C

(1) Literal meaning: To be enclosed within a cabin or a small, confined space. (2) Figurative use: To limit or restrict something within a certain boundary or scope. In writing, especially legal writing, it is used to indicate that a principle or rule is applied within a narrow or specific context. Example: “[S]uch deferential review, which the Court was far from consistent in applying, was cabined to factbound determinations.” Loper Bright Enterprises et al. v. Raimondo, Sec’y of Commerce, et al., 603 U. S. ____ (2024).

Income that is subject to California income taxation regardless of the residence of a trust’s fiduciaries and beneficiaries. “Examples of California source income include rental income or any other type of income derived from the ownership, control, or management of real or tangible personal property within California, gains realized from the sale of such property, income from a trade or business conducted within California, and income from certain intangible personal property.” Eric Bardwell, California Admits Incomplete Gift Non-Grantor Trusts Work…For Now, Bloomberg Tax, Dec. 3, 2020.

(1) A financial contract that gives an investor the ability to buy an asset for a set price. • A call is a bet that the asset will trade higher. So, it is considered a bullish contract. • C.f. put.

(2) A type of financial contract that allows a borrower to pay back its debt before the agreed upon maturity debt. See callabale bond and [callable certificate of deposit].

A bond that allows the borrower repay the principal before the previously agreed upon maturidy date. See call.

A callable certificate of deposit is a certificate of deposit (CD) that allows the issuer (not the purchaser) to redeem the CD after a specified period of time. • The issuer is likely to redeem the certificate of deposit when interest rates decline. The purchaser’s CD could end upon maturity, upon redemption by the issuer, or upon the purchaser’s sale of the CD on the secondary market. Like all CDs, a callable certificate of deposit presents a significant lock-in risk to purchasers who might need the funds prior to maturity. See call; Hani Sarji, What Is a Callable Certificate of Deposit?, Wills, Trusts, Estates, April 2, 2022.

Rich people migrating to other jurisdictions in response to higher taxes, resulting in lower tax revenue for the tax jurisdiction. See Selwyn Duke, Soak the Rich? Or Should Wealth-tax Advocates Soak Their Heads?, The New American, July 1, 2023 (“[E]ver since Norway’s Labor Party won power in 2021 and kept its promise to increase the nation’s wealth tax, the Scandinavian country’s rich have been leaving–taking tens of billions of dollars with them. . . .).

Gains from the sale of an asset, such as a real estate, stocks, an index fund, or cryptocurrency. • “Capital gains are the difference between sale price and cost basis, and investors face federal taxes of up to 23.8%.” Richard Rubin & Paul Kiernan, U.S. Tackles Crypto Tax Mess, WSJ, Aug. 25, 2023 (Apple News link).

A tax on the sale of an asset (such as a real estate, stocks, an index fund, or cryptocurrency).

A loss from the sale of an asset for less than its purchase price.

What is written at the top of all court papers. It says things like the names of the parties, court, and case number.

The defendant in an ejectment action. This person may not be the actual person who physically removed the lawful possessor from the property but is named as a defendant in an ejectment action due to a legal fiction that assumes that they were the ejector. • See ejector.

A publication’s purchase of a story (the “catch”) in order to prevent its publication (the “kill”). • “The publisher of the National Enquirer, a longtime ally of Mr. Trump, bought Karen McDougal’s story for $150,000 in August 2016 to take it off the market and prevent her from telling it elsewhere, at tabloid practice known as ‘catch and kill.’” Corinne Ramey & Joe Palazzolo, Grand Jury Votes to Indict Donald Trump, WSJ, March 30, 2023 (Apple News link).

