experience, The MIT Press (1992); Daniel D. Hutto and Erik Myin, Radicalizing Enactivism, The MIT Press (2012).↩

69See, A. Glenberg, D. Havas, R. Becker & M. Rinck, Grounding language in bodily states: the case for emotion, Cambridge University Press (2010).↩

70This concept relates to the 4 E’s of cognition, enactivist, embodied, embedded and extended aspects of cognition in, Introduction to Special Issue on 4E Cognition: Embodied, Embedded, Enacted, Extended, Richard Menary, ed. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences (Nov. 24, 2010).↩

71As discussed in, S. Drabant, J. Tömlo, M. Tóth, E. Péterfai, I. Klebovich, The Cognitive Effect of Alprazolam in Healthy Volunteers, 76(1):25-31, Acta Pharm Hung. (2006); see also, Selling Prozac as the Life-Enhancing Cure for Mental Woes, New York Times (Sep. 21, 2014); for another study with similar conclusions, see, Dominik Mischkowski, Jennifer Crocker, Baldwin M. Way, From Painkiller to Empathy Killer: Acetaminophen (Paracetamol) Reduces Empathy for Pain, National Institutes of Health, Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci (2016).↩

72See generally, Cortisol Shifts Financial Risk Preferences, doi:10.1073/pnas.1317908111, PNAS.org (Feb. 18, 2014).↩

73Danckert Merrifield, Characterizing the Psychophysiological Signature of Boredom, Exp Brain Res., 232(2):481-91. doi: 10.1007/s00221-013-3755-2 (Feb. 2014); see also, Alina Tugend, The Contrarians on Stress: It Can Be Good for You, New York Times (Oct. 3, 2010).↩

74Shanto Iyengar and Sean J. Westwood, Fear and Loathing Across Party Lines: New Evidence on Group Polarization, Stanford University, Department of Communication (Jun. 2014); see also, Cass Sunstein, “Partyism’ Now Trumps Racism*, Bloomberg View (Sep. 22, 2014).↩

75See e.g., the work of popular motivational psychologists like Tony Robbins’ and Daniel Pink’s classification of fundamental human needs, such as Tony Robbins’ The Six Human Needs, which he classifies as: 1. Certainty: assurance you can avoid pain and gain pleasure; 2. Uncertainty/Variety: the need for the unknown, change, new stimuli; 3. Significance: feeling unique, important, special or needed; 4. Connection/Love: a strong feeling of closeness or union with someone or something; 5. Growth: an expansion of capacity, capability or understanding; 6. Contribution: a sense of service and focus on helping, giving to and supporting others; see also, Daniel Pink, Drive: The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us, Penguin Group US (2009), and Pink’s factors of motivation in the workplace, being Autonomy, Mastery, and Purpose, which he largely derives by reformulating SDT’s motivational factor’s of Competence, Relatedness and Autonomy, with Autonomy being same-named, Mastery substituting for Competence, but Purpose replacing SDT’s Relatedness. I address Autonomy and Mastery below, and as you well know now, Purpose is simply the teleological goal of Meaning, which in the context of Leanism, is Ontologically Teleological plus consumers’ intuitive speculation toward that same goal. I do appreciate Pink’s suggestion of Relatedness as a motivational factor critical to customers’ Ontological Realization as you will see below, and as affirmed by Attachment Theory.↩

76Abraham H. Maslow, A Theory of Human Motivation, p. 383, Brooklyn College, Psychological Review, Vol. 50, No. 4. (1943).↩

77Ibid at p. 384.↩

78Ibid at p. 385.↩

79Andy Bull, Usain Bolt joins the immortals just as the cracks begin to appear, The Guardian (Aug. 19, 2016).↩

80Abraham H. Maslow, Toward a Psychology of Being, p. 75, Wilder Publications, Inc. (1962); see generally, Abraham H. Maslow, Religions, Values, and Peak Experiences, Penguin Books Limited (1964).↩

81Abraham H. Maslow, Toward a Psychology of Being, p. 34 (1962). ↩

82Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience, p. 72, HarperCollins (1990).↩

83See generally, Abraham H. Maslow, A Theory of Human Motivation, pp. 370-396, Psychological Review, 50 (1943).↩

84As Maslow wrote at p. 376 in, A Theory of Human Motivation (1943), in regards to Safety Needs, “[T]he organism may equally well be wholly dominated by them.”↩

85As Maslow wrote at p. 370 in, A Theory of Human Motivation (1943), “[H]uman needs arrange themselves in hierarchies of pre-potency. That is to say, the appearance of one need usually rests on the prior satisfaction of another, more pre-potent need.”↩

