Hacking Exposed : Web applications
Hacking Exposed : Web applications
About the Book
All you need to know about HTTP,HTTPS,WEB,SSL,Authentication , authorization , encoding,firewall,APIs,HTML,Sql injections , XSS , CSRF , URI,Directory Traversal , IIS Vulnerabilites , Session , Authentication Bypass , previlege escalation , Hijacking , Script attack , Data store attacks , Client side validation , ssh , telnet , dot dot slash , File Include , Remote code Execution , WebDav , FTP , Cookie Hijacking , Web Client Hacking
About the Author
Table of Contents
IntroductiontoWebApplicationsandSecurity . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Web Application Architecture
A Brief Word about HTML . Transport: HTTP ...... . The Web Client . ...... . The Web Server . ...... . The Web Application . . . . . The Database . . . . . . . . . Complications and Intermediaries ..
The New Model: Web Services Potential Weak Spots . . . . . . . . The Methodology of Web Hacking
Profile the Infrastructure . . . Attack Web Servers . . . . . . Survey the Application . . . . Attack the Authentication Mechanism Attack the Authorization Schemes . . Perform a Functional Analysis . . . .
Hacking Exposed Web Applications
Exploit the Data Connectivity . . . Attack the Management Interfaces Attack the Client . . . . . . . . . . Launch a Denial-of-Service Attack
Summary.................. References and Further Reading . . . .
▼2 Profiling .................................... 25
Server Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Intuition .............................. 26
Internet Footprinting ..... . DNS Interrogation . ..... . Ping.......... ..... . Discovery Using Port Scanning Dealing with Virtual Servers .
Service Discovery . . . Server Identification .
Dealing with SSL Summary ........ References and Further Reading
▼3 HackingWebServers............................. 41
Common Vulnerabilities by Platform . . . . . . . ... Apache..................... ... Microsoft Internet Information Server (IIS) ...
Attacks Against IIS Components
Attacks Against IIS . . . . . . . . Escalating Privileges on IIS . . . Netscape Enterprise Server . . . Other Web Server Vulnerabilities Miscellaneous Web Server Hacking Techniques
Automated Vulnerability Scanning Software . . . . . Whisker .............................. 80 Nikto................................ 83 twwwscan/arirang ........................ 84 Stealth HTTP Scanner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Typhon............................... 87 WebInspect ............................ 89 AppScan .............................. 90
FoundScan Web Module . . . . . Denial of Service Against Web Servers Summary ................. References and Further Reading . . .
▼4 SurveyingtheApplication........................... 99
Documenting Application Structure . . . . . . . . Manually Inspecting the Application . . . . . . . .
Statically and Dynamically Generated Pages
Directory Structure . . . . ...
Helper Files . . . . . . . . ... Java Classes and Applets ... HTML Comments and Content Forms ............................... 112
Query Strings . . . . . .
Back-End Connectivity . Tools to Automate the Survey
lynx............
Wget ................................ 119 Teleport Pro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Black Widow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 WebSleuth ............................. 122
Common Countermeasures A Cautionary Note . . Protecting Directories Protecting Include Files Miscellaneous Tips . .
Summary ........... References and Further Reading
The Attack▼5 Authentication ................................. 131
Authentication Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . HTTP Authentication: Basic and Digest
Forms-Based Authentication
Microsoft Passport . . . . . . Attacking Web Authentication . . Password Guessing . . . . . .
Session ID Prediction and Brute Forcing
Subverting Cookies . . . . . . . . . .
Bypassing SQL-Backed Login Forms Bypassing Authentication . . . . ..... Summary ............. . ..... References and Further Reading .....
Hacking Exposed Web Applications
▼6 Authorization ................................. 161
The Attacks . . . Role Matrix
The Methodology Query String
POST Data . . .
Hidden Tags
URI ..... HTTP Headers Cookies .............................. 167
Final Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Case Study: Using Curl to Map Permissions
Apache Authorization .. .
IIS Authorization . . . .. . Summary ........... .. . References and Further Reading
▼7 AttackingSessionStateManagement .................... 177
Client-Side Techniques . . . . . . . Hidden Fields . . . . . . . . . The URL . . . . . . . . . . . . HTTP Headers and Cookies .