If permitted by a 401(k), 403(b), governmental 457(b), SARSEP or SIMPLE IRA plan, participants who are age 50 or over at the end of the calendar year can also make catch-up elective deferral contributions beyond the basic limit on elective deferrals. • Employees 50 or older can save extra money into their 401k). For 2023, eligible employees can save an additional $7,500 after maxing out their deferrals at $22,500. Starting 2024, 401(k) catch-up contributions can only be made to after-tax Roth accounts. Starting in 2025, employees 60 to 63 years old can contribute 50% more. See Kate Dore, This lesser-known 401(k) plan change will soon strip higher earners of a tax break, CNBC, July 21, 2023 (Apple News link). • See elective deferral contributions.

“Creating a CD ladder, where you buy several smaller CDs that mature at different intervals instead of one large CD, can help you increase liquidity and avoid or minimize early withdrawal penalties.” • See certificate of deposit. Amy Fontinelle, Put Your Emergency Fund to Work, Investopedia, Aug. 2023 (Apple News link).

“[A] process, proven out in numerous animal experiments, in which the cells of an older creature can be treated with a combination of proteins or molecules and turned into much younger cells. Based on Nobel Prize-winning science, it’s something Retro and a handful of other startups consider the most promising longevity technology to yet appear.” Ashlee Vance, The Most Secretive Longevity Lab Finally Opens Its Doors, Bloomberg Businessweek, Dec. 19, 2023 (Apple News link).

An account with a fixed term (e.g., six months or two years) that pays the account holder the principal plus accrued interest by the end of the term. • “CDs are similar to bonds but come with protection from the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. for deposits amounts of $250,000 or less per account per bank.” Mitchell Martin, How Bond Laddering Can Keep You From Having An SVB Portfolio, Forbes, April 8, 2023 (Apple News link).

A legal document that establishes a corporation’s existence. It specifies the maximum number of shares the company is legally permitted to issue (authorized shares) when the corporation is formed. These shares represent ownership in the corporation, and the certificate plays a central role in defining corporate ownership and control. • Also known as articles of incorporation.

A financial adviser who has passed an exam, provides financial advice and planning based, and owes clients a fiduciary duty. • “Consumers should understand that a CFP professional describing themselves as a fiduciary is describing a professional standard of fiduciary care and not a legal standard of fiduciary care. On the other hand, registered investment advisers (RIAs) are registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission or a state’s security agency and are therefore legally bound to the fiduciary role.” Alisa Wolfson, Fiduciary vs. financial adviser: What’s the difference?, MarketWatch, June 26, 2023.

A beneficiary of a trust.

Personal property that is a physical object that is typically movable or transferable; not real property. • Thomas Blount, A Law-Dictionary and Glossary (1717) defines chattels (with citations omitted):

Chattels, or Catals, (Catalla,) comprehend all Goods moveable and immoveable, except such as are in Nature of Freehold, or Parecel of it, as may be collected out of Staundf. Chattels are either Personal or Real. Personal, may be so called in two Respects: One, because they belong immediately to the Person of a Man, as a Bow, Horse, etc. The other, for that being any Way injuriously withheld from us, we have no Means to recover them, but Personal Actions. Chattels Real, are such as either appertain not immediately to the Person, but to some other Thing, by way of Dependency, as a Box with Charters of Land, Apples upon a Tree, or a Tree it self growing on the Ground. … [O]r such as are issuing out of some immoveable Thing to a Person, as a Lease or Rent for Term of Years.

“On Tuesday, a Supreme Court precedent bolstering federal agencies’ ability to regulate wide aspects of American life will mark its 40th anniversary. . . . The doctrine, known as Chevron deference, requires courts to accept agencies’ reasonable interpretations of federal laws when they are ambiguous. // Presidential administrations have invoked it to uphold regulations from fishing boats to cryptocurrency to environmental protections.” Zach Schonfeld & Ella Lee, Supreme Court opinion season nears climax: 5 major decisions to come, The Hill, June 23, 2024 (Apple News link).

Thing.

“Chose in Action is a Thing incorporeal, and only a Right; as an Annuity, Obligation for Debt, a Covenant, Voucher by Warranty, and generally all Causes of Suit for any Debt or Duty, Trespas for Wrong, are to be accounted Choses in Action. And it seems Chose in Action may be also called Chose in Suspence; because it has no real Existence or Being, nor can properly be said to be in our Possession.” Thomas Blount, A Law-Dictionary and Glossary (1717).