86Interestingly, neo-Darwinain evolutionary theory and the philosophical usage of the term ‘Supervenience’ were coming into academic vogue around the same time that Maslow wrote, A Theory of Human Motivation; see, The Stanford Encyclopædia of Philosophy entry on, ‘Supervenience.’ ↩

87M. A. Wahba, & L. G. Bridwell, Maslow Reconsidered: A Review of Research on the Need Hierarchy Theory, 15(2), 212–240, doi: 10.1016/0030-5073(76)90038-6, Organizational Behavior and Human Performance (1976); Louis Tay, Ed Diener, Personality, Processes and Individual Differences, Needs and Subjective Well-Being Around the World, pp. 354 –365, Vol. 101, No. 2, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (2011).↩

88M. A. Wahba, & L. G. Bridwell, Maslow Reconsidered (1976).↩

89F. Goble, The Third Force: The Psychology of Abraham Maslow, pp. 62, Maurice Bassett Publishing (1970).↩

90See, the Careers in Theory blog by the University of London, and its article, How many needs? (Oct. 6, 2011), found at, https://careersintheory.wordpress.com/2011/10/06/how-many-needs/ (last accessed Dec. 17, 2016).↩

91See generally, Henry Murray, Explorations in Personality, Oxford University Press (1938).↩

92See generally, David C. McClelland, Motives, Personality and Society: Selected Papers, Praeger Publishers Inc. (Oct. 1984).↩

93See generally, Manfred A. Max-Neef with Antonio Elizalde, Martin Hopenhayn, Human Scale Development: Conception, Application and Further Reflections, p. 18, Ch. 2., Development and Human Needs, New York: Apex (1989).↩

94Ibid; Hans Villarica, Maslow 2.0: A New and Improved Recipe for Happiness, Atlantic Monthly (Aug. 17, 2011).↩

95Paul Lawrence, Driven: How Human Nature Shapes Our Choices, Jossey-Bass (2002); see also, Big Think Interview with Paul Lawrence, video found at http://bigthink.com/videos/big-think-interview-with-paul-lawrence (last accessed Dec. 17, 2016).↩

96Ibid.↩

97See, Lawrence S. Krieger, Kennon M. Sheldon, What Makes Lawyers Happy? Transcending the Anecdotes with Data from 6200 Lawyers, Florida State University College of Law, Public Law Research Paper No. 667 SSRN (Feb. 20, 2014).↩

98Edward L. Deci and Richard M. Ryan, Self-Determination Theory: A Macrotheory of Human Motivation, Development, and Health, Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne 49, no. 3: 182–85, doi:10.1037/a0012801 (2008).↩

99See e.g., Jeffry A. Simpson, Jay Cassidy, Jude Belsky (Ed.), Phillip R. Shaver (Ed.), Attachment Theory Within a Modern Evolutionary Framework, pp. 131-157, Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications, 2nd ed., Guilford Press (2008).↩

100See generally, Douglas Hofstadter and Emmanuel Sander, Surfaces and Essences: Analogy as the Fuel and Fire of Thinking, Basic Books (2013).↩

101As Maslow himself wrote, “[L]ists of drives will get us nowhere for various theoretical and practical reasons,” at p. 370 in, A Theory of Human Motivation (1943). ↩

102As Maslow himself wrote, “[N]o need or drive can be treated as if it were isolated or discrete; every drive is related to the state of satisfaction or dissatisfaction of other drives,” at p. 370 in, A Theory of Human Motivation (1943). ↩

103For support for external influence on genetics, see, Nadine Provençal et al., The Signature of Maternal Rearing in the Methylome in Rhesus Macaque Prefrontal Cortex and T Cells, The Journal of Neuroscience, 32(44): 15626-15642; doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1470-12.2012 (Oct. 31 2012).↩

104Judith Shulevitz, The Science of Loneliness: How Isolation Can Kill You, The New Republic (May 13, 2013); John T. Cacioppo & Louise C. Hawkley, Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms, Ann Behav Med., 40(2): 10.1007/s12160-010-9210-8 (Oct. 2010); John T. Cacioppo, William Patrick, Loneliness: Human Nature and the Need for Social Connection, W. W. Norton & Company (2009).↩

105R.I.M. Dunbar, Neocortex size as a constraint on group size in primates, pp. 469-493, Volume 22, Issue 6, Journal of Human Evolution doi:10.1016/0047-2484(92)90081-J (Jun. 1992); R.I.M. Dunbar, R.A. Hill, Social network size in humans, Human Nature 14: 53 (2003).↩

106See e.g., David A. Raichlena, et. al., Evidence of Lévy Walk Foraging Patterns in Human Hunter–Gatherers, pp. 728–733, PNAS, Vol. 111, No. 2, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1318616111 (Jan. 14, 2014); Gretchen Reynolds, Navigating Our World Like Birds and Bees, New York Times (Jan. 1, 2014).↩