Server-Side Techniques . . . . . . . Server-Generated Session IDs
Session Database SessionID Analysis . .
Content Analysis
▼8 InputValidationAttacks ............................ 201
Time Windows . Summary ........ References and Further Reading
Expecting the Unexpected . . . ...... . Input Validation EndGame . . ...... . Where to Find Potential Targets ...... . Bypassing Client-Side Validation Routines
Common Input Validation Attacks . . Buffer Overflow . . . . . . . . . . Canonicalization (dot-dot-slash) Script Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . Boundary Checking . . . . . . . Manipulating the Application . .
SQL Injection and Datastore Attacks .
A SQL Primer . . . . . . . . . . . SQL Injection . . . . . . . . . . .
Common Countermeasures Summary .............. References and Further Reading
Directory Services: UDDI and DISCO . . . . Sample Web Services Hacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basics of Web Service Security . . . . . . . . . . . .
Similarities to Web Application Security
Web Services Security Measures .... . Summary ................. .... . References and Further Reading . . . .... .
▼9 AttackingWebDatastores .......................... 225
▼10 AttackingWebServices............................ 243
What Is a Web Service? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Transport: SOAP over HTTP(S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 WSDL ............................... 247
▼11HackingWebApplicationManagement................ . . . . 261
Web Server Administration ..... Telnet.......... ..... SSH........... ..... Proprietary Management Ports Other Administration Services
Web Content Management . . . . . .
FTP ................................. 265 SSH/scp .............................. 265 FrontPage ............................. 265 WebDAV ............................. 270
Web-Based Network and System Management . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Other Web-Based Management Products . . . . . . . . . . . 274 Summary................................. 275 References and Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Command Execution .
Common Side Effects . Common Countermeasures Summary ........... References and Further Reading
Hacking Exposed Web Applications
▼12WebClientHacking.............................. 277
The Problem of Client-Side Security Attack Methodologies ..... Active Content Attacks . . . ..... Java and JavaScript . . .....
................. 278 ................. 279 ................. 279 ................. 280
ActiveX .............................. 281
Cross-Site Scripting . . . . . . . . Cookie Hijacking . . . . . . . . . Summary ............. . References and Further Reading
................... 289 ................... 292 ................... 296 ................... 297
▼13CaseStudies ................................. 299
Case Study #1: From the URL to the Command Line and Back
Case Study #2: XOR Does Not Equal Security . . Case Study #3: The Cross-Site Scripting Calendar Summary.................. ..... References and Further Reading . . . . .....
Appendixes
-
▼A WebSiteSecurityChecklist ......................... 311
-
▼B WebHackingToolsandTechniquesCribsheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
-
▼C UsingLibwhisker ............................... 333
▼D UrlScanInstallationandConfiguration .................... 345
Inside Libwhisker . . . . . . . . http_do_request Function crawl Function . . . . . . utils_randstr Function . . Building a Script with Libwhisker Sinjection.pl ............................ 341
Overview of UrlScan . . . . . . . . . Obtaining UrlScan . . . . . . . . . . Updating UrlScan .
..... ..... ..... .....
Updating Windows Family Products hfnetchk .............................. 348 Third-Party Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Basic UrlScan Deployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 Rolling Back IISLockdown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 Unattended IISLockdown Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
............... 334 ............... 334 ............... 337 ............... 340 ............... 340
Removing UrlScan . . . . . UrlScan.ini Command Reference
Options Section . . . . AllowVerbs Section . . DenyVerbs Section . . DenyHeaders Section AllowExtensions Section DenyExtensions Section
....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... .......
Summary ............ References and Further Reading
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . .
▼E AbouttheCompanionWebSite ....................... 371 ▼ Index...................................... 373
Contents
xv
Advanced UrlScan Deployment . . . . . . . . Extracting UrlScan.dll . . . . . . . . . . Configuring UrlScan.ini . . . . . . . . . Installing the UrlScan ISAPI Filter in IIS
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