In the LGBTQ+ community and for other marginalized groups, “the idea that [f]amily–for the purposes of emotion and physical support, living accommodations, etc.–doesn’t have to be biological. Your chosen family may include a romantic partner or any number of close platonic relationships.” Kamaron McNair, Take 3 steps to protect your assets if you’re LGBTQ, say experts: This is ‘our first recommendation to every couple’, CNBC, June 28, 2023 (Apple News link). “Chosen families are common in the LGBTQ community because so many members have been ostracized or completely cut off from their biological families due to their gender or sexual identity.”

An amendment to a previously executed will. • A codicil can add to, modify, or revoke parts of a will. NY EPTL 1-2.1. It can confirm the will in whole or in part by republication. Id. But a codicil cannot revoke the entire will. Id. A codicil must be executed with the same formalities as a will (which are set forth in EPTL 3-2.1) because the term “will” generally includes a “codicil.” EPTL 1-2.19(b).

A confession of judgment by a debtor. • “The cognovit is a contractual provision, employed as a security device, whereby the obligor consents in advance to the creditor’s obtaining a judgment without notice or hearing (see, Overmyer Co. v. Frick Co., 405 U.S., at 176, 92 S.Ct., at 777-78, supra). In the present case, the cognovit contained a “warrant of attorney,” a provision that empowers any attorney to enter the obligor’s appearance in any court of record and to waive — on the obligor’s behalf — process and consent to the entry of judgment (Atlas Credit Corp. v. Ezrine, 25 N.Y.2d, at 225, 303 N.Y.S.2d 382, 250 N.E.2d 474, supra).” Fiore v. Oakwood Plaza Shopping Center, 78 N.Y.2d 572 (affording full faith and credit to a Pennsylvania cognovit of judgment).

“Units of cryptocurrency are generally referred to as coins or tokens.” Rev. Rul. 2023-14. See cryptocurrency.

An asset-backed security created by bundling a variety of revenue-generating assets (known as the “collateral” or “underlying assets”). These assets are transferred to a special purpose entity, which then issues debt securities backed by the income generated by the assets. A CDO is typically governed by an indenture, and the granting clause in the indenture transfers all right, title, and interest in the collateral debt securities to the trustee for the benefit and security of the secured parties.

Cousins, nieces, nephews, uncles, and aunts.

For real estate owners who already have a mortgage on a home but are looking for a second mortgage or a home equity line of credit, this ratio adds the existing mortgage and the proposed mortgage and divides it by the value of the property. • “Let’s say you have an outstanding balance of $250,000 on a home that is appraised at $500,000, and you want to borrow $30,000 in a home equity line of credit (HELOC) to pay for a kitchen renovation. Here’s a simple breakdown of the combined LTV ratio: $280,000 ($250,000 + $30,000) / $500,000 = 56 percent CLTV.” David McMillin, What is a loan-to-value ratio?, Bankrate, June 27, 2023 (Apple News link). • See loan-to-value ratio.

A nonpartisan, non-profit organization that educates the public and policymakers on issues with significant fiscal policy impact and advocates for fiscal responsibility. https://www.crfb.org/

“[S]uch Laws as were generally taken and holden for Law, before any Statute was made to alter the same; as, neither Tenant for Life, nor for Years, were punishable by the Common Law for doing Waste till the Statute of Clou. can. 5 was made, which gives Action of Waste against them: But Tenant by Courtesy, and Tenant in Dower, were punishable for it before the said Statute.” Thomas Blount, A Law-Dictionary and Glossary (1717).