107See generally, F. Heider, The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations, Wiley (1958); B. Weiner, Achievement motivation and attribution theory, Morristown, N.J.: General Learning Press (1974); B. Weiner, Human Motivation, NY: Holt, Rinehart & Winston (1980); J.H. Harvey & G. Weary, Attribution: Basic Issues and Applications, Academic Press, San Diego (1985); B. Weiner, An attributional theory of motivation and emotion, New York: Springer-Verlag (1986).↩

108This notion of binary opposition of course recognizes the work of Buddha, as well as Claude Levi-Straus in, The Structural Study of Myth, Journal of American Folklore (1955); and Jaques Derrida in Grammatology, p. 158, Johns Hopkins University Press (1976).↩

109Or as Maslow wrote at p. 370 in, A Theory of Human Motivation (1943), “[A]ny motivated behavior, either preparatory or consummatory, must be understood to be a channel through which many basic needs may be simultaneously expressed or satisfied.”↩

110In other words, the philosopher Hillary Putnam would refer to EMOs as representing a form of, Liberal Functionalism.↩

111See generally, Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow (2011).↩

112This attribution was given a “C” grade for plausible utterance by Abraham Lincoln from Don E. Fehrenbacher and Virginia Fehrenbacher in, Recollected Words of Abraham Lincoln, p. 245, Stanford University Press, 1st ed. (1996).↩

113Antonio Damasio, The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (1999).↩

114See generally, Amy Wrzesniewskia, Barry Schwartzb, Xiangyu Congc, Michael Kanec, Audrey Omarc, and Thomas Kolditza, Multiple Types of Motives Don’t Multiply the Motivation of West Point Cadets, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1405298111 (Jun. 4, 2014).↩

115But see, John M. Beggs and Nicholas Timme, Being Critical of Criticality in the Brain, Department of Physics, Indiana University, Front. Physiol., doi: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00163 (Jun. 7, 2012).↩

116Yuval Noah Harari, Sapiens, p. 30 (2014).↩

117See generally, Nassim Nicholas Taleb, Antifragile: Things That Gain from Disorder, Random House (2012).↩

118Per Bak et. al., Self-Organized Criticality, Physical Review of Letters (Jul. 7, 1987).↩

119See generally, Malcom Gladwell, The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference, Back Bay Books (Jan. 7, 2002).↩

120See generally, Nassim Nicholas Taleb, The Black Swan, Random House (2008).↩

121Chirag Dhara, Giuseppe Prettico, and Antonio Acín, Maximal Quantum Randomness in Bell Tests, Phys. Rev. A 88, 052116 (Nov. 15, 2013).↩

122See again, Nicolas Gauvrit, Hector Zenil, Fernando Soler-Toscano, Jean-Paul Delahaye, Peter Brugger, Human behavioral complexity peaks at age 25, Journal for the International Society of Computational Biology (PLOS) (Apr. 13, 2017).↩

123See generally, Nassim Nicholas Taleb, Antifragile (2012).↩

124For background on this, see generally, Dan Ariely, Predictably Irrational, The Hidden Forces That Shape Our Decisions, Expanded Ed., HarperCollins (2009); see also Dan Ariely’s other work, The Upside of Irrationality: The Unexpected Benefits of Defying Logic at Work and at Home, HarperCollins (2011).↩

125I recommend viewing, Salvador Dali, The First Days of Spring (1929) for inspiration regarding this concept.↩

126As has been pointed out by other commentators, Freud rejected logic, and yet simultaneously applied logic to analyze dreams, and while psychology has moved beyond Freudian thinking, it has not neurologically explained dream theory much beyond Freudian speculation.↩

127Amy Novotney, Money Can’t Buy Happiness, p. 24, Vol 43, No. 7, Monitor on Psychology, American Psychological Association (Jul./Aug. 2012).↩

128And perhaps writing this book was a form of Logotherapy for myself; if so I recommend doing something similar.↩

129War can also be seen through U/ARE processes as the physical process of dramatic energy consumption toward Ontological Realization…↩

Prologue: Channels

1See e.g., C. Saleh, F. H. Astuti, M. R. A. Purnomo and B. M. Deros, Fuzzy identification of value stream analysis tools in lean manufacturing, pp. 74-77, 2012 2nd International Conference on Uncertainty Reasoning and Knowledge Engineering, Jalarta (2012).↩

2This IDEO concept naturally owes its inspiration and thanks to the world-famous innovation and design consultancy IDEO at www.ideo.com.↩

3For another listing of the Lean lexicon that does not include those terms added by Leanism, please see, Lean Lexicon: A Graphical Glossary for Lean Thinkers, 5th Ed., Lean Enterprise Institute, Inc. (2006).↩