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A part of a judicial opinion that is not necessary to deciding the case at hand. It is not binding on subsequent cases, but is considered persuasive. • Example: “The question was considered by Judge Grover in Juliand v. Rathbone (39 N.Y. 369), but it was not necessary to decide it as the judgment was necessarily as given, whether the court held the one way or the other on the point now under consideration. The remarks of the learned judge upon that branch of the case did not necessarily embody the views of the court and may be regarded as obiter, and the judgment as passing upon the other ground suggested by him.” Brennan v. Willson, 71 N.Y. 502 (1877).

“[A] person, other than a tenant or a member of a tenant’s immediate family, occupying a premises with the consent of the tenant or tenants.” NY RPL § 235-f.

See default rule.

See default rule.

In New York City, a “One Shot Deal” is a form of emergency financial assistance provided by the Human Resources Administration (HRA) to help individuals and families facing unexpected expenses or crises, such as rent arrears, utility shutoffs, or other emergencies.

A decision or direction of the court that does not resolve the entire case but decides an issue or directs some action before the final judgment. C.f. final judgment.

“When stock are down, many investors avoid unpleasant news, in what is known as the ostrich effect . . . .” Anne Tergesen, Why a Bull Market Is a Bad Time to Check Your 401(k), WSJ, June 15, 2023 (Apple News link).

Situations where one party takes unfair advantage of another, typically through deceptive or manipulative practices, which deprive the other party of their free will. Overreaching is often used synonymously with coercion or duress. See 🔑 NY: Stipulations Can Be Set Aside Because of Overreaching].