“[A] system of marital property rights derived from the Spanish law and exists in eight states: Arizona, California, Idaho, Louisiana, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas and Washington. Under this system husband and wife are co-owners of all real and personal property acquired by either or both during the marriage other than by gift, bequest, devise or inheritance.” Cornelius J. Moynihan & Sheldon F. Kurtz, Introduction to the Law of Real Property 309 n.1 (7th ed. 2020).

For purposes of Medicaid, the spouse who does not need long-term or nursing home care. This spouse continues to live in the community.

To change the type of obligation or payment. • Example: “When the practice of retaining hired servants developed in the fourteenth century, the services due from serjeanty tenants were, in many cases, commuted to a payment of rent, and the tenure was converted into socage.” Cornelius J. Moynihan & Sheldon F. Kurtz, Introduction to the Law of Real Property 11 (7th ed. 2020) (emphasis added).

“[T]he interest on savings calculated on both the initial principal and the accumulated interest from previous periods. . . . Compounding multiplies money at an accelerated rate, and the greater the number of compounding periods, the greater the amount of compound interest.” Jason Fernando, The Power of Compound Interest, Investopedia, Aug. 2023 (Apple News link). • “Compounding, as in compound interest, is when you earn interest on both the money you’ve saved and the interest you earn on that money saved. As time passes, your interest will accumulate more rapidly and snowball. This can have a significant impact on your savings over time.” Olivia Peluso, Investing in a Retirement Plan for the First Time, Investopedia, June 2024 (Apple News link).

See concurrent ownership.

Two or more courts having the same power to hear a case.

Two or more persons owning an interest in the same property. • Generally, concurrent interests are classified as tenancy in common, joint tenancy, joint tenancy with right of survivorship, or tenancy by the entirety. Two additional classifications of co-ownership are community property and tenancy in partnership. • See NY EPTL Article 6 Part 2 (Estates Classified As to Number of Persons), NY EPTL 6-2.1 (Estates in severalty, joint tenancy, tenancy by the entirety and in common).

Occurs when different jurisdictions’ laws apply to a case, creating uncertainty about which legal principles should govern the outcome. This often involves determining which jurisdiction’s laws are most appropriate to resolve the dispute. • See 📋 New York Conflict of Laws in the Outline.

Procedures that allow Congress to overturn rules issued by federal agencies. • The Congressional Review Act (CRA): Frequently Asked Questions, Congressional Research Service, Nov. 12, 2021:

The Congressional Review Act (CRA) is a tool that Congress may use to overturn rules issued by federal agencies. The CRA was included as part of the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act (SBREFA), which was signed into law on March 29, 1996. The CRA requires agencies to report on their rulemaking activities to Congress and provides Congress with a special set of procedures under which to consider legislation to overturn those rules.

Under the CRA, before a rule can take effect, an agency must submit a report to each house of Congress and the comptroller general containing a copy of the rule; a concise general statement describing the rule, including whether it is a major rule; and the proposed effective date of the rule. After receiving the report, Members of Congress have specified time periods during which they must submit and act on a joint resolution of disapproval to take advantage of the CRA’s special “fast track” procedures. If both houses pass the resolution, it is sent to the President for signature or veto. If the President were to veto the resolution, Congress could vote to override the veto.

If a joint resolution of disapproval is submitted within the CRA-specified deadline, passed by Congress, and signed by the President, the CRA states that the disapproved rule “shall not take effect (or continue).” The rule would be deemed not to have had any effect at any time, and even provisions that had become effective would be retroactively negated.

Furthermore, if a joint resolution of disapproval is enacted, the CRA provides that a rule may not be issued in “substantially the same form” as the disapproved rule unless it is specifically authorized by a subsequent law. The CRA does not define what would constitute a rule that is “substantially the same” as a nullified rule. Additionally, the statute prohibits judicial review of any “determination, finding, action, or omission under” the CRA.

Since its enactment, the CRA has been used to overturn a total of 20 rules: 1 in the 107 th Congress (2001-2002), 16 in the 115 th Congress (2017-2018), and 3 in the 117 th Congress (2021-2022).

In January 2022, House Republicans passed a measure (H.J.Res.7) ending the coronavirus national emergency under the Congressional Review Act (in a 229-197 vote), then the Senate passed the measure in April 2022 (in a 68-23 vote), and then President Biden signed the resolution, instead of vetoing it. Azi Paybarah, Biden signs resolution ending coronavirus national emergency, Washington Post, April 10, 2023 (Apple News link) (stating, “Despite Biden telling Congress in January that he would end the health emergency in May, House Republicans passed the measure ending the national emergency under the Congressional Review Act, which allows Congress to overturn rules by federal agencies via a simple majority vote.”); Ali Zastav, Phil Mattingly & Manu Raju, Senate votes to end Covid-19 emergency, 3 years after initial declaration, CNN, March 29, 2023 (stating, “The measure was able to succeed in the Senate by a simple majority through the Congressional Review Act, which allows a vote to repeal regulations from the executive branch without breaking a filibuster at a 60-vote threshold that is required for most legislation in the chamber.)”.

Something of value, such as money.

“It is a well-settled rule that “ ‘fraud vitiates all contracts, but as a general thing it is not presumed but must be proved by the party seeking to [be] relieve[d] . . . from an obligation on that ground’ “ (Matter of Gordon v Bialystoker Ctr. & Bikur Cholim, 45 NY2d 692, 698 [1978], quoting Cowee v Cornell, 75 NY 91, 99 [1878]). However, an exception to that general rule provides that where a fiduciary relationship exists between the parties, the law of constructive fraud will operate to shift the burden to the party seeking to uphold the transaction to demonstrate the absence of fraud (see Matter of Greiff, 92 NY2d 341, 345 [1998]). . . . We have applied the constructive fraud doctrine in different contexts, but in each one, the pertinent factor present is that the fiduciary stood to benefit from the transaction itself.” Aoki v. Aoki, 27 N.Y.3d 32, 39, 49 N.E.3d 1156, 1160, 29 N.Y.S.3d 864, 868 (2016).

“[M]easures inflation by tracking the changes in prices paid by consumers for a basket of goods and services over time. These goods and services include food and beverages, housing, apparel, transportation, medical care, recreation, education, and communication.” Robert C. Kelly, Is the Consumer Price Index the Best Measure of Inflation?, Investopedia, Sept. 12, 2023 (Apple News link).

Bonds that “are mainly issued by European and Asian banks, but bought by investors all over the world. Cocos help banks deal with heavy losses because in times of stress they convert to equity or are written down. They become risky in sudden and unexpected ways.” Paul J. Davies, Investors Diving Into Risky Bank Bonds, WSJ, Dec. 26, 2017 (Apple News link). • See Matt Wirz & Caitlin McCabe, Credit Suisse Bond-Wipeout Threatens $250 Billion Market, WSJ, March 20, 2023 (Apple News link) (“Deal would write down more than $17 billion of the bank’s riskiest bonds. . . . The complete write-off by Credit Suisse, one of the largest issuers in the AT1 market, will likely hurt investor appetite for the bonds . . . Ultimately, AT1 bonds will become more expensive for banks to issue, reducing their ability to make new loans . . . .”).

“Some banks also offer something called continuously compounding interest, which adds interest to the principal at every possible instant. For practical purposes, it doesn’t accrue that much more than daily compounding interest unless you want to put money into an account and take it out on the same day.” Jason Fernando, The Power of Compound Interest, Investopedia, Aug. 2023 (Apple News link).

For an LLC: “where the operating agreement provides a buyout mechanism.” Kevin Brodehl, “Equitable Buyout” as a Remedy for LLC Wrongdoing?, JD Supra, June 26, 2023. C.f. equitable buyout, statutory buyout.

“[E]ach spouse agrees that the surviving spouse doesn’t have the legal right to execute a new will that cuts out the children of the deceased spouse.” Debbie Carlson, A Will Can Split a Family. How to Avoid the Hurt., Barron’s, July 15, 2023 (Apple News link). • A contractual will may be useful in blended families.

The amount an employer and employees (including self-employed individuals) pay into a retirement plan.

An exception to the general rule that an employee pays taxes in the jurisdiction in which the employee physically performs services. Under the “convenience of employer rule,” if an employee works from home through the employer’s necessity, then the employee will be taxed in the employee’s home location; but if the employee works from home for the employee’s own convenience, then the employee’s wages for those workdays are classified as if the employee was working from the employer’s physical office. See N.Y. Dept. of Tax. & Finance TSB-M-06(5)I. • The “convenience of the employer rule” can cause an employee to be taxed in the state where an employer’s physical office is located even though the employee is a non-resident of the taxing state and does not physically work in that state.

A type of bond that can be exchanged for a certain number of shares of the company that issued it. This gives the bondholder the option to benefit from the company’s stock performance, while also receiving regular interest payments from the bond. A convertible bond usually has a lower interest rate than a regular bond, because of the conversion feature. A convertible bond can be converted at specific times during its life, and usually at the bondholder’s discretion.

“CVC kiosks—also known as crypto ATMs—allow consumers to exchange cash or cards for cryptocurrency. While marketed as convenient access points, they are also increasingly exploited by criminals, particularly in scams targeting older adults.” A.J. Dhaliwal, Mehul Madia, & Beineng Zhang, FinCEN Warns Financial Institutions of Illicit Activity at Crypto Kiosks, Sheppard Mullin: Consumer Finance and Fintech Blog, Aug. 7, 2025.

See villein.

A bond that is issued by a company.

A decline of a widely-followed index, such as the Dow or S&P 500, of at least 10% from a recent low. C.f. bear market, bull market.

Corrects a prior deed in a chain of title, such as a name that is misspelled.

How much a taxpayer pays for an asset.

“Cost of living is a measure of how expensive it is to live in a particular place at a particular time based on how much things like rent, gas, and food cost.” Jeremy Salvucci, What Is Cost of Living? Definition, Examples & Importance, TheStreet, June 13, 2022 (Apple News link).

A tribunal presided over by a judge.

In feudal England, a lord’s manorial court for free tenants. C.f. Court Customary.

In feudal England, a lord’s manorial court for villein tenants. C.f. Court Baron.

Edward T. Reilly, The Covenant of Seisin, St. John’s Law Review, Vol. 10, Dec. 1935:

[A]mong many things, the usual warranty deed embraces an undertaking on the part of the grantor that he is seised as owner, at the time of the grant, of the land which the deed purports to convey. This assurance to the purchaser that the covenantor is possessed of the very estate in quantity and quality which his conveyance intends to transfer is called the “covenant of or for seisin.”

The covenant need be couched in no particular terms; it need merely be but a stipulation or declaration that the grantor is seised of an estate of the quantum which he undertakes to convey. The New York short form of deed, culled mainly from the fuller language of former deeds, simply words this covenant for title as follows: “That the party of the first part is seised of said premises in fee simple * * *.” . . .

See covenant of seisin.

“[A] trust or custodial account set up in the United States solely for paying qualified education expenses for the designated beneficiary of the account. This benefit applies not only to qualified higher education expenses, but also to qualified elementary and secondary education expenses.” Topic No. 310, Coverdell Education Savings Accounts, IRS.

In New York, “[d]iscovery in special proceedings is not as broad as in other civil proceedings. CPLR 408 governs discovery in special proceedings and requires leave of court for any disclosure with certain exceptions . . . .” Matter of K.Z. v. P.M., 29 Misc. 3d 572, 2010 NY Slip Op 20335 (Family Court Orange Co. 2010). • Failing to obtain leave of court for disclosure can be used to challenge a discovery subpoena in special proceedings (such as landlord and tenant summary proceedings). Example: “In reply to Respondent Soto’s opposition that Petitioner did not satisfy the elements necessary for leave to obtain discovery pursuant to CPLR §408, Petitioner’s counsel affirms, inter alia, that the subpoena is a trial subpoena, not a discovery subpoena.” Harbor Tech LLC v. Correa, 73 Misc.3s 1211(A), 2021 N.Y.Slip Op. 50995(U) (Kings Co. Civil Court Oct. 14, 2020, Stoller, J.).

(1) For trusts, see settlor.

(2) NY EPTL 1-2.2 defines a creator as “a person who makes a disposition of property.”

For a bond: The “likelihood that the borrower will make the promised payments and return the principal.” Penelope Wang, 8 Things You Need to Know About Bonds, AARP Bulletin, Aug. 2023 (Apple News link).

The risk that a borrower will default on a loan.

Switzerland’s second-largest bank by assets; based in Zurich. • Caitlin McCabe & Josh Mitchell, Why Is Credit Suisse in Trouble? The Banking Turmoil Explained, WSJ, March 16, 2023 (Apple News link):

Zurich-based Credit Suisse [pronounced Credit Swees] traces its history back to 1856, when it was founded to finance the expansion of Swiss railroads. Today, it stands as Switzerland’s second-largest bank by assets, trailing UBS Group.

The bank’s main business is managing money and creating investment products for wealthy clients around the world. . . .

A type of bank fraud. • “Co-conspirators Rahne Cooper and Darius Hinton previously pled guilty to committing bank fraud for their illegal use of synthetic identities. // Russell agreed to plead guilty to participating in an extensive, multi-year conspiracy to obtain more than $2.5 million from at least 12 financial institutions and the United States Small Business Administration. According to the government, Russell used a synthetic identity because she had poor credit. Beginning in August 2017, Russell embarked on a new scheme, known as credit washing, to remove legitimate debt accounts from her credit history by falsely claiming she was the victim of identity theft and had not opened those accounts. Once the credit reporting agencies removed those accounts, her credit score improved, enabling her to obtain credit. She and her unnamed co-conspirators continued to make these false claims of identity theft, demanding the credit reporting agencies remove newly opened accounts. As a result, financial institutions relied on these washed credit reports in deciding whether to extend her credit.” Attorney pleads guilty to fraud conspiracy and filing false tax return, IRS, Jan. 20, 2022.

The CRE industry, or commercial real estate industry, is a sector of the real estate market that involves the buying, selling, leasing, and management of commercial properties such as office buildings, retail spaces, warehouses, and industrial properties. The industry includes a wide range of professionals, including real estate brokers, developers, investors, property managers, appraisers, and attorneys. The CRE industry plays a significant role in the economy by facilitating business expansion, job creation, and tax revenue generation.

“[T]he process of preserving bodies in the hope that modern science can resurrect them in the future . . . .” Hayley Cuccinello, How the rich use trusts to take care of pets and pay for cryogenic freezing, Business Insider, July 26, 2023 (Apple News link).

See convertible virtual currency (CVC) kiosk.

“[A] type of virtual currency that utilizes cryptography to secure transactions that are digitally recorded on a distributed ledger. See Rev. Rul .2019-24.” Rev. Rul. 2023-14. • “[Paul Singer] says crypto is ‘completely lacking in any value. It is not a substitute for gold, but it has taken away some of the demand side for gold.’ He adds: ‘There are thousands of cryptocurrencies. That’s why they’re worth zero. Anybody can make one. All they are is nothing with a marketing pitch—literally nothing.’” James Freeman, Paul Singer, the Man Who Saw the Economic Crisis Coming, WSJ, April 7, 2023 (Apple News link) (“He warned about subprime mortgages before 2008, Dodd-Frank in 2010, and inflation in 2020. After Silicon Valley Bank, what does he think is next?)”. C.f. gold.

A bond’s alphanumeric identifier. • You can search using the CUSIP number on Trace, the Financial Industry Regulatory Agency’s price-reporting system.

See convertible virtual currency (CVC) kiosk.